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HAMD Skip to content Bütün medih türlerini içeren, sevgi ve tâzimle Allah’a yönelen övgü ve şükür anlamında bir terim.
Sözlükte “iyilik, güzellik, üstünlük ve erdemlilikle niteleme, övme” mânasına gelen hamd isim ve masdar olarak kullanılır. Dilciler hamd, şükür, medih ve senâ kelimeleri arasında sıkı bir münasebetin bulunduğunu kabul ederler. Bazı âlimler hamd ile şükür arasında anlam bakımından fark gözetmezken dilcilerin çoğunluğuna göre şükür, kişinin kendisine yapılan bir iyiliği bilip sahibine övgü ile mukabelede bulunması ve bunu diğer insanlara da duyurmasıdır. Hamd ise söz konusu iyiliğin kendisine yönelik olma şartı aranmadan bir kimsenin mutlak mânada lutufkârlığının ve iyilik severliğinin dile getirilmesidir. Buna göre hamd şükürden daha kapsamlıdır. Hamd ile medih arasında anlam yakınlığı bulunmakla birlikte medih, birinde var olan veya var olduğu kabul edilen övgüye lâyık bir özelliğin belirtilmesidir. Medhe konu teşkil eden özelliğin en üstün derecede olması da şart değildir. Ayrıca insanlara yönelik medih, övenin gayri samimi olması veya yarar sağlamayı amaçlaması, övülenin de gurura kapılması endişesiyle menedildiği halde (bu konudaki hadisler için bk. Wensinck, Miftâḥu künûzi’s-sünne , s. 460) hamd emredilmiştir (aş.bk.). Hamdi şükür statüsü içinde düşünen, yani onun mânasını yapılan iyiliğe övgü ile mukabelede bulunmaya münhasır kılan âlimler medih kavramının daha kapsamlı olduğunu söylemiştir. Çünkü medih, kişinin hem yaratılışında bulunan hem de kendi iradesiyle edindiği meziyetleri dile getirmek anlamına geldiği halde hamd sadece irade ile meydana gelen, dolayısıyla başkalarına yönelen iyilik ve lutuflar mânasında kullanılır (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ḥmd” md.; Tehânevî, I, 288). Senâ kelimesi aslında birini iyi veya kötü yönleriyle niteleyip tanıtmak mânasına geldiği halde bazı âlimler onun kapsamını sadece iyi vasıfların anlatılmasına tahsis etmiştir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “s̱ny” md.). Bu durumda senâyı medihle eş anlamlı kabul etmek mümkündür.
Terim olarak bütün medih türlerini içerip sevgi ve tâzimle Allah’a yönelen övgü ve şükrü ifade eden hamdin bu tanımında Kuşeyrî’nin de kavram içinde mütalaa ettiği övgü, şükür, rızâ, ayrıca sevgi ve tâzim unsurları mevcuttur (et-Taḥbîr fi’t-teẕkîr , s. 72-73). Hamdin tanımını yapan bazı âlimlerin onun konusunu oluşturacak hususun ihtiyarî bir fiil olmasını şart koşmaları isabetli görünmemektedir. Çünkü hamd zât-ı ilâhiyyeyi nitelemekten ibarettir. Zâta nisbet edilen ve bütünüyle övülmeye lâyık bulunan sıfatların hepsini fiilî olarak düşünmek mümkün değildir. Hamd, anlam yakınlığı içinde bulunduğu şükür, medih ve senâdan daha zengin ve kapsamlı bir muhtevaya sahiptir. Sözlüklerde hamd için bazı genel anlamlar kaydedilmekteyse de kelimenin Allah’a yönelik bir şükür ve niteleme kavramı olarak kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Esasen hamd, Kur’an’da Allah’tan başkası için sadece bir âyette ve medih mânasında yer almaktadır (Âl-i İmrân 3/188). Wensinck’e ait hadis indeksinde de hamdin yaygın kullanımı içinde sadece iki üç yerde Allah’tan başkasına izâfe edildiği görülmektedir (el-Muʿcem , “ḥamd” md.).
