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HAMZA b. HABÎB Skip to content Ebû Umâre Hamza b. Habîb b. Umâre ez-Zeyyât et-Teymî el-Kûfî (ö. 156/773)
Yedi kıraat imamından biri.
Kendi beyanına göre 80 (699) yılında doğdu (Zehebî, Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , I, 265). Kaynaklarda Fars asıllı ve İkrime b. Rib‘î ailesinin mevlâsı olduğu belirtilir. Abdullah b. Ebû Evfâ ve Enes b. Mâlik gibi bazı sahâbîleri görmüş olabileceği ileri sürülmüş, ancak bu nesilden faydalanmamıştır. Kıraat tahsilini on beş yaşında iyi bir seviyeye getirdiğini söyleyen Hamza (a.g.e. , a.y.) 100 (718-19) yılında imamlık görevi yapmışsa da hayatını ticaretle kazandığı, Kûfe’den Hulvân’a yağ götürüp sattığı ve bu sebeple “Zeyyât” lakabıyla anıldığı kaynaklarda verilen bilgiler arasındadır.
Hamza b. Habîb, kıraat ilmini Humrân b. A‘yen ve Muhammed b. Abdurrahman b. Ebû Leylâ’dan öğrenmiş, kendisinin belirttiğine göre bunlardan İbn Ebû Leylâ’ya Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in tamamını dört defa okumuştur. Ayrıca A‘meş, Ebû İshak es-Sebîî, Talha b. Musarrif ve Ca‘fer es-Sâdık gibi âlimlerden de istifade etmiştir. Charles Pellat, Hamza’nın hocalarından söz ederken Âsım b. Behdele’yi de zikretmekle birlikte kaynaklarda buna dair bir işaret bulunmamakta, ancak hocalarından Ebû İshak es-Sebîî’nin ders aldığı kişiler arasında Âsım b. Damre adında bir zattan bahsedilmektedir (İbnü’l-Cezerî, en-Neşr , I, 165). Kur’an ve kıraat alanında Hamza’dan pek çok talebe faydalanmış olup Süleym b. Îsâ el-Hanefî, Âiz b. Ebû Âiz, Şuayb b. Harb, Abdullah b. Sâlih el-İclî ve yedi kıraat imamından Ali b. Hamza el-Kisâî bunlardan bazılarıdır. Süleym b. Îsâ’nın onun talebeleri arasında ayrı bir yeri olmalıdır. Zira Hamza’dan okuyan bazı arkadaşları kıraatteki üstünlüğü sebebiyle Süleym’den de okumuş (Zehebî, Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , I, 306) ve Süleym, İbn Mücâhid’in Kitâbü’s-Sebʿa ’sından sonra kırâat-i seb‘aya dair telif edilen pek çok eserde Hamza’nın kıraati konusunda tercih edilen Halef b. Hişâm ve Hallâd b. Hâlid adlı râvilerin de hocası olmuştur.
Hadis ilmiyle de meşgul olan Hamza b. Habîb Adî b. Sâbit, Amr b. Mürre, Hakem b. Uteybe, Habîb b. Ebû Sâbit ve Talha b. Musarrif’ten hadis rivayet etmiş, kendisinden de Süfyân es-Sevrî, Cerîr b. Abdülhamîd, Şerîk b. Abdullah en-Nehaî, Muhammed b. Fudayl ve diğer tanınmış muhaddisler rivayette bulunmuşlardır.
Hamza b. Habîb, talebelerinden ücret almadığı ve hediye kabul etmediği gibi Kur’an dersi verdiği evden su içmeyi dahi hoş görmezdi. 156 (773) yılında Hulvân’da vefat edip burada defnedilen Hamza’nın 154 (771) veya 158’de (775) öldüğü de kaydedilmektedir.
