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HARAÇGÜZÂR Skip to content Osmanlılar’da haraç verme mükellefiyetini ifade eden bir tabir.
Genel olarak haraç vermekle yükümlü Osmanlı tebaası gayri müslimler için kullanılan bu tabire bazı kaynaklarda cizyegüzâr şeklinde de rastlanır. Osmanlılar’da haraç veya cizye ödeyen gayri müslimleri belirtme amacının yanı sıra bu tabir, Osmanlı Devleti’nin hâkimiyetini kabul eden ve her yıl belirli bir vergi (maktû) ödeyen hıristiyan beylik, devlet ve ülkeleri ifade eden bir anlam kazanmıştır. Bilhassa bu sonuncusu, bütün cizye ve haraç mükellefi gayri müslim tebaayı içine alan ilkine göre, bağlı hıristiyan beylikler ve devletler hukuku çerçevesinde (dârülahd) özel bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Bununla birlikte kelimenin mâna itibariyle ortaya çıkışı, zimmî hukuku içerisinde aynı temel anlayıştan kaynaklanmıştır.
Diğer İslâm devletlerinde olduğu gibi Osmanlılar’da da barış şartları ile hâkimiyeti kabul eden gayri müslim devletler, bunun bir sembolü olmak üzere belirli bir meblağı (bervech-i maktû) vergi olarak göndermek zorundaydılar. Osmanlılar’da bu şekilde yıllık olarak verilen vergiler “harâc-ı umûmî” adı altında anılmış, vergi veren memleket de “haraçgüzâr” diye nitelendirilmiştir. Bu tür verginin İslâm hukukunun teorisi içerisinde haraçtan ziyade cizye kategorisinde bulunduğu anlaşılmaktaysa da uygulamada toplu bir miktar üzerinden vergi alınması devletlerarası bir özelliği yansıttığı için klasik dönem Osmanlı vergi sistemi pratiğinde az kullanılan haraç terminolojisi çerçevesinde yerini bulmuş görünmektedir. Dârülahd sayılan ve geçici bir durumu gösteren bu statüyü haiz devletler belirli bir vergi dışında muhtar bir yapıya sahipti ve bunların iç idarelerine herhangi bir müdahale söz konusu değildi. Ancak karşı bölgelerdeki düşmanlarının saldırıları olursa himaye görürlerdi; halkı da müslüman toprağındaki zimmî tebaa ile aynı haklara sahip bulunurdu. Bunun yanı sıra hâmilik vasfını haiz olmayıp dârülharp telakki edilen, fakat savaşlar sonunda mağlûp olarak bir anlaşma yapmak zorunda kalan ve barış şartlarına göre belirli bir süre için haraç ödemeyi kabul eden devletler de haraçgüzâr sayılmakla birlikte (Selânikî, I, 12) statü olarak tâbi devletlerden farklı bir özellik gösterirlerdi. Meselâ kesin ilhaktan önce Bizans (30.000 altın), Balkanlar’daki prenslikler (Sırp ve Rum despotlukları, Bulgar Krallığı, Arnavut beyleri), Eflak, Boğdan, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde Macar topraklarının bir kısmını ellerinde tutmaları karşılığı olarak Habsburglar, Erdel, ticarî gayelerle ve ticarî kolonileri karşılığı haraç veren İtalyan cumhuriyetleri (Venedik, Ceneviz, Dubrovnik) ve bir ara Lehistan bu statü içinde yer almışlardı. Venedik, 1407’de Arnavutluk’ta sahip olduğu yerleri koruyabilmek için haraç ödemeyi kabul etmişti. Ceneviz Yeni Foça için 500 duka altın verirken Venedik 1408’de Arnavutluk, İnebahtı ve Patras için 1600, 1411’de Bodonitza’nın ilâvesiyle 2100, Arnavutluk’taki bazı yerleri III. Balşa’ya terkettiği için 1419’da yapılan antlaşmaya göre 300, 1430’da Selânik’in fethinden sonra 236 duka altın vermiş ve haraçgüzâr sayılmıştı. Ayrıca 1484’ten itibaren Zenta adası için 500, sonra da 1500 duka ödemeyi 1699 Karlofça Antlaşması’na kadar sürdürdüğü gibi Kıbrıs için Memlük sultanlarına verdiği haracı Mısır’ın fethinden sonra Osmanlılar’a ödemiş ve 1570’e kadar 8000 duka altın ve hediyeler göndermişti. Habsburglar’ın anlaşma şartları içinde ödedikleri vergi de haraç adı altında zikredilmişti. 