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HAMDÂNÎLER Skip to content 905-1004 yılları arasında Musul ve çevresiyle Kuzey Suriye’de hüküm süren bir Arap hânedanı.
Bölgenin tarihinde önemli rol oynayan Hamdânîler, Araplar’ın en büyük kabilelerinden Rebîa’nın Tağlib koluna mensuptur. İslâmiyet’ten önce hıristiyan olan Tağlibîler Tihâme’den kuzeye göç etmiş, sonraları kendi adlarını alan Diyârırebîa ve Musul bölgesine yerleşmişlerdi. Hz. Ömer zamanında cizyeye bağlanan kabile daha sonra müslüman olmuştur.
Hânedana adını veren Hamdân b. Hamdûn Rakka yöresinden göç ederek Musul’a yerleşti. Hamdânîler, Hâricîler’le yaptıkları savaşlarda kayda değer bir askerî güç haline geldiklerini ispat ettiler (254/868). Hamdân, daha sonra Mardin Kalesi’ni ele geçirdi (272/885). Halife Mu‘tazıd-Billâh şehri onun elinden almak üzere bizzat sefere çıkıp kuşatma başlattıysa da muvaffak olamadı (279/892). Halife, ikinci defa Türk kumandanlarıyla birlikte hareket ederek Mardin ve Erdümüşt üzerine yürüyünce Hamdân yerine oğlu Hüseyin’i Erdümüşt Kalesi’nde bırakıp kaçtı; Hüseyin ise kaleyi halifeye teslim etti. Bir süre sonra Hamdân da yakalanarak hapsedildi ve oğlu Hüseyin Hâricî ordusunu bozguna uğratıp reisleri Hârûn’u esir alıncaya kadar (283/896) hapiste kaldı. Hüseyin 283’te (896) Cibâl’de Bekir b. Abdülazîz b. Ebû Dülef’le savaştı ve aynı yıl Karmatîler’e karşı sefere çıktı. 291’de (904) Suriye’de Sâhibü’l-hâl’e karşı zafer kazandı. Ardından Abbâsîler’in başkumandanı Muhammed b. Süleyman’ın Mısır seferine katılarak Tolunoğulları’nın yıkılıp bölgenin tekrar ele geçirilmesinde büyük rol oynadı; bu arada halifenin Mısır valisi olması için yaptığı teklifi kabul etmedi. 295 (908) yılında tekrar Suriye’de Karmatîler’in üzerine giden Hüseyin, 296’da (909) İbnü’l-Mu‘tezz’i tahta çıkarmak üzere düzenlenen başarısız tertibe katıldığı için kaçmak zorunda kaldı. 293 (905-906) yılında Müktefî-Billâh tarafından Musul valiliğine getirilmiş olan kardeşi Ebü’l-Heycâ Abdullah onu takiple görevlendirildi. Fakat Hüseyin diğer kardeşi İbrâhim’in aracılığıyla affedilerek Kum ve Kâşân, daha sonra da Diyârırebîa valiliğine tayin edildi (298/910). Ancak Hüseyin bağımsızlığını ilân edip topladığı vergileri göndermedi. Bunun üzerine Halife Muktedir-Billâh, Emîrü’l-ümerâ İbn Râiḳ kumandasındaki büyük bir orduyu sefere çıkardıysa da başarı sağlanamadı. Daha sonra Emîr Mûnis el-Muzaffer’e yenilen Hüseyin esir düştü. Hamdânî emîrlerine güveni kalmayan halife onunla akrabalarını Bağdat’ta hapsettirdi. Fakat Hüseyin halifeye karşı komplo düzenleme fikrinden ve bu yolda çalışmaktan vazgeçmedi. Halife kendisine karşı yeni bir komplonun düzenlendiğini ve elebaşıların Hüseyin ile kendi veziri İbnü’l-Furât (Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Muhammed) ve Azerbaycan’daki valisi olduğunu anlayınca Hüseyin’i öldürttü (306/918); diğerlerini de görevlerinden azletti.