Kur’an’da hamd hepsi de Allah’a nisbet edilmiş olarak kırk üç yerde geçmekte, bir âyette “hamdedenler” mânasında hâmidûn kelimesi, on yedi âyette esmâ-i hüsnâdan hamîd ismi yer almaktadır. Hz. Peygamber’e verileceği vaad edilen övgüye lâyık makamı belirten “makām-ı mahmûd” terkibindeki mahmûd kelimesi de “Allah tarafından övülen” mânasına alındığında O’na rücû eden bir kavram durumundadır. Bir âyette, yaptıklarıyla sevinip gurur duyan ve yapmadıklarıyla övülmek isteyen gruplar yerilirken hamd kökünden fiil kullanılmış, ayrıca Resûl-i Ekrem’in adı olarak bir âyette Ahmed, dört âyette de Muhammed ismi yer almıştır (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḥmd” md.). Hamdin Allah’a izâfe edildiği kırk üç yerin yirmi üçünde kelime “el-hamdü lillâh” (Allah’a hamdolsun veya hamd Allah’a mahsustur) ifadesi içinde geçmektedir. Dört âyette “lehü’l-hamd” (hamd O’na mahsustur), bir âyette “fe lillâhi’l-hamd” (hamd Allah’a mahsustur) terkibi yer almış, on beş âyette de hamd rab kelimesine veya Allah’a râci zamire muzaf olmuştur. İbnü’l-Cevzî, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de yer alan hamd kavramının şu mânalara geldiğini söyler: Övgü, emir, minnet duygusu, şükür ve namaz (Nüzhetü’l-aʿyün , s. 252-253). Kur’an’da hamîd ismi dışında Allah’a nisbet edilen hamdlerin konuları şöyle sıralanabilir: Mutlak mânada zât-ı ilâhiyyeye övgü, ulûhiyyete yakışmayan sıfatlardan tenzih (on dört âyette tenzih mânasına gelen tesbih kavramıyla birlikte kullanılmıştır), kemal sıfatlarıyla niteleme (meselâ rahmân ve rahîm isimleri, ilim, kudret ve hükümranlık sıfatları gibi), kâinatın maddî ve mânevî düzenini sağlama, nimetlerini fazlasıyla lutfedişinin dile getirilmesi, başkalarının hamdlerinin nakledilmesi, hamdi emretme. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in ilk âyetini, “el-hamdü lillâhi rabbi’l-âlemîn” (Kâinatın yaratıcısı ve geliştiricisi olan Allah’a hamdolsun) cümlesi oluşturmakta ve bu hamd cümlesi Kur’an’da yedi yerde geçmektedir (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḥmd” md.).
