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İBRÂHİM PAŞA, Kavalalı Skip to content (ö. 1264/1848)
Mısır Valisi Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın oğlu.
Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın büyük oğlu olup 1789’da Kavala’da dünyaya geldi. Bazı kaynaklarda, annesi Emine Hanım’ın 1787’de Mehmed Ali ile evlenmeden önceki eşinden 1786’da doğduğu, dolayısıyla Mehmed Ali’nin üvey oğlu olduğu belirtilmekteyse de bu doğru değildir. On yedi yaşına kadar Kavala’da bulunduktan sonra babasının Mısır valiliğine tayin edilmesi üzerine (9 Temmuz 1805) küçük kardeşi Tosun ile Mısır’a geldi (28 Ağustos 1805). Mısır’da Kahire Kalesi’nin idaresini üstlenen İbrâhim, babasının Bâbıâli’ye vermeyi tahahhüt ettiği vergiye karşılık rehin olarak İstanbul’a gönderildi (Ekim 1806). Osmanlı-Rus savaşının ilk aylarında Şubat 1807’de İstanbul önlerine gelen İngiliz filosunun bir şey yapamadan geri çekilmesi üzerine Mısır’a yönelerek İskenderiye’yi zaptetmesi (20 Mart 1807) karşısında başarılı bir mücadele veren Mehmed Ali Paşa Mısır valiliğinde bırakıldığı gibi geriye dönmesine izin verilen İbrâhim de 1807 sonbaharında Mısır defterdarlığına getirildi ve 1813 yılına kadar bu görevde kaldı.
1 Mart 1811’de Memlük beylerinin kanlı bir tertiple ortadan kaldırılmasının ardından Tosun Paşa, Hicaz’a Vehhâbî isyanlarını bastırmakla görevlendirilirken İbrâhim de Saîd (Yukarı Mısır) idarecisi olarak tayin edildi (Temmuz 1813). İbrâhim burada merkezî idareyi kuvvetlendirmeye, sert bir siyaset içinde vergileri düzenli olarak toplamaya gayret etti, ayrıca Memlük bakiyelerini de bölge dışına sürdü. 1816 yılına kadar bu görevde kaldıktan sonra vefat eden kardeşi Tosun’un yerine Vehhâbîler üzerine gönderildi. 1816 Eylülünde Mısır’dan Hicaz’a hareket etmesiyle başlayan bu seferi sırasında Bâbıâli tarafından kendisine “paşa” unvanı verildi (19 Aralık 1817). İbrâhim Paşa, er-Res ve Şekrâ gibi bazı müstahkem mevkileri ele geçirip Nisan 1818’de Vehhâbîler’in merkezi olan Dir‘iye’yi kuşattı ve beş ay süren bir kuşatmanın ardından burasını zaptederek Vehhâbîler’in reisi Abdullah b. Suûd’u ele geçirdi. Bu zafer, hac yollarının güvenliğini tekrar sağlamış olduğundan Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın İslâm âlemindeki itibarını arttırdı ve Kızıldeniz ticaretinin büyük ölçüde Mısır’ın kontrolü altına girmesini sağladı. Basra körfezinde de Mısır nüfuzunun oluşması yönündeki çalışmaları ile İngilizler’in dikkatini çeken İbrâhim Paşa, Hicaz’da sükûneti temin etmiş ve orada yeterli miktarda kuvvet bırakmış olarak Mısır’a döndüğünde (1819) bu hizmetlerinden ötürü Bâbıâli tarafından Cidde sancağı ile birlikte Habeş eyaleti valiliğine ve Mekke şeyhülharemliğine tayin edildi.