Hamza’nın kıraatinin sıhhati üzerinde tartışılmıştır. Abdullah b. İdrîs ve Ahmed b. Hanbel onun kıraatini ihtiyatla karşılamışlar, Ebû Bekir b. Ayyâş da bu kıraati “bid‘at” olarak nitelendirmiştir. Süfyân b. Uyeyne, “Hamza’nın kıraatiyle okuyan imamın arkasında namaz kılmayınız” demiş, Abdurrahman b. Mehdî ise bu kıraatle namaz kıldıran bir imama uyduğunda namazını tekrar kıldığını, elinden gelse Hamza’nın kıraatini okuyanları cezalandıracağını söylemiştir. Hadis hâfızı Yezîd b. Hârûn da Vâsıt’ta bulunan Ebü’ş-Şa‘sâ’ya haber göndererek, “Bizim mescidimizde Hamza’nın kıraatini okutmayın” diye tâlimat vermiştir. Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ, Hamza’nın kıraatindeki vecihlerin bir kısmını nahiv açısından “şâz” olarak nitelemiş (Meʿâni’l-Ḳurʾân , I, 414-416), Taberî de gerek bazı vecihlerin diğer kurrâya muhalefetine, gerekse bu vecihlerin fasih Arap diline aykırı oluşuna işaret ederek bu konuda Ferrâ’ya uymuştur (Câmiʿu’l-beyân , X, 20). Bütün bu değerlendirmelere rağmen Süfyân es-Sevrî, Hamza’nın kıraatindeki her vechin bir mesnedi bulunduğunu söyleyerek onu savunmuştur. Hamza’nın kıraatine en büyük desteği İbn Mücâhid vermiştir. O, Kitâbü’s-Sebʿa ’sında Mekke, Medine, Basra ve Şam kurrâsından birer kişi seçmesine karşılık Kûfe kurrâsından iki kişinin (Âsım b. Behdele ve Ali b. Hamza el-Kisâî) yanı sıra Hamza’nın kıraatini de yedili sisteminin içine almış, eserinin yüzyıllar boyunca gördüğü kabule ve kazandığı şöhrete paralel olarak Hamza’nın kıraati de yayılmış, en azından ilmî olarak bütün İslâm dünyasında yaşamıştır. Ancak Hamza’nın kıraatiyle ilgili değerlendirme ve eleştiriler, İbn Mücâhid’in onu eserinde yedili sisteme dahil etmesinden sonra da devam etmiş, hatta bu eserdeki yedili sistem içinde Hamza’nın kıraati yerine başka imamların (meselâ Ya‘kūb el-Hadramî) kıraatinin yer almasının daha uygun olacağını söyleyenler olmuştur (İbn Teymiyye, XIII, 390). Ebû Şâme de genel olarak mütevâtir kabul edilen yedi kıraatten söz ederken bunların içinde bazı şâz unsurların bulunduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Meselâ Hamza’nın, Kehf sûresinin 97. âyetinde yer alan “fe me’stetâû” (فَمَا اسْتَطَاعُوا ) ibaresindeki ت ’yi ط ’ya idgam ederek iki sâkini cemetmesini, Fâtır sûresinin 43. âyetinde geçen “mekre’s-seyyiʾ” (مكر السئ ) terkibinin sonundaki hemzeyi vasıl halinde sâkin okumasını, Nisâ sûresinin 1. âyetindeki “el-erhâm” (الأرحام ) kelimesinin sonuna kesre vermesini bu şâz unsurlardan saymıştır (el-Mürşidü’l-vecîz , s. 174-176). Zehebî ise Hamza’nın kıraatiyle ilgili olarak daha telifçi bir tutum ortaya koymuştur. Abdullah b. İdrîs ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’in bu kıraat konusundaki olumsuz görüşlerinin med, imâle ve hemzeden önce yer alan sâkin harfler üzerinde yaptığı sektelerdeki ifrattan kaynaklandığını, bundan dolayı Hamza’nın kıraatiyle kılınan namazın iadesi gerektiğini ileri sürmenin aşırılık olduğunu belirten Zehebî, diğer kıraatler daha sahih olmakla birlikte Hamza’nın kıraatinin sıhhati üzerinde de icmâ bulunduğunu ileri sürmüştür.