Hamd kavramı birçok hadiste çeşitli kelimelerle Allah’a nisbet edilmiştir (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḥamd” md.). Enes b. Mâlik Hz. Peygamber’in şöyle niyazda bulunduğunu rivayet etmektedir: “Allahım! Senin yüceliğin bütün yüceliklerin üstünde, sana yönelen övgü (hamd) bütün övgülerin fevkindedir” (Müsned , III, 127, 239). Ebû Hâcer Muhammed Saîd Besyûnî’nin hadis indeksinde Resûl-i Ekrem’e atfen “el-hamdü lillâh” diye başlayan cümlelerin sayısı 250’ye yaklaşmaktadır (Mevsûʿatü eṭrâfi’l-ḥadîs̱ , IV, 572-583). Bu hamd çeşitleri içinde mutlak mânada Allah’ı övme, O’nu ergin sıfatlarla niteleme, zikir, dua ve niyazdan başka O’nun insana lutfettiği hidayete, bedenî ve ruhî güzelliklere, sağlığa, son peygamberine, tebliğ ettiği dine ve ümmetine bahşettiği zafere şükür başlıca konuları oluşturmaktadır. Bazı hadisler, Resûl-i Ekrem’in kıyamet gününde “livâü’l-hamd”i taşıyacağını ifade eder (Müsned , I, 281, 295; III, 144; Tirmizî, “Menâḳıb”, 1; İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 37). “Hamd veya övgü sancağı” demek olan livâü’l-hamdin sağladığı üstünlük ve şeref hesap gününde ümmetinin çokluğu, Allah nezdindeki şefaat yetkisi sebebiyle Peygamber’in şahsına ait olabileceği gibi, bütün insanlığa yönelik şefaat talebini sunacağı sırada Allah tarafından ilham edilecek ve O’na sunulacak eşsiz hamd ve niyaz çerçevesinde Allah’a da ait olabilir (bk. LİVÂÜ’l-HAMD ). Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yer alan hadis rivayetlerinde hamd kavramı tahmîd kelimesiyle de Allah’a izâfe edilmektedir. Çokluk mânası ifade eden tahmîd Allah’a tekrar tekrar hamdedilmesini belirtir. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber, namazdan sonra ve geceleyin yatmadan önce otuz üçer defa sübhânellah, elhamdülillâh… demeyi tavsiye etmiştir (Tirmizî, “Ṣalât”, 185; “Daʿavât”, 24; ayrıca bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḥammede” md.).
Kur’an’da ve hadislerde hamd kavramının zengin kullanılışı, bu kavramın her şeyden önce zât-ı ilâhiyyeyi nitelemeyi amaçladığını göstermektedir. Bu niteleme tenzihi hedef alan selbî, kemali hedef alan sübûtî ve ayrıca fiilî sıfatlarla olmaktadır. Sübûtî sıfatlardan kâinata, özellikle insana yönelik olanlar ve fiilî sıfatlar doğrudan veya dolaylı bir şekilde ilâhî lutfu dile getirdiğinden bu tür hamd nitelemeleri aynı zamanda şükür mânasına da gelmektedir. Allah’a yönelik her hamd ve şükrün övgü ifade etmesi sebebiyle hamd ile mâna münasebeti içinde bulunan medih ve senâ da hamd ve şükür örgüsünde yer almış olur. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de hamd ve övgü ifade eden birçok âyetin bulunduğu şüphesizdir. İsim, sıfat, fiil, zarf gibi kelime türleriyle ulûhiyyete yönelik olarak yapılan her niteleme aslında bir hamd ve bir övgü sayılır. Hatta âlimler, başta insan türü olmak üzere yaratıklarda gözlenen övgüye lâyık her özelliğin yaratıcıyı nitelendirdiğini söyler. Kur’an’da Allah’a izâfe edilmiş olarak sekiz yerde geçen “ni‘me” bir övgü fiili olup O’nun en güzel dost, en güzel yardımcı, çağrıya olumlu cevap verici, yeryüzünü yürümeye elverişli hale getirip yeşilliklerle süsleyen eşsiz sanatçı ve erişilmez güce sahip yaratıcı olduğunu dile getirir (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “niʿme” md.). Yine bir hamd kavramı olan “hayr” da yirmiye yakın âyette Allah’a nisbet edilmektedir. Kelimenin bu kullanılışlarında Allah’ın bizzat hayır olduğu, hayrın O’nun elinde bulunduğu, yardımcıların, merhamet edenlerin, bağışlayanların, koruyanların, hayır kapılarını açanların, hakemlik yapanların, rızık verenlerin… en hayırlısı olduğu anlatılmaktadır (a.g.e. , “ḫayr” md.).