1821’de babasının kurmayı düşündüğü yeni ordunun özellikle insan kaynağını oluşturmak için Sudan’a giden kardeşi İsmâil’in yardımına gönderilen İbrâhim Paşa’nın bölgeyi Mısır’a bağlayacak büyük planları, hastalanarak Mısır’a dönmek zorunda kalması üzerine (1822) bir sonuca ulaşamadı. Mora seferine kadar bütün gücü ile yeni ve Avrupa tarzında tâlimli Mısır ordusunun teşkiline çalışan ve askerî alanda, Mısır’a büyük hizmetlerde bulunmuş bir Fransız mühtedisi olan Süleyman (Sèves) Paşa’nın yanında yetişen İbrâhim Paşa, 1821’de başlayan Yunan ihtilâli esnasında çıkan ayaklanmaları Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin bastıramaması, Mısır valisinden yardım istenmesi ve bu hususta Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın Mora valiliğinin İbrâhim’e verilmesiyle ilgili olarak ileri sürdüğü şartın II. Mahmud tarafından kabul edilmesi üzerine Mora valisi olarak tayin edildi (1 Nisan 1824). İbrâhim Paşa, ordu ve donanma ile birlikte 19 Temmuz 1824’te İskenderiye’den hareket etti. Osmanlı filosu ile de birleşerek Rodos ve Girit sularında Rum korsanlarının tenkiliyle uğraştıktan sonra Modon’da Mora’ya ayak bastı (Mart 1825). Önce Navarin’i (18 Mayıs), ardından da Tripoliçe’yi (23 Haziran) zaptetti. Balyabadra’nın fethinden sonra Rum âsilerinin son direniş mevkii olan Misolongi’nin kuşatmasına katılarak burasını 23 Nisan 1826’da ele geçirip isyanın büyük ölçüde bastırılmasını sağladı. 5 Haziran 1827’de Atina’nın da düşmesiyle girişilen askerî harekât başarı ile sonuçlanmış oldu.
Bu sırada Rumlar lehinde müdahil olan İngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya aralarında anlaşarak (Londra Protokolü, 6 Temmuz 1827) Osmanlı Devleti’nin harekâta son vermesini ve aksi halde fiilen müdahale edeceklerini bildirdiler. Bu talebin Bâbıâli tarafından reddedilmesi üzerine Navarin Limanı’na giren müttefik donanması, burada demir atmış bulunan Osmanlı-Mısır ortak donanmasını imha etti (20 Ekim 1827). Bu olay öncesinde donanma kumandanlığını eniştesi Muharrem Bey’e bırakan ve gemilerin limandan dışarı çıkması gerektiği hususunda kendisine yapılan uyarılara itibar etmeyerek Mora içlerine çekilen İbrâhim Paşa’nın bu davranışı, bir Yunan devletinin kurulmasına karar veren Avrupa devletlerinin Mora’dan askerini çekmesini ihtar ettikleri Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın bunun Devlet-i Aliyye donanmasının imhasına bağlı olduğunu ve ancak o zaman ric‘at yollarının kesileceği mazeretiyle kuvvetlerini geri çekeceğini ifade ettiği gerçeğiyle birlikte düşünüldüğünde ayrı bir anlam kazanmaktadır (Mustafa Nûri Paşa, IV, 91; Ali Fuad, sy. 19 [1928], s. 66; Abdurrahman Şeref, s. 21). Bu hadiseden sonra İbrâhim Paşa, kuvvetlerini babasından gelecek emirlere göre hareket etmek üzere Modon ve Koron bölgesine topladı. Yunan meselesine Avrupa devletlerinin bu fiilî müdahalesiyle meselenin başka bir mecrada çözüleceğini gören Mehmed Ali Paşa, kendisiyle görüşmek üzere İskenderiye’ye gelen İngiliz Amirali Codrington ile anlaşarak (6 Ağustos 1828) kuvvetlerinin Bâbıâli’nin izni olmaksızın geriye çekilmesine karar verdi ve İbrâhim Paşa’ya Mora’nın tahliyesi için emir gönderdi.
İbrâhim Paşa Mora seferinden sonra babasının yardımcısı olarak görev yaptı. Bir yandan idarede meydana gelen suistimalleri önlemek ve köylülerin ekonomik durumunu düzeltmek için gayret sarfederken öte yandan askerî kayıpların giderilmesiyle uğraşmaktaydı. Mora’daki tutumundan ötürü Bâbıâli ile arası açılan Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın bağımsız davranışlarını II. Mahmud endişe ile takip etmekteydi. Mehmed Ali’nin Mora’nın kaybını telâfi için Berrüşşam (Suriye) bölgesinin kendi uhdesine tevcihini talep etmesi Girit valiliğinin İbrâhim Paşa’ya verilmesiyle geçiştirildi. Hicaz’da Mekke şerifinin çıkardığı isyanın Vehhâbîler’e de sirayetine meydan verilmeden Mısır kuvvetleri tarafından bastırılması üzerine İbrâhim Paşa’ya, diğer vüzerâya takaddüm eden bir konumu olan Mekke emirliği verildi ve böylece babasından daha yüksek bir mevkiye getirilerek aralarında bir rekabet oluşması arzulandıysa da bundan bir sonuç alınamadı. Ancak Yunanistan’ın istiklâl kazanması neticesinde Mora ile ilgili planları suya düşen Mehmed Ali Paşa, zararlarını telâfi etmek amacıyla Suriye’yi kesin olarak gözüne kestirmiş bulunuyordu. Bu konudaki mükerrer taleplerinin reddedilmesi üzerine, Akkâ Valisi Abdullah Paşa ile arasında öteden beri süregelen anlaşmazlık konularını ve özellikle kendi sıkı idaresinden kaçan Mısır köylülerinin iadesi meselesini bahane ederek İbrâhim Paşa kumandasında güçlü bir orduyu harekete geçirdi (2 Kasım 1831). 8 Kasım’da Yafa’ya çıkan İbrâhim Paşa Hayfa, Kudüs ve Nablus’u da zaptedip şiddetli bir direniş gösteren Akkâ’yı denizden ve karadan muhasara altına aldı (26 Kasım). Ardından Sûr, Sayda, Beyrut ve Trablusşam şehirlerini de ele geçirdi. Bu bölgelerde yaşamakta olan gayri müslimlere müslüman halk ile eşit haklar vererek Osmanlı Devleti ile giriştiği mücadelede Avrupa devletlerinin tarafsızlığını temin etmeye çalıştı.
