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İBNÜ’l-KALÂNİSÎ Skip to content Ebû Ya‘lâ er-Reîsülecel Mecdürrüesâ el-Amîd Hamza b. Esed b. Alî b. Muhammed ed-Dımaşkī et-Temîmî (ö. 555/1160)
Târîḫu Dımaşḳ adlı eseriyle meşhur olan tarihçi, edip, şair ve devlet adamı.
Dımaşk’ta dünyaya geldi. Vefatında sekseni aşkın olduğu dikkate alınarak 465-475 (1073-1082) yılları arasında doğduğu söylenebilir. Soyu Temîm’e kadar ulaşan büyük bir aileye mensuptur. Ailesi kalensüve (külâh) imalâtıyla meşgul olduğu için İbnü’l-Kalânisî lakabıyla tanındı. İbnü’l-Kalânisî Dımaşk’ta tarih, ilâhiyat, edebiyat ve fıkıh tahsili yaptıktan sonra Dîvânü’r-resâil ve’l-inşâ’da kâtip olarak göreve başladı; ardından bu divanın reisliğine yükseldi. Bir süre Dîvânü’r-resâil ve’l-inşâ ile birlikte Dîvânü’l-harâc’ı da yönetti. İki defa Dımaşk şehrinin reisliğine tayin edildi ve uzun yıllar bu görevde kaldı. Hadisle ilgilenen İbnü’l-Kalânisî, es-Sâhibü’l-amîd Ebû Ya‘lâ Sehl b. Bişr el-İsferâyînî ve Ebû Ahmed Hâmid b. Yûsuf et-Tiflisî’den rivayette bulunmuş; Ebü’l-Kāsım Sasrâ, Ebü’l-Mevâhib Sasrâ, Mükrem b. Ebü’s-Sakr, Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir ve oğlu Kāsım b. Asâkir, Ömer b. Ali el-Kureşî ve kardeşi Abdülvehhâb, Kadı Abdurrahman b. Sultân ve İshak b. Tarhân eş-Şâgūnî de ondan hadis rivayet etmişlerdir. İbnü’l-Kalânisî 17 Rebîülevvel 555’te (27 Mart 1160) Dımaşk’ta vefat etti ve Kāsiyûn Mezarlığı’nda ağabeyi Muhammed’in kabrinin yanına defnedildi. 5 veya 7 Rebîülevvel’de (15 veya 17 Mart) öldüğü de rivayet edilir.
Nazımda, nesirde ve inşâ kâtipliğinde haklı bir şöhrete kavuşan İbnü’l-Kalânisî aynı zamanda şair ve iyi bir hattattı (İbn Asâkir, XV, 191). Kendi eserinde (Târîḫu Dımaşḳ [nşr. Süheyl Zekkâr], s. 447, 528, 532-533), İbn Asâkir’in Târîḫu Dımaşḳ ’ında (XV, 191-192) ve Yâkūt el-Hamevî’nin Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ sında (X, 279-280) bazı şiirleri yer almaktadır.
Dımaşk ve Mısır’daki idarî görevlerini nesiller boyu sürdüren Kalânisî ailesi halk tarafından seviliyordu. 548’de (1153-54) Dımaşk’ta karışıklıkların çıkması üzerine şehrin reisliğine getirilen İbnü’l-Kalânisî’nin yeğeni Ebû Gālib Radıyyüddin Abdülmün‘im, akrabalarını yanına alarak şehri dolaşıp halkı ve askerleri yatıştırmış, şehirde huzur ve sükûnu sağlamıştır (Târîḫu Dımaşḳ [nşr. Süheyl Zekkâr], s. 501). Ailenin VIII. (XIV.) yüzyılda bile Dımaşk’ın idaresinde söz sahibi olduğu bilinmektedir. Dımaşk’ta Sâlihiyye’deki Kalânisiyye Dârülhadisi bu aileye mensup olan Ebû Ya‘lâ Hamza b. Müeyyedüddin Ebü’l-Meâlî Es‘ad tarafından yaptırılmıştır (Nuaymî, I, 96-97, 307-311).