Abdullah b. İdrîs ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’in Hamza’nın kıraati üzerindeki olumsuz görüşleriyle ilgili olarak İbn Mücâhid’in Muhammed b. Heysem’den naklen verdiği bilgiler konuya başka bir boyut kazandırmaktadır. İbnü’l-Heysem’in anlattığına göre Hamza’nın talebelerinden Süleym b. Îsâ’dan okuyan bir kişi Abdullah b. İdrîs’in meclisinde Kur’an okumuş, Abdullah, bu kişinin kıraatinde hemzelerin ve medlerin okunuşu gibi bazı hususlarda ifratlar tesbit ederek bu durumu kınamıştır. Halbuki bizzat Hamza’nın bu tür ifratları hoş görmediği ve talebelerini bundan menettiği dikkate alınırsa, kıraati konusunda tenkitlere yol açan kusurların kendisine değil râvilerine ait olduğu söylenebilir.
Hamza’nın kıraatinin bazı özellikleri şöyle sıralanabilir: 1. عليهم، إليهم، لديهم ’deki zamirlerin ه ’ları zamme ile okunur. 2. أنى، نصارى، موسى gibi kelimelerde -bunlardan sonra sâkin bir harf bulunmaması durumunda- imâle yapılır. 3. Sâkin bir harften sonra hemze geldiğinde burada vakfedilmemek şartıyla hemzeden önce sekte uygulanır: واليوم الـ / آخر، من / آمن . 4. صراط kelimesi bulunduğu her yerde Halef’in rivayetinde işmâm ile okunur (buradaki işmâm, ص harfinin isti‘lâ sıfatı korunmak şartıyla ز ’ye karıştırılarak okunmasıdır).
Muhammed b. Heysem’in (ö. 249/863) belirttiğine göre onun dönemine kadar Kûfe Mescidi’nde daha çok Hamza’nın kıraati okunurdu. İbn Mücâhid (ö. 324/936) Kûfeliler arasında onun kıraatinin yayıldığını söylemiş (Kitâbü’s-Sebʿa , s. 71-76), Enderâbî de (ö. 470/1077) Hamza’nın kıraatinin Kûfeliler’ce benimsendiğini ve kendi zamanına kadar itibar gördüğünü belirtmiştir (Ḳırâʾâtü’l-ḳurrâʾi’l-maʿrûfîn , s. 109). İbnü’l-Faradî’nin verdiği bilgiye göre Hamza’nın kıraati ilk asırlarda Mağrib’de de yayılmış, ancak İbn Hayrûn’un Endülüs’ten bu bölgeye gelip Nâfi‘ b. Abdurrahman’ın kıraatini öğretmesi üzerine halk daha çok Nâfi‘ kıraatine yönelmiştir (burada İbn Hayrûn’dan maksadın, Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Hayrûn mu [ö. 301/913], yoksa onun babası Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Hayrûn mu [ö. 306/918] olduğu hususundaki inceleme için bk. Hind Şelebî, s. 283-294). Pellat, Mağrib’de halen yaygın olmamakla birlikte bazı bölgelerde Hamza’nın kıraatinin okunduğunu söylemektedir.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, Hamza b. Habîb’in aynı zamanda fıkıhla da uğraştığını kaydetmekte, Ebû Hanîfe’nin Hamza’ya hitaben söylediği, “Kur’an ve ferâiz konusunda sen bizi geçtin” sözünde onun bu yönü açık şekilde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Süfyân es-Sevrî’nin de benzer bir takdir ifadesiyle Hamza’ya iltifat ettiği zikredilmektedir.
