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HAREKET ORDUSU Skip to content Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası’nı bastırmak üzere Selânik’ten İstanbul’a gelen ordu.
23 Temmuz 1908’de II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra hükümetin her işine karışan İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin baskıcı tutumuna karşı oluşan muhalefetle cemiyet arasındaki mücadele Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası’nın meydana gelmesine sebep olmuştu (31 Mart 1325 / 13 Nisan 1909). Bir süre önce Meşrutiyet’i korumak üzere Selânik’ten getirtilerek Taşkışla’ya yerleştirilen avcı taburlarının isyanı ile başlayan olaylar Selânik’te duyulur duyulmaz, Üçüncü Ordu kumandanlığı ve Rumeli umum müfettişliği görevinde bulunan birinci ferik Mahmud Şevket Paşa başkanlığında yapılan toplantıda Rumeli’den gönderilecek bir ordu ile isyanın bastırılmasına karar verilmişti. Toplantıda İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti ile ortaklaşa hareket edilmesi ve 14 Nisan 1909 günü Selânik Hürriyet Meydanı’nda bir miting yapılarak kamuoyunun da harekete geçirilmesi kararlaştırılmış, bunun üzerine Türk, Rum, Sırp, Arnavut, Bulgar, Ulah, Makedon, Ermeni ve yahudilerden oluşan 20-30.000 kişilik bir kalabalıkla yapılan miting, “Silâh başına arş İstanbul’a!” sloganı ile sona ermişti. Bu sırada, Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası’ndan sonra İstanbul’dan kaçan İttihatçılar da Selânik’te bulunuyor ve 1908 inkılâbını yapan subaylarla bir araya gelerek isyanı bastırmanın yollarını araştırıyorlardı. Mahmud Şevket Paşa, Selânik İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti yoluyla Edirne’de bulunan II. Ordu kumandanı Ferik Sâlih Paşa ile temas kurarak İkinci ve Üçüncü ordulardan müteşekkil bir ordu hazırlanmasını teklif etti. İstanbul’a sevkedilecek ordu iki mürettep fırkadan oluşacaktı. Selânik’ten gönderilecek tümen ve gönüllülerden oluşan birliklerin kumandanı Ferik Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa, erkânıharbi Kolağası Mustafa Kemal, Edirne’den hareket edecek birliklerin kumandanı Mirlivâ Şevket Turgut Paşa, erkânıharbi Kolağası Kâzım Karabekir olacak ve bu mürettep ordu Mahmud Şevket Paşa’nın emrinde bulunacaktı. Orduya Hareket Ordusu adı Kolağası Mustafa Kemal tarafından verildi.
14 Nisan 1909 günü Hareket Ordusu’nun Arnavut, Bulgar, Rum, Sırp, Makedon vb. milletlerden oluşan gönüllü birlikleri yola çıktı. Gönüllüleri idare edenler arasında Sandanski, Paniça, Çirçis, Kapitan Keta, Krayko gibi Meşrutiyet’ten önce devleti Balkanlar’da uğraştıran çete reisleri yanında Resneli Niyâzi, Eyüp Sabri gibi önde gelen Meşrutiyetçiler de bulunuyordu. “İttihâd-ı anâsır” düşüncesinden hareket eden İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti, mümkün olduğu kadar çeşitli milletlerden gönüllüleri orduya almayı uygun görmüş, ayrıca Hareket Ordusu’nun İstanbul’a yürüdüğü bir sırada askerî gücün Rumeli’de zayıflamasından dolayı çetelerin gönüllü adıyla ordunun bünyesine alınarak kontrol altında tutulması düşünülmüştü.