İbrâhim Paşa’nın Suriye’ye saldırması üzerine Osmanlı hükümeti, Ağa Hüseyin Paşa’yı seraskerliğe getirip Mehmed Ali ile İbrâhim paşaların görevlerine son verdi ve çıkarılan bir fetva ile onları âsi ilân etti (Mayıs 1832). İbrâhim Paşa ilk defa Zerrâa mevkiinde karşılaştığı Osmanlı kuvvetlerini yenilgiye uğrattı (14 Nisan 1832), altı aydır kuşatma altında tutulan Akkâ’yı da 27 Mayıs’ta teslim aldı. 16 Haziran’da Şam’ı zaptedip Humus üzerine yürüdü ve burada Halep Valisi Mehmed Paşa idaresindeki öncü Osmanlı kuvvetlerini yendi (8 Temmuz). Halep’i ele geçirdikten sonra (15 Temmuz) ilerleyerek Ağa Hüseyin Paşa idaresindeki Osmanlı ordusunu Belen’de mağlûp etti (29 Temmuz 1832). İlerleyişine devam eden İbrâhim Paşa, Akkâ hariç genelde ciddi bir mukavemetle karşılaşmadan Konya’ya kadar geldi. Burada sadrazam ve serasker Reşid Mehmed Paşa idaresindeki Osmanlı ordusu ile yaptığı savaşta büyük bir zafer kazandı ve sadrazamı esir aldı (21 Aralık 1832). Bu zafer neticesinde kendisine İstanbul yolu açılmış ve Osmanlı saltanatı doğrudan bir tehdit altına girmiş oluyordu. Nitekim Konya muharebesinden hemen sonra Kütahya’ya kadar ilerleyen İbrâhim Paşa, babasına yazdığı mektupta İstanbul üzerine yürüme ve padişahı tahttan indirme teklifinde bulunmuş, fakat Avrupa devletlerinin göstereceği tepkiyi göz önüne alan Mehmed Ali Paşa buna müsaade etmemişti. Bâbıâli’nin, Tophâne Müşîri Halil Rıfat Paşa ve Âmedci Mustafa Reşid Bey’i Mısır’a göndererek Mehmed Ali ile anlaşma niyetini ortaya koyması üzerine yolladığı 3 Şubat 1833 tarihli mektubunda da babasından ilk iş olarak Mısır’ın bağımsızlığının talep edilmesini istemişti. Sonuçta Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın talepleri Osmanlı delegelerinin yetkilerini aştığından Halil Rıfat Paşa Mısır’da kalarak Mustafa Reşid Bey İstanbul’a gitti. Mustafa Reşid Bey, Bâbıâli tarafından yeni bir tâlimatla Kütahya’da bulunan İbrâhim Paşa’nın yanına gönderildi (29 Mart 1833). Yapılan görüşmelerde Mustafa Reşid Bey, İbrâhim Paşa’nın uzlaşmaz tavrı karşısında kendisine verilen tâlimatın dışına çıkarak Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın eline geçen bütün yerler, dolayısıyla Halep ve Şam’dan başka Adana’nın da İbrâhim Paşa’ya bırakılmasına razı oldu. II. Mahmud bunları kabul etmek istememiş olmakla beraber, dört gün süren bu görüşme esnasında ikinci bir Rus filosunun Boğaz’a gelmesi ve Beykoz’a asker çıkarması ile (2 Nisan 1833) meydana gelen siyasî gelişmeler, ayrıca İngiltere ve Fransa’nın müdahale ve baskısı sonunda bu taleplere rızâ göstermek zorunda kaldı (3 Mayıs 1833). Mehmed Ali ve İbrâhim paşalara bırakılan yerler, tevcihlerde yapılan usul çerçevesinde ve tanzim edilen bir fermanda yer almış olarak taraflara bildirildi (6 Mayıs 1833). Bu sonuç, birçok Avrupa tarihçisi tarafından Kütahya Antlaşması olarak tanımlanmakla birlikte gerçekte muahede şeklinde teâti edilmiş bir belge mevcut değildir. Bu tür tevcîhatın genelde her yıl yenilenmekte olması ve muhatapların istendiği zaman tebdil ve ibka, hatta tevcîhatın gerek görüldüğünde tamamen iptal muamelesine açık olması, II. Mahmud’a yapılan bu anlaşmanın geçici bir vasıf taşıdığı noktasında ileriye dönük açık kapılar bırakmaktaydı.