1565’te İstanbul’a yeni bir ahidnâme almak için gelen İmparator Maximilen’in elçisi, daha önce Ferdinand’a verilen ahidnâmede yer alan haraçtan 60.000 filorilik altın ve kuruşu hazineye teslim etmişti (6 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri , hk. 785, 796). Avusturya’nın haracı konusu daha sonraki yıllarda zaman zaman Osmanlılar’ca Zitvatorok Antlaşması’ndan (1606) sonra da gündeme getirilmiştir Fakat düzenli olarak himaye gören tâbi beylikler Eflak, Boğdan, Erdel, Dubrovnik Cumhuriyeti olmuş, diğerlerinin haraçgüzârlığı kısa süre için sadece haraç ödemekle sınırlı kalmıştır. Tâbilik bağları daha kuvvetli Osmanlı himayesi altındaki Eflak, Boğdan, Erdel ve Dubrovnik’in tebaası da Osmanlı tebaası zimmîlerle aynı haklara sahipti. Nitekim bir hükümde Erdel halkının Osmanlı tebaası gibi haraçgüzâr olduğu belirtilmişti (3 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri , hk. 649). Ayrıca bu beyliklerin kendi aralarındaki meselelerde Osmanlı Devleti’nin müdahil olduğu da dikkati çekmektedir. Meselâ 1564 tarihli bir kayda göre, Erdel kralının adamlarına Eflak’tan geçerken bu iki voyvodalık arasındaki geçimsizlik sebebiyle vâki olan müdahalelerin önlenmesi, “Tarafeynin reâyâsı ve âdemleri haraçgüzâr kullarumdır” denilerek istenmiştir (6 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri , hk. 331). Bu anlayış, haraçgüzârlık statüsünün hangi kapsamda görüldüğünün bir örneğidir. Ayrıca haraçgüzâr statüsündeki Erdel için bir kayıtta “kuvve-i kāhire ile mazbut memleketimiz” tabiri geçmektedir (a.g.e. , hk. 519).
Söz konusu statüyle ilgili karşılıklı şartları ortaya koyan bir örnek Nakşa dukalığına verilen nişanda görülmektedir. Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın Korfu seferi dönüşü Osmanlı himayesine giren haraçgüzâr Nakşa Dukalığı, Ocak 1565 tarihli bir hükme göre yılda 162.000 akçe haraç vermek şartıyla ölen dükün oğluna verilmişti. Bununla ilgili hükümde haraçgüzârlık statüsünün şartları haraç dışında bazı yükümlülükleri de beraberinde getirmekteydi. Buna göre dost olmayan devletlerle korsan gemileri adaya giremeyecek, bunlara erzak, silâh verilmeyecek; Osmanlı tebaası ile vâki olabilecek davalar vekilleri vasıtasıyla İstanbul’da görülecek; kendi aralarındaki meseleler ise mahallinde halledilecek; Osmanlı sancak beyleri, kadılar, kaptanlar, gemi reisleri adalara çıkıp para ödemeksizin herhangi bir talepte bulunamayacak; dukalığın iç işlerine karışamayacak; Osmanlı ülkesi dahilinde ölen Nakşa tebaası tüccarın mallarına ve terekesine Osmanlı memurları el koyamayacak; ancak adalarda müslüman esir barındırılmayacaktı (a.g.e. , hk. 248).
Tâbi devletlerin tüccarı Osmanlı tebaası gayri müslim tâcirler gibi idi ve hepsi birden haraçgüzâr olarak adlandırılıyor, diğer “harbî” müste’minden farklı muamele görüyordu. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrinde ellerindeki ticaret kolonileri karşılığı haraç veren Venedik, Ceneviz ve diğer Avrupalı devletlerin tüccarları Osmanlı Devleti topraklarında yaptıkları ticarette, gümrük vergisi olarak daha yüksek bir nisbetten ödemede bulunurlardı. Nitekim İslâm hukukuna göre ülkeye giren mallarda yabancılar (harbî müste’min) müslümanın ödediğinin dört katını, haraçgüzâr zimmîler ise iki katını öderler, bazan bu yük hafifletilebilirdi. Gerçekten de 1461 tarihli bir gümrük kanununa göre müslüman tüccar % 1, haraçgüzâr % 2, müste’min tüccar % 4 gümrük vergisi vermekteydi. İstanbul gümrük kanununda ise müste’min % 5 öderken müslim ve haraçgüzâr tâcir % 4 üzerinden vergilendirilmişti (Ḳānūnnāme-i Sulṭānī , s. 47-50, 78-80).