Binbaşı Muhtar Bey kumandasındaki ilk öncü birliğinin 15 Nisan 1909 akşamı Selânik’ten hareket edip 16 Nisan’da Çatalca’ya gelişi hükümeti telâşa düşürdü. Durum mecliste görüşülerek ordunun Çatalca’da kalması için çareler aranmaya başlandı. Tophâne-i Âmire Nâzırı Ferik Hurşid Paşa, Erkânıharp Mirlivâsı Memduh Paşa, Halep mebusu Nâfi Paşa, Üsküp mebusu Said Efendi, Rize mebusu Ahmed Bey ve Dersvekili Hâlis Efendi’den oluşan bir heyet askere nasihat için Çatalca’ya gönderildi. Bu şekilde askerin İstanbul’a girişi biraz geciktirilmiş oldu. Hükümet ayrıca azınlık mebuslarından bir heyeti Çatalca’ya yolladıysa da bir sonuç alınamadı. Bu sırada İttihatçılar, ülkenin her tarafından gönderdikleri telgraflarla Tevfik Paşa’nın sadâretten uzaklaştırılıp yerine Hilmi Paşa’nın getirilmesini istiyorlardı. Ayrıca İstanbul’daki askere ve Rumeli’den gelen orduya karşı yapılan propagandalar, her iki tarafı psikolojik olarak birbirine düşman haline getirmişti. İstanbul’a yaklaştıkça büyüyen Hareket Ordusu 19 Nisan 1909 günü Yeşilköy’e hâkim oldu. 20 Nisan’da Bakırköy’e girildi. Ordu Ispartakule-Halkalı hattını tuttuğu bir sırada İstanbul’daki bazı azınlık mebus ve temsilcileri gelerek orduya katılmak istedilerse de bu istekleri kabul edilmedi.
Yeşilköy’e yerleşen Hareket Ordusu, hükümete baskı yaparak Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası’na karışan askerlere Rumeli kuvvetlerine karşı koymamaları için yemin ettirilmesini istedi. Hükümet, Dahiliye ve Harbiye nezâretleriyle meşihattan bir heyet oluşturup askerleri itaate davet etti. Aynı gün (19 Nisan) Hareket Ordusu adına Ferik Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa tarafından Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye reisi İzzet Paşa’ya ve İstanbul halkına hitaben bir beyannâme neşredildi. Beyannâmede Meşrutiyet’e darbe vuranların şiddetle cezalandırılacağı, kaldırılan anayasanın yeniden yürürlüğe konulacağı, halka dokunulmayacağı, ordunun vatanın selâmetinden başka bir şey düşünmediği belirtiliyordu.
Beyannâmenin neşri üzerine Hassa Ordusu kumandanı birinci ferik Nâzım Paşa ve bazı kumandanlar, Hareket Ordusu’na silâhla karşı konulmasına dair padişaha teklifte bulundular. Fakat bu teklif, asker arasında kan dökülmesini istemediğini, müslümanı müslümana kırdıramayacağını söyleyen II. Abdülhamid tarafından kabul edilmedi. Bu gelişmeler olurken İstanbul basını da Hareket Ordusu’nu desteklemeye başlamıştı. Hareket Ordusu’nun bu sıradaki sayısı nizamî kuvvetler olarak 40-50.000, gönüllüler olarak da 25-30.000 civarındaydı. Ordunun ihtiyaçları, geldikleri bölgenin mal sandıkları ve gümrük gelirleriyle Makedonya’daki zengin müteahhitlerce karşılanıyordu.
İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin önde gelenlerinden Cemal ve Enver beyler, Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası üzerine Yeşilköy’e gelerek Hareket Ordusu’na katıldılar. İstanbul’da durum kontrol altına alındıktan sonra Cemal Bey Üsküdar mutasarrıflığına getirildi. Enver Bey ise tekrar Berlin’deki ataşelik görevine döndü. Hareket Ordusu’nun İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti ile alâkası olduğu yolunda basında çıkan haberler üzerine kumandanlık bir beyannâme daha neşrederek Hareket Ordusu’nun görevinin siyasî olmayıp askerî olduğunu ilân etmek zorunda kaldı. 22 Nisan’da ordunun asıl kumandanı olan Mahmud Şevket Paşa Yeşilköy’e gelip kumandayı ele aldı. Daha sonra Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan ve Âyan Meclisi üyeleri Yeşilköy Yat Kulübü’nde Meclis-i Umûmî-i Millî adı altında toplandı. Meclis-i Millî, Hareket Ordusu kumandanlığının isteklerini kabul ederek âdeta orduya teslim oldu. Bundan sonra Abdülhamid aleyhtarı propagandalar arttı. Mahmud Şevket Paşa da Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa gibi İstanbul halkına birkaç beyannâme neşretti. Mahmud Şevket Paşa sıkıyönetim, İstanbul’un asayişi, meclisin çıkaracağı kanunlar, padişahın, meclisin ve hükümetin durumu üzerinde duruyordu. Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa üstü kapalı bir şekilde padişahı tehdit ettiği halde Mahmud Şevket Paşa şimdilik bağlılığını bildiriyor, fakat meclisin çıkaracağı kanunları sıralayıp ordu adına âdeta emir vererek bunların yerine getirilmesini istiyordu.