Hamdin Allah’ın zâtına mı sıfatlarına mı yönelik olduğu hususu âlimlerce tartışılmış ve bu konuda kimi zâtı kimi sıfatları esas almıştır. Ebü’l-Bekā el-Kefevî hamdin temelde zâtı hedef aldığını, sıfatların ise buna vasıta teşkil ettiğini söylerken (el-Külliyyât , s. 367) müfessir Âlûsî hamdedilecek şeyin zât değil sıfatlar olabileceğini belirtir. Ona göre ilâhî sıfatların sadece bir kısmı hamdin hedefini oluşturabilir (Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , VII, 79-80). Öyle anlaşılıyor ki Âlûsî hamdi şükür mânasında özelleştirmekte ve sadece hamdedeni ilgilendiren ilâhî nimet ve lutuflara şükürle mukabele edilebileceğini düşünmektedir. Bu lutuf ve nimetler bazı fiilî sıfatların kâinata taallukundan ibarettir. Halbuki Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve kavlî sünnette yer alan hamd kullanılışları, onun her şeyden önce ve mutlak mânada zât-ı ilâhiyyeyi bir niteleme mahiyeti taşıdığını göstermektedir. Hamd çok kapsamlı bir niteleme, bir zikir, hadiste de belirtildiği üzere (Müslim, “Zekât”, 53, “Müsâfirîn”, 84) bir dostluk ve bağlılık ifadesi (sadaka) olduğundan Allah’ın hem nimet lutfetmek, maddî ve mânevî kötülüklerden korumak şeklindeki rahmetine, hem de zaman zaman maruz kalınan belâ ve sıkıntılara karşılık vermek için kullanılır. “Belâya hamd, nimete şükür” telakkisi bunu bir derecede ifade etmektedir. Kur’an’da da belirtildiği üzere nimet de belâ da insan için birer imtihan vesilesidir. İlâhî nimete nâil olduğunda rabbinin kendisine ikramda bulunduğunu söyleyerek şükreden, bir sıkıntıya mâruz bırakıldığında ise rabbinin kendisine ihanet ettiğini söyleyip belâya hamdetmeyen insan nankör, haris ve gafil insandır (el-Fecr 89/15-20). Hayat ve bu hayattaki mutluluk, sadece geçici dünya planında değil hem dünya hem de âhiret planında düşünüldüğü takdirde belâ ve sıkıntılara sabretmenin ruhî bir yüceliş ve mânevî bir erginlik sağlayabileceğini söylemek mümkündür. Bununla birlikte nimetin yol açacağı şımarıklık ve azgınlıktan, belânın sebep olabileceği isyandan daima Allah’a sığınmanın gerektiği de belirtilmiştir. Aslında hamd ve şükür bu şuuru canlı tutan önemli faktörlerdir.
Fâtiha sûresinin “el-hamdü lillâh” cümlesiyle başlaması dikkat çekicidir. Bu ifade Kur’an’da yirmi üç yerde geçmektedir. İlk dönemlerden itibaren âlimler bu terkibin haber mi yoksa dilek mi ifade ettiği noktası üzerinde durmuş, Âlûsî, Buhârî’nin bu konuda müstakil bir eser yazdığını söylemiştir (Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , I, 75). Âlimlerin çoğunluğu terkibin ihbârî bir cümle oluşturduğu kanaatini taşırken İbnü’l-Hümâm bunun inşâî olduğu fikrini ısrarla savunmuştur. Ona göre hadislerde tekrar edilmesi öğütlenen hamdin ve benzeri zikirlerin haber verme mânası taşıması yakışık almaz. Zira bir mecliste haber niteliğindeki bir hususun birden fazla tekrarlanması hamakattir (Zebîdî, I, 54). Öyle anlaşılıyor ki, gramer açısından esasen mübtedâ ve haberden meydana gelmiş bir isim cümlesi olan “el-hamdü lillâh”ın mâna bakımından da haber niteliği taşıdığını söyleyenler, hamdin