Hüseyin’in kardeşleri Ebü’l-Heycâ Abdullah, İbrâhim ve Saîd halifeye sadık kalmış, Ebü’l-Heycâ 293’te (905-906) Musul, İbrâhim 307’de (919) Diyârırebîa ve Saîd 312’de (924) Nihâvend valiliğine getirilmiştir. Bunlardan Ebü’l-Heycâ, bir yandan isyancı bazı grupları itaat altına alırken öte yandan kardeşi Hüseyin’e karşı yürütülen operasyonları yönetti. Ebü’l-Heycâ daha sonra Bağdat’ta kalmayı tercih ederek oğlu Hasan’ı yerine vekil bıraktı. 301’de (913) bilinmeyen bir sebeple Musul valiliğinden azledilen Ebü’l-Heycâ, Emîrü’l-ümerâ Mûnis’e itaat arzedince ertesi yıl aynı göreve tekrar getirildi; 307’de de (919) âsi Azerbaycan valisi Yûsuf b. Ebü’s-Sâc’ı itaat altına almak üzere Mûnis’in kumandasında gönderilen orduda görev aldı. Daha sonra Tarîk-i Horasân ve Dînever valiliğine tayin edildi, 313’te (925) Musul ile Cizre yöresindeki Bâzabdâ ve Kardâ da (Bâkırdâ) onun idaresine verildi. Kardeşi İbrâhim’in ölümünden sonra valisi olduğu Diyârırebîa’nın yönetimi yine kardeşlerinden Dâvûd’a bırakıldı. Ebü’l-Heycâ da kardeşi Hüseyin gibi Karmatîler’le mücadele etti ve 315’te (927) onlara karşı Bağdat’ı korudu. Fakat bu sırada Dînever valiliğinden uzaklaştırılınca Bağdat’a giderek Mûnis ve Sâhibü’ş-şurta Nâzûk Hâdim’in yardımıyla Halife Muktedir-Billâh’ı indirip yerine Kāhir-Billâh’ı tahta çıkardı; yeni halife de Hulvân, Dînever, Hemedân ve Kirmanşah’ın yönetimini ona verdi (317/929). Ancak kısa bir süre sonra Kāhir-Billâh halifelikten uzaklaştırılıp Muktedir-Billâh tekrar halife ilân edildi. Hamdânîler’in gerçek kurucusu olan Ebü’l-Heycâ da bu karışıklıklar sırasında öldü (17 Muharrem 317/2 Mart 929). Onun ölümünden sonra Hamdânîler iki ayrı kol halinde varlıklarını sürdürdüler.
1. Musul Kolu. Hânedanın Musul kolunun kurucusu Ebü’l-Heycâ’nın oğlu Nâsırüddevle Hasan’dır. Babasının ölümünün ardından Halife Muktedir-Billâh Musul’un yönetimini ondan alarak amcaları Nasr ve Ebü’l-Alâ Saîd’e verdi; kendisine de Diyârırebîa’nın batısı ile Nusaybin, Sincar, Hâbûr, Meyyâfârikīn ve Erzen’i bıraktı. Ancak daha sonra Hasan Musul’u geri alıp amcası Saîd’i öldürttü (323/935). Bu olaya kızan yeni halife Râzî-Billâh veziri İbn Mukle’yi Musul’a sevkedip şehri ele geçirdi. Fakat aynı yıl içinde halifenin kuvvetlerini bozguna uğratan Hasan tekrar Musul’u ve onunla birlikte Diyârırebîa, Diyârımudar ve Diyarbekir’i zaptetti. Hasan 330’da (942), halifenin yetkilerini elinden almak ve bu arada kendisini de Musul’dan uzaklaştırmak isteyen Emîrü’l-ümerâ İbn Râiḳ’i ortadan kaldırdı. Bunun üzerine halife onu “nâsırüddevle” unvanıyla emîrü’l-ümerâ tayin etti; bu işe yardımcı olduğundan kardeşi Ali’ye de “seyfüddevle” unvanını verdi. Nâsırüddevle Hasan bir yıl kadar Bağdat’ta kaldıktan sonra yerini Türk kumandanı Tüzün’e bırakıp Musul’a döndü. Tüzün ile anlaşamayan halife