21-22 Nisan günlerinde İstanbul surlarına yaklaşan Hareket Ordusu birlikleri 22 Nisan gecesi Dâvud Paşa Kışlası’nı işgal etti. Mahmud Şevket Paşa’nın emriyle 22-23 Nisan gecesi ordu dört koldan İstanbul’a girdi. Beyazıt’ta Harbiye Nezâreti binası ele geçirildi, Taksim ve Taşkışla’da çıkan çatışmalardan sonra Beyoğlu bölgesi de kontrol altına alındı. Kuşatılan Yıldız Sarayı karşı koymaksızın 24 Nisan’da teslim oldu. Çatışmalarda Hareket Ordusu’ndan kırk dokuz kişi öldü, seksen iki kişi yaralandı; İstanbul’daki birliklerin ölü sayısı 230, yaralı sayısı ise 475’ti.
25 Nisan 1909’da Hareket Ordusu kumandanlığı hükümete danışmadan İstanbul’da sıkıyönetim ilân etti. İstanbul’daki avcı taburları ile Hassa Ordusu mensupları Otuzbir Mart isyanından dolayı suçlu görüldüğünden angarya olarak yol inşaatında çalıştırılmak üzere Rumeli’ye sürüldü. Öte yandan Yeşilköy’den Ayasofya’daki binasına dönen Meclis-i Millî, 27 Nisan günü yaptığı görüşmelerin sonucunda II. Abdülhamid’in hal‘ine karar verdi. Şehzade Reşad Efendi, V. Mehmed unvanı ile tahta çıktı. Mahmud Şevket Paşa, Sâlih Paşa’nın teklifiyle 15.000 kuruş maaşla 15 Mayıs 1909’da Birinci, İkinci ve Üçüncü ordular müfettişliğine tayin edildi. O günün şartlarına göre hazırlanmış olan bu makam, paşayı Harbiye nâzırının ve kabinenin denetimi dışında bırakıyordu. İlân edilen sıkıyönetimle de paşaya sınırsız yetki tanınmıştı.
Hareket Ordusu’nun İstanbul’a tamamen hâkim olmasından sonra dîvânıharpler kurularak Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası’ndan dolayı suçlu görülenler yargılanmaya başlandı. Tophâne Nâzırı Hurşid Paşa Dîvân-ı Harb-i Örfî başkanı seçildi. Buna bağlı olarak kurulan üç tahkik heyeti isyana karışanları araştırıp gerekli raporları hazırlayacaktı. Dîvânıharp kayıtlarından, olaylara karışan askerlerin ne için ve kimin için bu harekete katıldıklarını dahi bilmedikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Dîvânıharpler Abdülhamid’e bağlı paşaları sürgüne gönderdi. Bu gelişmeleri çok iyi değerlendiren İttihatçılar, kendilerine rakip olabilecek bütün siyasî grupları etkisiz hale getirdiler. Öte yandan Hareket Ordusu kumandanlığı, kendi zâbitan ve efradına altın ve gümüşten 11 Nisan 1325 tarihli bir madalya verilmesini kararlaştırdı. Ayrıca Hareket Ordusu şehidlerinin dul ve yetimlerine maaş bağlandı. Hareket Ordusu İâne Komisyonu adıyla kurulan yardım cemiyetince büyük meblağlara ulaşan para yardımı toplandı. İngiltere, Fransa, Almanya ve Avusturya devletleri Mahmud Şevket Paşa’yı tebrik ederek madalya ve nişanlarla taltif ettiler.
Hareket Ordusu kumandanlığı, öteden beri İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti yanlısı hükümetlerin düşünüp de gerçekleştiremediği ordudaki Tasfiye-i Rüteb Kanunu’nu tanzim ettirerek uygulamaya koydurdu. Yine kumandanlıkça Yıldız Sarayı Evrakı Tedkik Komisyonu kuruldu. Bu komisyonda Meclis-i A‘yân’dan Galib Bey, Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’dan Halil Bey (Menteşe), Trablusgarp mebusu Ferhad Bey, Kaymakam Sâdık, erkânıharp binbaşısı İhsan gibi kimseler görevlendirildi. Yapılan aramalarda ele geçirilen bütün malzeme komisyon tarafından incelendi. Sarayda bulunan 330 sandık dolusu jurnal Mahmud Şevket Paşa’nın emriyle Harbiye Nezâreti avlusunda yakıldı; bunların çok az bir kısmı kurtarılabildi. II. Abdülhamid’in bütün mal varlığına Hareket Ordusu kumandanlığınca el konuldu. Selânik’teki Alâtini Köşkü’ne sürgün edilen II. Abdülhamid’e 1000 lira aylık tahsisat ayrıldı.