İbnü’l-Kalânisî, el-Emîrü’l-müeyyed Uddetü’l-imâm Haydere b. Hüseyin b. Müflih’in 1 Receb 441’de (29 Kasım 1049) Dımaşk valiliği görevine başladığını ve bu görevini 448 (1056) yılına kadar sürdürdüğünü belirttikten sonra Târîḫu Dımaşḳ (Ẕeylü Târîḫi Dımaşḳ ) adlı eserini bu yıl üzerine kurduğunu söyler (Târîḫu Dımaşḳ [nşr. Süheyl Zekkâr], s. 140). Kitabından iki yerde (s. 474, 531) sadece Târîḫ adıyla bahseder. İbn Asâkir (XV, 191), Yâkūt el-Hamevî (X, 278), İbnü’l-Esîr (X, 560) ve Zehebî de (XX, 388-389) onun eserine Târîḫ ismini vermişlerdir. İbn Hallikân (VII, 144) kitabın adını Ẕeylü Kitâbi Târîḫi Hilâl eṣ-Ṣâbî , Ebû Şâme (I, 28) Müẕeyyelü’t-Târîḫi’d-Dımaşḳī , İbnü’l-Adîm (III, 1154, 1162) eẕ-Ẕeyl fî Târîḫi Dımaşḳ ve el-Müẕeyyel bihî ʿalâ Târîḫi Dımaşḳ , Kâtib Çelebi ise (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 294) Ẕeylü Târîḫi Medineti Dımaşḳ şeklinde kaydetmiştir. İbn Hallikân’ın ifadesinden kaynaklanan yaygın kanaate göre İbnü’l-Kalânisî eserini, Hilâl b. Muhassin es-Sâbî’nin (ö. 448/1056) 360-448 (970-1056) yıllarına ait olayları ihtiva eden Târîḫu Hilâl b. Muḥassin eṣ-Ṣâbî adlı kitabına zeyil olarak kaleme almıştır. Henry Frederick Amedroz da kitabı Ẕeylü Târîḫi Dımaşḳ ismiyle yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1908). Ancak Claude Cahen, bu konuya dair yazdığı bir makalede meselenin İbn Hallikân’ın ifadesine dayanan Amedroz’un kısa açıklamasıyla vuzuha kavuşamayacak kadar karışık olduğunu, İbnü’l-Kalânisî’nin çağdaşı Azîmî’nin eserin ismindeki “müzeyyel” kelimesini “zeyl” ile değiştirerek kitabın adını Ẕeylü’t-Târîḫi’d-Dımaşḳī olarak kaydettiğini ve bunu “Dımaşk Tarihi’nin zeyli” değil “Tarih’in Dımaşk’a dair kısmının zeyli” olarak anlamanın daha doğru olacağını ileri sürmüştür (Arabic and Islamic , s. 156-167).
Müellif Târîḫu Dımaşḳ ’a, muhtemelen Hilâl b. Muhassin es-Sâbî’nin eserinde Dımaşk tarihiyle ilgili olarak verdiği bilgileri tamamlamak amacıyla 360 (971) yılı olaylarını anlatarak (Karmatîler’in zilkade ayında [Ağustos-Eylül 971] Dımaşk’ı işgal etmesiyle) başlamıştır. Eser, 1 Safer 555’te (11 Şubat 1160) Dımaşk Kadısı Zekiyyüddin Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Muhammed’in kadılık görevinden istifası ve yerine Kadı Kemâleddin eş-Şehrezûrî’nin tayin edildiğini belirten mâlûmatla sona erer. Kitabın Oxford Bodleian Library’de bulunan (nr. Hunt. 125) nüshasının başından on dört varak eksiktir. Bundan da eserin daha erken bir tarihte cereyan etmiş olaylarla başladığı anlaşılmaktadır. Kitabın iki bölümden oluştuğu söylenebilir. Müellif, 441 (1049) yılına kadar gelen birinci bölümü (asl) yazarken Sâbit b. Sinân ve Hilâl b. Muhassin es-Sâbî’nin tarihlerinden istifade etmiştir. Ancak onun bu kaynakları kullanırken onları iktibas ederek mi, ilâve, tashih, tâdil ve ihtisar ederek mi, yoksa diğer bazı kaynaklarla birlikte bunlardan da faydalanmak suretiyle mi eserini kaleme aldığı konusu henüz aydınlatılamamıştır. İbnü’l-Kalânisî, ilk bölümde daha çok valileri esas alarak Dımaşk tarihi hakkında bilgi vermiştir. İkinci bölüm ise (müzeyyel) 458 (1066) yılından başlar ve 555 (1160) yılına kadar gelen bir umumi tarih niteliği taşır. Burada Irak, İran, Mısır ve Kuzey Afrika’da cereyan eden olaylara, özellikle İbn Tûmert’in ortaya çıkışı ve Muvahhidler’in kuruluşuna yer verilmekte, bu arada vefat eden meşhur şahıslar da zikredilmektedir. Müellifin başlangıçta olayları günlük olarak kaydettiği, ancak eserini yazarken özetleme yoluna gittiği anlaşılmaktadır.