Yahyâ b. Maîn, Ahmed b. Abdullah el-İclî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel hadis alanında Hamza’yı sika kabul ederken Nesâî onu “zararı yok” diye nitelendirmiş, Zekeriyyâ b. Yahyâ es-Sâcî ise “sadûk” olduğunu, ancak hâfızasının iyi olmadığını ileri sürmüştür. Zehebî, Hamza’nın rivayet ettiği seksen kadar hadisin bilindiğini, bunların hasen seviyesinden daha aşağı derecede bulunmadığını belirtir. Kütüb-i Sitte ’den Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’i dışındaki beş eserde Hamza’nın rivayetlerine yer verilmiştir.
Hamza b. Habîb’in Menâm fî fażîleti ḥıfẓi’l-Ḳurʾân adlı bir risâlesi günümüze ulaşmış olup yazma nüshası Köprülü Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (nr. 1631/3, vr. 36b -38a ). Kaynaklarda zikredilen diğer eserleri şunlardır: Kitâbü Ḳırâʾati Ḥamza , Kitâbü’l-Ferâʾiż , Kitâbü’l-ʿAded , Kitâbü’l-Maḳṭûʿ ve’l-mevṣûl fi’l-Ḳurʾân , Kitâbü Eşbâʿi’l-Ḳurʾân , Müteşâbihü’l-Ḳurʾân , Kitâbü’l-Vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 146, 173, 175, 176, 177, 179).
Vefâ Abdullah Kazmaz, Ümmü’l-kurâ Üniversitesi’nde (Külliyyetü’l-Lugati’l-Arabiyye) Ḥamza b. Ḥabîb ez-Zeyyât ve tevcîhü ḳırâʾatihî luġaviyyen ve naḥviyyen adıyla bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (1401-1402/1981-1982).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , VI, 385.
Yahyâ b. Maîn, et-Târîḫ , II, 134.
Buhârî, et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr , III, 52.
İclî, es̱-S̱iḳāt , s. 133.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , X, 20.
İbn Mücâhid, Kitâbü’s-Sebʿa (nşr. Şevkī Dayf), Kahire 1972, s. 71-78, 97-98.
İbn Ebû Hâtim, el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl , III, 209-210.
İbn Hibbân, es̱-S̱iḳāt , VI, 228.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , s. 146-147, 173, 175, 176, 177, 179.
İbnü’l-Faradî, Târîḫu ʿulemâʾi’l-Endelüs , Kahire 1966, II, 110.
Enderâbî, Ḳırâʾâtü’l-ḳurrâʾi’l-maʿrûfîn (nşr. Ahmed Nusayyif el-Cenâbî), Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 109-117.
İbnü’l-Kayserânî, el-Cemʿ beyne ricâli’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn , Beyrut 1405, I, 106.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , X, 289-293.
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İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , I, 455.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , XIII, 390.
Mizzî, Tehẕîbü’l-Kemâl , VII, 314-323.
Zehebî, Târîḫu’l-İslâm: sene 141-160 , s. 383-386.
a.mlf., Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ (Altıkulaç), I, 250-265, 306.
a.mlf., Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , VII, 90-92.
a.mlf., Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , I, 605-606.
İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, Mesâlik , Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 3418, V, 83-84.
İbnü’l-Cezerî, Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye , I, 261-263.
a.mlf., Müncidü’l-muḳriʾîn , Kahire 1350, s. 8.
a.mlf., en-Neşr , I, 158-167.
el-Fihrisü’ş-şâmil: el-Ḳırâʾât (nşr. el-Mecmau’l-melekî), Amman 1407/1987, I, 240, 241, 285, 388, 443, 447; II, 642, 650, 657, 662, 682; a.e.: et-Tefsîr ve ʿulûmüh , Amman 1409/1989, I, 19-20.
Hind Şelebî, el-Ḳırâʾât bi-İfrîḳıyye , Tunus 1983, s. 186-188, 207-214, 283-294.
Hadîce Ahmed Müftî, Naḥvü’l-ḳurrâʾi’l-Kûfiyyîn , Beyrut 1406/1985, s. 95-106.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 9.
Ch. Pellat, “Ḥamza b. Ḥabīb”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 155.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 511-513 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.