Haraçgüzâr statüsündeki Dubrovnik Cumhuriyeti’nin başlangıçta 500 altın olan vergisi II. Murad zamanında 1000, 1459’da 1500 filori ve % 2 gümrük resmi, 1471’de 9000, 1472’de 10.000 filori, 1478’de ise 12.500 filoriye ulaşmıştı. Bu son tarihte tüccarların ödediği % 2 gümrük resmi, verdikleri haracın içinde kabul edilerek gümrük resmi kaldırılmıştı. Ancak daha sonraki devirlerde hem haraç miktarı arttırılmış hem de gümrük resmi yeniden konmuştu. Bu statü Dubrovnik’e Osmanlı sularında serbest ticaret hakkı tanımış, ihraç yasaklarının hüküm sürdüğü XVI. yüzyılda bazı Avrupa ve Venedik gemileri Dubrovnik bayrağı altında Osmanlı sularına girerek onların imtiyazından istifade etmeye çalışmıştı. M. Nûri Paşa’ya göre Dubrovnik 1774’ten sonra da Eflak ve Boğdan gibi vergi vermeyi sürdürdü. Bu sıralarda yıllık vergisi 50.000 filori olup her üç senede bir elçi vasıtasıyla takdim edilirdi. Eflak, Boğdan ise Fâtih Sultan Mehmed zamanından beri haraçgüzâr durumdaydı. Eflak’ın haracı bu dönemde 600.000 akçe veya 14.000 Macar altını olup bu rakamda bazı yıllar indirime gidildiği de olmuştur. II. Bayezid zamanında 550.000 akçe olan haraç I. Selim devrinde 700.000 akçe, 1525’te 14.000 filori olarak tesbit edilmişti. Boğdan ise her yıl 5000 filori verirdi. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed bu rakamı 6000’e çıkarmış, II. Bayezid tekrar 5000 olarak belirlemiş, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanında 8000’e yükselmişti. XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında bu maktû haraç 50 yük akçeye ulaşmıştı. 1774’ten sonra Eflak’ın vergisi 619 kese, Boğdan’ın 136 kese idi; ayrıca voyvodalar “rikâbiye” ve “ıydiye” adları altında hediye de takdim ediyorlardı (Boğdan voyvodası 205 kese, Eflak voyvodası 260 kese). Erdel 1541-1574 yılları arasında senelik 10.000, 1575-1594 yılları arasında da 15.000 altın haraç ödemişti. Eflak-Boğdan ve Erdel’den, gerek İstanbul’un iâşesi gerekse seferlerde ihtiyaç duyulan zahire ve mühimmat talep edildiğinde bunların bedeli haraç miktarından düşülürdü. Haraçgüzârlık statüsü, söz konusu beyliklerin Osmanlı himayesinden çıktığı dönemlere kadar sürmüştür.
Haraçgüzârlık statüsünün XVI. yüzyılda Fransa, daha sonra İngiltere, Hollanda gibi devletlere tanınan imtiyazlarda önemli bir dayanak noktası oluşturduğu söylenebilir. Ahidnâmelerle bu ülkelerin tüccarına verilen imtiyazlarda haraçgüzâr devletlerin tüccarının statüsü esas teşkil etmiş olmalıdır. Bu şekilde söz konusu ahidnâmeli tâcirlerin % 3 gümrük resmi ödemeye başlamaları ve buna ek olarak herhangi bir vergi (haraç-cizye) vermemeleri, Osmanlı tebaası cizye ve haraç mükellefi gayri müslim tüccarın bir yolunu bularak ahidnâmeli devletlerin tâbiyetine girip cizye ve haraçtan kurtulmasına, daha kolay ticaret yapma hakkına kavuşmasına yol açmış, böylece Osmanlı tarihinde “beratlı” veya “Avrupa tüccarı” denilen yeni bir zümre teşekkül etmiştir (bk. AVRUPA TÜCCARI ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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6 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri (972/1564-1565) , Ankara 1995, hk. 75, 248, 331, 519, 785, 796, 1293, ayrıca bk. İndeks.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 90-92 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.