Târîḫu Dımaşḳ , Fâtımîler ve Karmatîler’in Suriye ve Dımaşk’a hâkim olmak amacıyla verdikleri mücadeleler, Fâtımîler’in Suriye hâkimiyeti, Suriye halkının onlarla mücadelesi, Dımaşk’taki kabileler, sosyal hayat, halkın kurduğu teşkilâtlar, imar faaliyetleri, Dımaşk’ın topografyası ve imar planı, Abbâsîler, Büveyhîler, Selçuklular, Börîler, Zengîler, İsmâilîler ve müellifin bizzat şahit olduğu I ve II. Haçlı seferleri hakkında en önemli kaynaktır. İbnü’l-Kalânisî, Atabeg Tuğtegin’in Dımaşk’a hâkim olmasından (497/1104) sonraki olayları daha ayrıntılı biçimde anlatmıştır. Müellifin asıl ilgisi Dımaşk şehrine yönelmiş olmakla beraber çeşitli vesilelerle Bağdat ve Mısır’a atıfta bulunmuş, az da olsa Halep, Musul ve Kudüs hakkında da bilgi vermiştir. İbnü’l-Kalânisî’nin Kudüs’ün Franklar tarafından işgalinden ve Dımaşk’a komşu bölgelerde Haçlı devletlerinin kurulmasından sonra Haçlılar’a ilgi duymaya başladığı anlaşılmaktadır. 1104 yılından sonra Haçlılar’a dair verdiği bilgiler yerli ve yabancı kaynakları tamamlayıp düzeltir mahiyettedir (Demirkent, I, s. XXXVIII).
Eserini biri 535 (1140-41) (Târîḫu Dımaşḳ [nşr. Süheyl Zekkâr], s. 441), diğeri 555 (1160) yılından önce olmak üzere iki redaksiyonda titiz bir inceleme ve araştırmadan sonra tamamlayan İbnü’l-Kalânisî kitabını yazarken arşiv belgelerine de başvurmuş, bunlardan bir kısmına eserinde yer vermiştir. Belgelerin en önemlisi, Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Muhammed Tapar’ın Atabeg Tuğtegin’e Suriye valiliğini tevcih etmesiyle ilgili, Tuğrâî Ebû İsmâil Hüseyin b. Ali el-İsfahânî tarafından yazılan menşurdur (a.g.e. , s. 308-310). Müellif, başta babası olmak üzere bazı kişilerin şifahî rivayetlerine; Dımaşk olayları, şehrin erzak ve silâh ihtiyacının karşılanması gibi konularda ise kendi bilgisine dayanmıştır. Zaman zaman secili ifadelere yer vermiş olsa da eserin üslûbu genelde sadedir. Azîmî, İbn Asâkir, İbnü’l-Esîr, Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî, İbnü’l-Adîm, Ebû Şâme, Zehebî, İzzeddin İbn Şeddâd, Safedî gibi tarihçiler Târîḫu Dımaşḳ ’ı kaynak olarak kullanmışlardır.