zât-ı ilâhiyyeyi niteleme yönündeki muhteva ağırlığını göz önünde bulundurmuş, diğerleri ise onu daha çok şükür anlamında düşünmüştür. Tercih edilen birinci görüşe göre cümlenin mânası, “Bütün çeşitleriyle övgü Allah’a mahsustur”, ikinci anlayışa göre ise “Allah’a şükürler olsun” şeklinde olur. Taberî, ihbârî-inşâî terimlerini kullanmadan cümlenin her iki mânaya da gelebileceğini söylemiş, bunun dil ve kullanılış açısından izahını yapmıştır (Câmiʿu’l-beyân , I, 46-47). İmam Mâtürîdî ise benzer bir kanaat belirtmekle birlikte haberî cümle görüşüne ağırlık vermiştir (Teʾvîlât , I, 12-14). Kur’an terminolojisi üzerinde bir eser yazan Ebü’l-Bekā el-Kefevî, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de yer alan bütün “el-hamdü lillâh” cümlelerinin, “Elhamdülillâh deyiniz” anlamıyla emir niteliğinde bir ihbar olup müminlere yol gösterme ve öğretim amacı taşıdığını belirtmiştir (el-Külliyyât , s. 359). Kur’an’da bir âyette, cümle kuruluşu bakımından ihbârî olmakla birlikte inşâî mâna vermeye de müsait bulunan “fe lillâhi’l-hamd” ve dört âyette “lehü’l-hamd” terkipleri geçmektedir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḥmd” md.). Bu terkipler de hamdin zât-ı ilâhiyyeyi niteleme ağırlıklı bir muhtevaya sahip olduğunu ve dolayısıyla cümlenin ihbârî telakki edilmesinin gerektiğini göstermektedir. Esasen şükür ayrıca birçok âyette yer almış bulunmaktadır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, Allah’ın zâtını niteleyen Fâtiha sûresiyle başlayıp yine O’nu niteleyen Nâs sûresiyle sona ermekte, bu iki sûre arasında kâinatın yaratıcısı ve yöneticisinin tanıtılması, yüceltilmesi anlamına gelen nitelemeler binlerce defa tekrarlanmaktadır. Her hamd bir şükür olduğuna, ancak her şükür hamdin yerini tutmadığına göre hamdi en kapsamlı kavram olarak kabul etmek gerekir. Hamd akaid ağırlıklı, şükür ise ahlâk ağırlıklı terimlerdir. Başta Gazzâlî olmak üzere İslâm âlimleri, muhtemelen tasavvufî bir yaklaşımla konunun ahlâkî yönüne ağırlık vermişlerdir. Gazzâlî, hamd konusunu muhtelif bahislere serpiştirip ona sırası geldikçe kısmen temas ettiği halde şükür konusunu sabırla birlikte ele alıp müstakil bir bölüm halinde düzenlemiş, bu bölüm içinde şükre hem tek başına (İḥyâʾ , IV, 80-127), hem de müşterek olarak (a.g.e. , IV, 127-141) yer vermiştir. Hamdin kulu ilgilendiren yönlerinin tenzîhî ve sübûtî sıfatlara kalben inanmak, onları dil ile ifade etmek ve bu inanca uygun davranışlarda bulunmaktan ibaret olduğunu söyleyen Fahreddin er-Râzî, bu tür bir kulluğun sadece Allah’a yönelik ve O’na mahsus olmasını şu sebeplere bağlar: a) Bütün lutufta bulunanlara bu hissi veren Allah’tır. b) Herkesin lutufkârlığı bir amaca yönelik olduğu halde ulaşacağı bir kemal veya amaç söz konusu olmadığından Allah’ın lutufkârlığı yegâne hâlis olandır. c) “Sizde nimet adına ne varsa hepsi Allah’tandır” (en-Nahl 16/53) meâlindeki âyette belirtildiği üzere yaratıkların elinde bulunan imkân ve nimetlerin gerçek sahibi yine Allah’tır (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , I, 221).
Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî, zât-ı ilâhiyyeyi acz ve yaratılmışlık belirtilerinden tenzih etmenin (tesbih), kelime-i tevhidi tekrar etmenin, tekbir getirmenin vb. bütün tâzim ifadelerini kullanmanın birer hamd olduğunu belirttikten sonra şöyle der: “Hamd en umumi zikirdir insan gibi, diğer zikirler cüzdür organ gibi.” Ona göre övme mânasındaki hamd üç türlü olabilir: Birincisi insanın kendi kendini övmesidir. Bu kesin olmayıp ihtimal çerçevesindedir, çünkü kişinin kendinde bulunmayan şeyle de övünmesi mümkündür. İkincisi başkasının övmesidir, bunda da yanılma olabilir. Üçüncüsü en yüksek derecedeki hamd olup burada öven-övülen, sıfat-mevsuf birliği vardır, bu da Allah’tır (el-Fütûḥât , IV, 287). İbn Teymiyye de bu hususta şu açıklamada bulunur: Hamd, ona muhatap olacak kişinin güzelliklerini bunlara karşı sevgi besleyerek dile getirmektir. Birinin iyiliklerini sevmeden nakletmek hamd olmadığı gibi sevdiği halde haber vermemek de hamd değildir. Allah zâtını övmüş, güzel isimlerini, yüce sıfatlarını, isabetli fiillerini zikretmiş ve mukaddes zâtını sevmiştir. Böylece O hem hamdeden hem hamdedilen, hem senâ eden hem senâ edilen, hem yücelten hem yüceltilen, hem seven hem sevilen olmuştur. Böyle bir mertebe kemalin doruk noktasıdır ve buna O’ndan başka kimse lâyık değildir (Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , VIII, 378-379).
Zikir, şükür ve dolayısıyla dua unsurlarını ihtiva eden hamd tıpkı besmele gibi müslümanların hayatında önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Her gün kılınan beş vakit namazda kırk defa tekrarlanan Fâtiha sûresi hamd ile başladığı gibi ilk iki âyeti besmeleyi de içermektedir. Namazın girişinde okunan Sübhâneke’de, rükû dönüşünde okunan tahmidde, Tahiyyat’ın ilk cümlelerinde, Salli ve Bârik dualarında, Kunut’ta, namazdan sonra çekilen tesbihlerde ve ardından okunan tevhid cümlesinde, bayramlarda ve diğer bazı dinî merasimlerde getirilen tekbirlerde senâ ve şükür mânalarıyla birlikte hamd kavramı da tekrarlanmaktadır. Hac ibadetinin ifası sırasında her fırsatta tekrar edilmesi istenen telbiyede de hamd yer almaktadır. Hz. Peygamber’den rivayet edilen ve hamd ile (bazı rivayetlere göre aynı zamanda besmele ile) başlamayan her önemli işin hayırsız ve bereketsiz olacağını belirten hadisin ve fiilî sünnetin etkisiyle olacaktır ki (Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 18; İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 19; Ebû Hâcer Muhammed Saîd Besyûnî, VI, 422-423) İslâmî gelenekte bütün ciddi işlerin başında besmele çekilip hamdedilir; bitiminde de bütün başarı ve nimetleri lutfeden Allah’a yine hamdedilip şükürde bulunulur. Resûl-i Ekrem’in tavsiyeleri ve uygulamalarından olmak üzere konuşmalara, zikir ve dualara hamd cümlesiyle başlamak, yemeğe besmele ile başlayıp hamd ile bitirmek, aksırdıktan sonra hamdetmek gerekir. Cuma hutbesinin her iki bölümü de hamd cümleleriyle başlar. İslâmî eserlerin ilk cümlelerini genellikle besmele ve hamdele oluşturur.