Musul’a gidip Hamdânîler’e sığındı (332/943). Tüzün daha sonra Hamdânîler’in üzerine yürüyerek onları Musul’u terketmek mecburiyetinde bıraktı. Nâsırüddevle, halifeyi daha emin bir yerde bulunması için Musul’dan Rakka’ya gönderdi. Bu sırada Nâsırüddevle ile Tüzün anlaşınca halife İhşîdîler’den Muhammed b. Tuğç’tan yardım istedi. Ancak bu yardım gerçekleşmedi. Birkaç ay sonra Halife Müttakī-Lillâh, Tüzün’ün kendisine sadık kalacağına dair sözüne aldanarak Rakka’dan Bağdat’a doğru yola çıktı, fakat yolda gözleri oyularak halifeliğine son verildi. Nâsırüddevle halifeye vaad ettiği vergiyi ödemeyince Tüzün ile yeni halife Müstekfî-Billâh bir ordu ile Nâsırüddevle üzerine yürüyerek onu vergisini ödemeye mecbur ettiler. Büveyhîler’den Muizzüddevle Bağdat’a hâkim olur olmaz Hamdânîler’e karşı bir sefere girişti. Fakat İran’da çıkan karışıklıklar yüzünden gayesine ulaşamadı ve Hamdânîler’le bir anlaşma yaparak geri döndü. Nâsırüddevle, Büveyhîler’e vergi ödemeye ve hutbede halifeden sonra Büveyhî hükümdarlarının adını zikrettirmeye râzı oldu. Muizzüddevle ile Nâsırüddevle arasındaki mücadele 345’te (956-57) yeniden baş gösterdi. Hamdânîler, Muizzüddevle’nin Bağdat’tan uzakta bulunmasından faydalanarak şehri zaptetmeye kalkıştılar. Muizzüddevle onlardan verdikleri zarar ve ziyanı ödemelerini istemekle yetindi. Ancak yıllık vergi konusunda Hamdânîler’le anlaşamayınca Musul ve Nusaybin’i ele geçirip Rahbe üzerine yürüdü. Nâsırüddevle Halep emîri olan kardeşi Seyfüddevle’ye sığındı (347/958); kardeşinin bu parayı ödemeyi taahhüt etmesi üzerine de Musul’a geri döndü. Ancak taahhüdün yerine getirilmemesi sebebiyle Musul Muizzüddevle tarafından tekrar işgal edildi ve şehrin yönetimi Nâsırüddevle’nin oğlu Ebû Tağlib Gazanfer’e verildi (353/964). Bu olaylardan sonra Erdümüşt’e sürülen Nâsırüddevle Rebîülevvel 358’de (Şubat 969) orada öldü.
Gazanfer Diyarbekir’i ele geçirmek isteyen Bizanslılar’la mücadele etti ve onları bozguna uğratarak Domestikos Melias’ı esir aldı. Bunun üzerine Büveyhî Emîri Bahtiyâr’ın teklifiyle Halife Mutî‘-Lillâh tarafından kendisine “uddetüddevle” lakabı verildi. Gazanfer ile Bahtiyâr Bağdat’ı ele geçirmek isteyen Büveyhî Hükümdarı Adudüddevle’ye karşı savaşa girdiler. Ancak mağlûp oldular ve Gazanfer Bizans’a sığınmak zorunda kaldı. Daha sonra geri döndüyse de Remle Emîri Müferric b. Dağfel’e yenilerek öldürüldü (369/979); onun ölümüyle de Hamdânîler’in el-Cezîre ve Musul’daki hâkimiyetleri fiilen sona erdi. Gazanfer’in kardeşleri Ebû Abdullah Hüseyin ve Ebû Tâhir İbrâhim müttefikleri olan Ukaylîler tarafından bertaraf edildiler ve Musul’a Ukaylî Ebü’z-Zevvâd Muhammed b. Müseyyeb hâkim oldu (380/990). Gazanfer’in diğer bir kardeşi Zülkarneyn ise Fâtımîler’in hizmetine girdi ve Dımaşk valiliğine tayin edildi (401/1010).