Târîḫu Dımaşḳ ilk defa, Henry F. Amedroz tarafından İbnü’l-Ezrak el-Fârikī’nin Târîḫu Meyyâfâriḳīn ve Âmid (Târîḫu’l-Fâriḳī ), Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin Mirʾâtü’z-zamân ve Zehebî’nin Târîḫ ’inden alıntılar yapılarak ve notlar ilâve edilerek Ẕeylü Târîḫi Dımaşḳ adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1908, 1962). Süheyl Zekkâr da kitabı Târîḫu Dımaşḳ ismiyle neşretmiştir (Dımaşk 1403/1983). Hamilton A. R. Gibb, eserin Haçlı seferleriyle ilgili 490-555 (1097-1160) yılları olaylarını içeren kısmını The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades adıyla İngilizce’ye (London 1932), Roger le Tourneau 1075-1154 yılları arasındaki olaylarla ilgili bölümünü Damas de 1075 à 1154 adıyla Fransızca’ya (Damascus 1952) çevirmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Kalânisî, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ (nşr. H. F. Amedroz), Beyrut 1908, neşredenin girişi, s. 3-9; a.e. (nşr. Süheyl Zekkâr), Dımaşk 1403/1983, neşredenin girişi, s. h-ş.
a.mlf., The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades (trc. H. A. R. Gibb), London 1932, tercüme edenin önsözü, s. 7-40.
İbn Asâkir, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ , XV, 191-192.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , X, 560.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , X, 278-279.
İbnü’l-Adîm, Buġyetü’ṭ-ṭaleb (Zekkâr) , III, 1154, 1162.
Ebû Şâme, Kitâbü’r-Ravżateyn (nşr. İbrâhim ez-Zeybek), Beyrut 1418/1997, I, 28, 119, 164, 167, 174; ayrıca bk. İndeks.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , VII, 144.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XX, 388-389.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , IX, 39.
Nuaymî, ed-Dâris fî târîḫi’l-medâris (nşr. Ca‘fer el-Hasenî), Kahire 1988, I, 96-97, 307-311.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 294.
Cl. Cahen, La Syrie du nord , Paris 1940, s. 38-40.
a.mlf., “Note d’historiographie syrienne, la première partie de l’histoire d’Ibn al-Qalanisi”, Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Hamilton A. R. Gibb , Leiden 1965, s. 156-167.
a.mlf., “Ibn al-Ḳalānisī”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 815.
M. E. Bertsch, Counter-Crusade: A Study of Twelfth Century Jihād in Syria and Palestine , Michigan 1950, s. 82-94.
N. Elisséeff, Nūr ad-Dīn , Damas 1967, I, 9-11.
Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, Muʿcemü’l-müʾerriḫîne’d-Dımaşḳıyyîn , Beyrut 1398/1978, s. 34-35.
Coşkun Alptekin, The Reign of Zangi , Erzurum 1978, s. 1-2.
a.mlf., Dimaşk Atabegliği (Tog-teginliler) , İstanbul 1985, s. XVI-XVII.
Şâkir Mustafa, et-Târîḫu’l-ʿArabî ve’l-müʾerriḫûn , Beyrut 1980, II, 236-239.
Muhammed Kürd Ali, Künûzü’l-ecdâd , Dımaşk 1404/1984, s. 282-286.
Işın Demirkent, Urfa Haçlı Kontluğu Tarihi: 1098-1118 , Ankara 1990, I, s. XXXVII-XXXIX.
Ramazan Şeşen, Müslümanlarda Tarih-Coğrafya Yazıcılığı , İstanbul 1998, s. 113.
Annick Regourd, “Astres et astrologie chez Ibn al-Qalanisī”, BEO , XLIV (1993), s. 69-77.
“İbnülkalânisî”, İA , V/2, s. 868-863.
Ali Behrâmiyân, “İbn Ḳalânisî”, DMBİ , IV, 486-488.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 99-100 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.