Zâhid Şakīk-ı Belhî, kemal derecesinde bir hamdin üç kademesini şöyle ifade eder: Erişilen nimetin Allah’tan geldiğini bilmek, O’nun verdiğine rızâ göstermek ve nimetinin gücü bedeninde bulunduğu sürece O’na âsi olmamak (Kurtubî, I, 94).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm hamd ile başlayıp Allah’a övgü, tâzim ve sığınma ifade eden cümlelerle bittiği gibi cennet ehlinin dualarının da “el-hamdü lillâhi rabbi’l-âlemîn” cümlesiyle son bulacağı haber verilmektedir (Yûnus 10/10).
Hamd kavramı ile anlam ilişkisi içinde bulunan ve övmek mânasına gelen medih bazı hadislerde Allah’a nisbet edilmiştir (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “medḥ” md.). Hadislerde övülmeyi en çok sevenin Allah olduğu ve bu sebeple kendisini medhettiği ifade edilmiştir (Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 15, 20; Müslim, “Tevbe”, 32-35). “Bir kimseyi iyi veya kötü vasıflarıyla yahut sadece iyi yönleriyle tanıtmak” mânasındaki senâ da Kur’an’da geçmemekle birlikte hamd ve övgü anlamında özellikle Hz. Peygamber’e ait birçok dua ve niyazda yer almıştır (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “s̱enâ” md.). Resûl-i Ekrem’in her namazdan sonra, “Lâ ilâhe illallāhü vahdehû lâ şerîke leh” diye başlayan tehlîlinin devamında, “Nimet ve lutufkârlık da O’nun, güzel vasıflarla yâdedilmek de (senâ-i hasen) O’nundur” cümlelerinin bulunduğu kaydedilmektedir (Müsned , IV, 4, 5; Müslim, “Mesâcid”, 139). Namazda okunan Sübhâneke’de, ayrıca Kunut dualarında da senâ kavramı yer almaktadır. Hz. Âişe’den rivayet edildiğine göre Resûl-i Ekrem teheccüd namazının secdesinde şu niyazda bulunurdu: “Allahım! Gazabından rızâna, ukūbetinden affına sığınırım, senden yine sana sığınırım. Seni gerektiği şekilde senâ edemem. Sen şüphe yok ki kendini senâ ettiğin gibisin” (Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 222; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalât”, 148).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ḥmd” md.
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “ḥmd” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ḥmd”, “s̱ny” md.leri.
et-Taʿrîfât , “ḥamd” md.
Ebü’l-Bekā, el-Külliyyât , s. 359, 365-370.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , I, 288-290.
Kāmus Tercümesi , I, 1124-1125.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḥamd”, “şükr”, “s̱enâ”, “medḥ”, “ḥammede” md.leri.
a.mlf., Miftâḥu künûzi’s-sünne , s. 460.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḥmd”, “niʿme”, “ḫayr” md.leri.
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Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 15, 19, 20, 36, “Tefsîr”, 17/5.
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Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 18, “Ṣalât”, 148.
Tirmizî, “Ḳıyâme”, 10, “Menâḳıb”, 1, “Ṣalât”, 185, “Daʿavât”, 24.
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Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , Kahire, ts. (el-Mektebetü’t-ticâriyyetü’l-kübrâ), IV, 80-141.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (Beyrut) , I, 7-8.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, Nüzhetü’l-aʿyün , s. 251-253.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , I, 221, 227-228.
İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥât , Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’s-sekāfeti’d-dîniyye), IV, 286-287.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , Beyrut 1408/1988, I, 94.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , VIII, 378-379.
Zebîdî, İtḥâfü’s-sâde , I, 54.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , I, 70, 71, 75-76; VII, 79-80.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , I, 56-62.
Suad Yıldırım, Kur’ân’da Ulûhiyyet , İstanbul 1987, s. 152-153.
M. Saîd Besyûnî, Mevsûʿatü eṭrâfi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Beyrut 1410/1989, IV, 572-583; VI, 422-423.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 442-445 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.