2. Halep Kolu. Nâsırüddevle Hasan kardeşi Seyfüddevle Ali’yi Nusaybin’e vali tayin etmişti. Fakat Seyfüddevle daha büyük bir vilâyette bağımsız olarak hüküm sürmek istiyordu. Nâsırüddevle başlangıçta tereddüt gösterdiyse de daha sonra onun Halep’i ele geçirip orada bağımsız bir devlet kurmasına râzı oldu. Halep o sırada Muhammed b. Tuğç el-İhşîdî’nin nâibi Osman b. Saîd el-Kilâbî’nin idaresinde bulunuyordu. Seyfüddevle, 8 Rebîülevvel 333’te (29 Ekim 944) şehre girerek Halife Müstekfî-Billâh ve kendi kardeşi Nâsırüddevle adına hutbe okuttu; ardından Dımaşk’ı aldı (Ramazan 333 / Mayıs 945). İhşîdîler’le Hamdânîler arasındaki mücadele Muhammed b. Tuğç’un ölümünden (Zilhicce 334 / Temmuz 946) sonra Kâfûr döneminde de bir süre devam etti ve sonunda İhşîdîler yapılan anlaşma ile bütün Kuzey Suriye’yi Hamdânîler’in tasarrufuna bıraktılar (Rebîülâhir 336 / Kasım 947). Seyfüddevle bu tarihten sonra Bizans ile devamlı bir mücadeleye girdi. Başlangıçta başarılı olamadıysa da 953’ten itibaren önemli zaferler kazandı ve kumandan Bardas Phokas’ın oğlu Konstantinos’u esir aldı. Seyfüddevle Halep’te güçlü bir devlet kurmakla birlikte Nâsırüddevle’ye bağlılığını sürdürdü. Musul Hamdânîleri Bağdat üzerinde hâkimiyet kurmaya, Halep Hamdânîleri ise önce İhşîdîler’e, sonra da Fâtımîler’e ve Bizans’a karşı topraklarını korumaya çalışmışlardır. Bizans saldırılarının önlenmesinde ve onlara karşı yapılan akınlarda Seyfüddevle’nin büyük emeği vardır. Hastalığı yüzünden son Bizans seferinden geri dönmek zorunda kalan Seyfüddevle Şeyzer’e çekildi ve 10 Safer veya 24 Safer 356 (25 Ocak veya 8 Şubat 967) tarihinde Halep’te öldü; cenazesi Meyyâfârikīn’da annesinin mezarının yanına defnedildi.
Seyfüddevle’nin yerine geçen oğlu Ebü’l-Meâlî Sa‘düddevle iç isyanlar ve Bizans saldırılarıyla uğraşmak zorunda kaldı. Onun 381 Şevvalinde (Aralık 991) ölümü üzerine yerine Ebü’l-Fezâil Saîdüddevle geçti. Bu sırada Fâtımîler Halep’i kuşattılarsa da Bizans İmparatoru II. Basileios’un yardıma gelmesi üzerine geri çekildiler. 392 (1002) yılında, bir süreden beri Hamdânî tahtını ele geçirmeyi planlayan Hâcib Lü’lü’ damadı Saîdüddevle’yi zehirleyerek ortadan kaldırdı ve iki yıl kadar onun oğulları adına devleti yönetti. Daha sonra onlardan Ebü’l-Hasan Ali ile Ebü’l-Meâlî Şerîf’i Mısır’a sürdü; diğer kardeşleri Ebü’l-Heycâ ise ülkeyi terkederek Bizans imparatoruna sığındı (394/1004). Böylece Hamdânîler’in Halep koluna son veren Lü’lü’ idareyi tek başına ele geçirmiş oldu. Onun 399 (1008) yılında ölümünden sonra oğlu Mansûr yerini aldı ve Fâtımî halifesinin adına hutbe okuttu; halife de ona “murtazaddevle” lakabını verdi.
XII. yüzyılda bir Hamdânî grubunun Suriye’de Dürzîler arasında nüfuz ve itibar sahibi olduğu görülür; Osmanlılar zamanında ise Cebelidürûz’de emirlik yaptılar. IV. (X.) yüzyılın en zengin İslâm hânedanları arasında yer alan Hamdânîler Arap edebiyatının hâmileri olarak şöhret kazandılar. Özellikle Seyfüddevle ve Nâsırüddevle âlim, edip ve şairleri korur, onlara saygı gösterirlerdi. Yoğun savaşlarla dolu bir ömür geçirdiği halde Seyfüddevle’nin sarayı büyük şairlerle dolup taşardı. Seyfüddevle’nin ilgi ve himayesiyle şiir ve edebiyatta ciddi gelişmeler oldu. Fârâbî, Kitâbü’l-Eġānî adlı eserini Seyfüddevle’ye takdim eden Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî, saray hatibi İbn Nübâte, şair Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Mütenebbî, şair Ebû Firâs el-Hamdânî, şair Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî ve Nâsırüddevle adına imâmet hakkında bir risâle yazan Kitâbü’l-İrşâd müellifi Şeyh Müfîd, Seyfüddevle’nin amcası Hüseyin’in yakın dostlarından Hallâc-ı Mansûr, Hamdânîler nezdinde ilgi ve itibar görmüş edip ve şairler arasında yer alır. Hamdânîler İmâmiyye Şîası’na mensup olmakla beraber Sünnîler’e karşı hoşgörülü davranmışlardır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 446-447 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.