Mayıs ayından itibaren Hareket Ordusu birlikleri Rumeli’ye gönderilmeye başlandı; en son Eylül 1909’da gidenlerin hareketiyle ordu görevini tamamlamış oldu. Fakat Mart 1911’e kadar devam eden sıkıyönetim döneminde Meşrutiyet Mahmud Şevket Paşa’nın şahsî diktatörlüğüne dönüştü.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, BEO , Harbiye-Gelen, nr. 265557; Harbiye-Giden, nr. 265080, 266284; Dahiliye-Giden, nr. 265545, 267692; Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan-Gelen, nr. 265151; Meşihat-Giden, nr. 265302; Maliye-Gelen, nr. 263429, 266065.
BA , İrade-Askeriye, 15 Rebîülâhir 1327 / 22 Nisan 1325, nr. 17.
BA , Meclis-i Vükelâ Mazbatası, Nisan-Ağustos 1325, nr. 126-135.
BA , Yıldız-Esas Evrak, Ks. 6, Evr. 1754, Zrf. 82, Kar. 3.
Genelkurmay ATASE Arşivi, 9-3411, Dosya 58, Klasör 82, Fihrist 2/17-18; Dosya 38, Klasör 71, Fihrist 4/17; Dosya 45, 38, Klasör 71, Fihrist 5/3, 17, 14/13-15; Dosya 56, Klasör 82, Fihrist 67/1, 69/1-2, 70.
Yunus Nadi [Abalıoğlu], İhtilâl ve İnkılâb-ı Osmânî , İstanbul 1325, s. 36-42.
Mücâhid-i Hürriyyet Mahmûd Şevket Paşa ve Hareket Ordusu (nşr. Sicill-i Me’murîn Hey’et-i Tahrîriyyesi), İstanbul 1327, s. 8-16.
Abdülhamid’in Hatıra Defteri (haz. İsmet Bozdağ), İstanbul 1985, s. 118-122.
W. M. Ramsay, The Revolution in Constantinople and Turkey , London 1909, s. 18, 45, 106-107.
Osman Nuri, Abdülhamîd-i Sânî ve Devr-i Saltanatı , İstanbul 1327, III, 1191.
Düstur , İkinci tertip, İstanbul 1329, I, 166.
E. Pears, Fourty Years in Constantinople , London 1916, s. 282-287.
Lütfi Simâvi, Sultan Mehmed Reşad Han’ın ve Halefinin Sarayında Gördüklerim , İstanbul 1340, s. 1-2.
Tahsin Paşa, Abdülhamit: Yıldız Hatıraları , İstanbul 1931, s. 45.
İsmail Hami Danişmend, 31 Mart Vakası (İstanbul 1961), İstanbul 1986, s. 23, 114-116.
Sina Akşin, 31 Mart Olayı , İstanbul 1972, s. 175-176, 282.
Ali Cevad Bey, II. Meşrutiyetin İlanı ve 31 Mart Hadisesi (haz. Faik Reşit Unat), Ankara 1983, s. 20, 38, 44-58, 186-188.
Tarık Zafer Tunaya, Türkiye’de Siyasal Partiler , İstanbul 1984, I, 19-37.
Feroz Ahmad, İttihad ve Terakki: 1908-1914 (trc. Nuran Yavuz), İstanbul 1986, s. 17-36.
Zekeriya Türkmen, Hareket Ordusu ve Mahmud Şevket Paşa (yüksek lisans tezi, 1989), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Volkan , sy. 87, 88, 90, İstanbul 22-28 Mart 1909.
İkdam , sy. 5334, İstanbul 1 Nisan 1909.
Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘ , sy. 182-226, İstanbul 3 Nisan – 17 Mayıs 1909.
Sabah , sy. 7029-7032, İstanbul 20-23 Nisan 1909.
“Hareket Ordusu”, TA , XVIII, 487.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 125-127 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.