Bu uzlaşmada, Ruslar’ın Boğaz’a gelmesiyle meydana gelen yeni durum karşısında büyük devletlerin Mehmed Ali Paşa üzerinde de baskı uygulamalarının önemli rolü olduğu ve meselenin kesin çözümünün zamana tâlik edildiği ve nihaî bir hesaplaşma için tarafların uygun şartların oluşmasını bekleyecekleri açıkça görülmekteydi. Osmanlı Devleti’nin Rusya ile bir ittifaka gitmek zorunda kalması ve Hünkâr İskelesi Antlaşması’nı yapması ise (8 Temmuz 1833) İbrâhim Paşa’nın muzaffer bir şekilde Kütahya’ya kadar ilerlemesini devletlerarası bir konu haline getirmekteydi.
Anadolu’yu tahliye eden İbrâhim Paşa’nın Suriye’nin işgali sırasında takip ettiği siyaset yerli halkı ve idarecileri başlangıçta oldukça memnun etmişti. Zira yerli idareciler görevlerinden uzaklaştırılmamış ve sahip oldukları imtiyazlara dokunulmamış, hatta Halep’te Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın tekrar ihya edileceği bile ilân edilmişti. Ancak bu tutumda kısa zamanda köklü değişiklikler meydana geldi. İbrâhim Paşa, yayılma politikasına destek bulmak ve özellikle İngiltere’nin de teveccühünü kazanmak amacıyla işgali altında tuttuğu yerlerde yaşamakta olan gayri müslimleri müslümanlarla eşit hak ve hukuka kavuşturdu, hatta bazı hususlarda onları daha da imtiyazlı bir hale getirdi. Öte yandan dinî ve kültürel açıdan Avrupalılar’ın Filistin’de mekân tutmaları desteklendi. 1838’de Kudüs’te ilk İngiliz konsolosluğunun açılması gibi bölge içinde çeşitli yerlerde konsoloslukların ihdasına izin verildi. Dinî ve misyonerlik etkinliklerinin kurumlaşmasına göz yumuldu. Özellikle Filistin’in Avrupa kiliselerinin etkisine ve rekabetlerine açılmasında önemli bir etken oldu. Nihayet 1839’da Kudüs’te bir Protestan piskoposluğu açıldı, İngiltere ve Prusya’nın desteği ile bir Protestan kilisesi inşaatına başlandı. Böylece Avrupa’nın “barışçı Haçlı seferi” programı çerçevesinde önemli adımlar atmasına imkân tanınmış oldu.
İbrâhim Paşa bölge idaresini sıkı bir şekilde yeniden düzenledi. Ayaklanma ihtimalini bertaraf etmek üzere önce ahalinin elindeki silâhların toplanmasına girişildi. Erkek nüfusunun sayımından sonra yeni ve ağır genel bir vergilenmeye gidildi. Mîrî işletmelerin iltizam vergileri arttırıldı. Adlî sistem ıslah edilerek işgal kuvvetlerinin tevessül ettikleri güvenlik tedbirleri acımasız ve sert bir idare elinde sıkı bir şekilde sürdürüldü. Bütün bunlar mahallî güçleri dikkate alan, denge siyasetiyle çeşitli din ve mezheplere mensup unsurları bir arada yaşatan mutedil Osmanlı idaresinin kısa zamanda özlemle aranması sonucunu doğurdu ve ilk ayaklanmalar patlak vermeye başladı. Mayıs 1834’te Nablus ve Hebron’da meydana gelen ayaklanmalar İbrâhim Paşa tarafından kanlı bir şekilde bastırıldı. Havran’da çıkan Dürzî ayaklanmasının üzerine yine aynı sertlikle gidildi (1838). İşgal altında tutulan bölgelerdeki bu gelişmeler, askerî hazırlıklarını sürdürmekte olan Bâbıâli’yi Mehmed Ali Paşa ile kozunu paylaşmaya sevketti.
Kurmay heyeti içinde Helmuth von Moltke gibi Prusyalı subayların da bulunduğu Hâfız Paşa idaresindeki Osmanlı ordusunun İbrâhim Paşa idaresindeki Mısır ordusu karşısında Nizip’te tekrar mağlûp olması (24 Haziran 1839) İbrâhim Paşa’ya Anadolu yollarını yeniden açtı. II. Mahmud’un vefatı ile Abdülmecid’in tahta çıkması (1 Temmuz 1839), Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın eski rakibi Koca Hüsrev Paşa’nın sadâret mührünü gasp ile iktidarı ele geçirmesi ve şahsî muarızlarından Kaptanıderyâ Ahmed Fevzi Paşa’nın donanmayı İskenderiye’ye sevkederek Mehmed Ali Paşa’ya teslim etmesi gibi gelişmeler, Rusya’nın Hünkâr İskelesi Antlaşması’na dayanarak müdahalesine engel olmak isteyen Avrupa devletlerini harekete geçirdi. 15 Temmuz 1840’ta Londra’da İngiltere, Rusya, Avusturya, Prusya ve Osmanlı Devleti arasında bir anlaşma imzalanarak Mısır’ın irsen ve kaydıhayat şartı ile Mehmed Ali Paşa’ya bırakılmasına karar verildi. Fransa’nın desteğini ummakta olan Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın bu şartlara yanaşmak istememesi üzerine İngiltere-Avusturya ve Osmanlı gemilerinden oluşan ortak donanma harekâtına girişildi ve müttefik kuvvetler 10 Eylül’de Beyrut’a asker çıkardılar. Kısa zamanda Sayda, Hayfa ve Akkâ ele geçirildi. Mısır idaresinden memnun olmayan işgal altında tutulan bütün bölgelerdeki ahalinin umumi ayaklanması İbrâhim Paşa’yı zor durumda bıraktı ve Mısır’la olan irtibatını kesti. 27 Kasım’da Mehmed Ali Paşa, Mısır’ın kendi hânedanına irsen intikal eden idare hakkıyla yetinmek zorunda kaldı ve kuvvetlerini geri çekmek üzere İbrâhim Paşa’ya gerekli emirleri verdi.
Mısır’a dönüşünü takip eden yıllarda İbrâhim Paşa, memleketin idaresi ve savaşın yol açtığı yaraları sarmakla ve özellikle ziraatın gelişmesiyle ilgilendi. Sağlık durumunun ağırlaşması sebebiyle 1846 yılında tedavi maksadı ile İngiltere ve Fransa’ya gitti. 1848 yılının başında, ileri yaşı sebebiyle bunama geçirmekte olduğu artık gizlenemez hale gelen babasının yetkilerini üstlenerek önde gelen ricâlden oluşan bir meclis yardımı ile Mısır’ı tek başına yönetmeye başladı ve nihayet babasının iyileşme ihtimali görülmediğinden İstanbul’a davet edilerek 1848 Eylülü başında Mısır valiliğine resmen tayin edildi. Fakat çekmekte olduğu verem sebebiyle Mısır’a dönüşünden (10 Eylül) kısa bir müddet sonra babası hayatta iken vefat etti (10 Kasım 1848). Yerine kardeşi Tosun Paşa’nın oğlu I. Abbas Hilmi Paşa Bâbıâli tarafından Mısır valisi olarak tayin edildi. Mısır’da yetişmiş ve Arap âlemi, dili ve kültürü içinde yoğrulmuş, muhtemelen bir Arap birliği düşüncesine zâhip olmuş, Mısır tarihine “fâtih” unvanı ile geçmiş, babasına mutlak sadakati yanında bağımsız politikalar üretebilmiş, iyi bir asker ve hedefini iyi belirleyen sert ve kabiliyetli bir idareci olan İbrâhim Paşa, Mısır tarihinde muhakkak ki Mehmed Ali Paşa yanında anılması icap eden ikinci isimdir ve özellikle Mısır meselesindeki asabiyeti, Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı gösterdiği her türlü hissiyattan uzak katı tutumu, Mısır’ın müstakil bir devlet haline getirilmesindeki niyeti ve İstanbul’a kadar ilerleyip Osmanlı hânedanını değiştirme fikirleri taşıması, dolayısıyla babasından daha cüretkâr bir siyaset takip etmeye taraftar olması ile dikkat çekmektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 330-333 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.