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HÂRİZMÎ, Muhammed b. Ahmed Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Yûsuf el-Kâtib el-Hârizmî (ö. 387/997)
Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm adlı ansiklopedik eseriyle tanınan İslâm âlimi.
Hayatı hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur; nisbesinden Hârizmli olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak Makrîzî’nin onu bu bölgeye nisbet etmeden Belhî şeklinde anmasına dayanarak (el-Ḫıṭaṭ , I, 258) ailesinin Hârizmli bir kökenden geldiği, kendisinin ise Belh’te doğduğu ileri sürülebilir. Wiedemann, Belhî nisbesinden hareketle Hârizmî’nin Belh’te doğmuş bir Türk olabileceği ihtimalinden söz etmektedir (İA , V/1, s. 257). Hârizm, Amuderya’nın aşağı kesiminden Aral gölünün güneyine kadar uzanan bölge, Belh ise Kuzey Afganistan’da bulunan bir şehirdir. Buna göre Hârizmî’nin, Amuderya’nın hayli ötesindeki Türk kesimlerini de içine alan ve İran’ın bütün kuzeydoğusunu kaplayan coğrafyaya ait bir şahsiyet olduğu söylenebilir (Bosworth, ISIS , LIV/175, s. 100). Hârizmî bilinen tek eseri Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm ’u, IX-X. yüzyıllarda Horasan ve Mâverâünnehir’de hüküm süren Sâmânîler’in ilim adamlarını seven, onları koruyan ünlü başveziri Ebü’l-Hasan Ubeydullah b. Ahmed el-Utbî’ye ithaf etmiştir. Utbî 977 yılında vezârete geldiğine göre kitap da o yıllarda yazılmış olmalıdır. Hârizmî’nin ölüm tarihini Kâtib Çelebi 387 (997) olarak tesbit etmiş (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1756) ve modern araştırmacılar arasında bu tarih yaygın kabul görmüştür.
Gerek taşıdığı Kâtib lakabından, gerekse eserinde verdiği Sâmânî idarî teşkilâtına dair ayrıntılı bilgilerden Hârizmî’nin üst düzey bürokratlar arasında yer aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Muhtemelen Nûh b. Mansûr’un (976-997) Buhara’daki sarayında uzun süre devlet hizmetinde bulunmuştur. Esasen Hârizmî’nin bizzat açıkladığı üzere Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm ’un hedeflediği okuyucu kitlesi, lugat ilminin tek başına iyi bir öğrenim görmeye yetmeyeceğini kavramış ediplerin yanı sıra, çeşitli bilgi ve becerileri kazanma hususundaki ihtiyaçları göz ardı edilemez olan değişik devlet kademelerinde görevli kâtiplerdir (s. 14). Bir bakıma Hârizmî, kâtiplerin idarî işleri görürken ihtiyaç duyacakları teknik terimleri açıklayan küçük bir ansiklopedi hazırlamak istemiştir. O dönemde iyi bir kâtibin yalnızca dinî ve edebî dallara vukufu yeterli değildi; bürokrasiyi ilgilendirdiği kadarıyla kamu yönetimi, maliye, bayındırlık ve mühendisliğe ait temel bilgilere duyulan ihtiyaç, bir kâtibin çeşitli inanç akımlarından tarihe, fıkıhtan astronomiye, tıptan mekaniğe kadar bütün aklî ilimlere ait ansiklopedik seviyede bir birikime sahip olmasını gerektiriyordu (Bosworth, ISIS , LIV/175, s. 98-99). Böyle bir ihtiyaca cevap verme amacıyla yazılmış olan Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm , müellifinin devlet kademelerindeki tecrübesini ve ansiklopedik çaptaki birikimini açıkça yansıtmaktadır.
Hocaları gibi öğrencileri hakkında da bilgi bulunmadığı için Hârizmî’yi bir ekole bağlamak mümkün değildir. Eserinin bütününden çağının edebî, naklî ve aklî ilimleri hakkında geniş bilgi sahibi olduğu anlaşılmakta ve bu bilgileri bir ölçüde kendi kendini yetiştirmek suretiyle edindiği sezilmektedir. Ancak kaynaklarını nâdiren verdiği için ilmî birikiminin bibliyografik boyutunu tesbit etmek zordur. Buna rağmen Arapça ve Farsça’yı çok iyi bilmesinin dışında söz konusu ilimlere ait Grekçe ve Süryânîce terminolojiyi rahatlıkla kullanmasından ve bu ilimleri tasnif etmekte gösterdiği başarıdan İslâm dünyasına çeviri yoluyla girmiş temel eserleri de tanıdığı, dolayısıyla Doğu’ya ve Batı’ya ait geniş bir literatüre hâkim olduğu söylenebilir.
Her ne kadar Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm , kültürlü bir bürokrat tarafından bilimsel kaygı taşımadan sadece meslektaşlarına pratik bilgiler verme amacıyla kaleme alınmış bir eser ise de gerek dönemin ilim anlayışını yansıtması, gerekse o yıllarda kullanılan çeşitli ilimlere ait teknik terimleri ayrıntılı şekilde sunması bakımından önemi büyüktür. Hârizmî’ye göre ilimler iki ana gruba ayrılır. 1. Şeriat ilimleri ve onlarla ilişkili Arabî ilimler. 2. Grekler ve öteki milletlerden alınmış yabancı ilimler (ulûmü’l-acem). Bu temel ayırım esas alınarak Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm iki bölüm (makale) halinde telif edilmiştir. Bu ayırımdaki şer‘î-Arabî ve acemî terimleri, Hârizmî’nin zihninde kültürel kıstasların ön planda tutulduğunu göstermektedir. Zira ilk grupta yalnız şer‘î ilimler değil onların anlaşılması, aktarılması, yayılması ve uygulanmasıyla ilgili Arabî ilimler de ele alınmıştır. Gerçi bu grupta başka milletlerin tarihleriyle kültür birikimlerine ait terim ve bilgilere de yer verildiği görülmektedir; fakat bu durum lisanı, devlet geleneği, şiiri ve tarihiyle Arap kültürünün şemada belirlenmiş merkezî konumunu sarsmamakta ve Arap dışı veriler bu grup içerisinde, ancak Arap-İslâm kültür evreniyle münasebetleri açısından anlam kazanmaktadır. İkinci gruptaki ilimler ise sonraları konuyla ilgili çeşitli eserlerde “el-ulûmü’d-dahîle” şeklinde anılan Arap-İslâm kültür evrenine sonradan ithal edilmiş dış kaynaklı ilimlerdir. Bu ilimlerin yabancı menşeleri Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm ’un bütününden anlaşılabildiği kadarıyla bir meşruiyet problemi doğurmamış, birer ilim olmaları onların şer‘î-Arabî ilimlerle aynı bölümde yer almalarına kâfi gelmiştir.
Altı babdan oluşan birinci bölümde fıkıh, kelâm, nahiv, kitâbet, şiir-aruz ve ahbâr (tarih) ilimleri ele alınmaktadır. Burada dikkat çeken husus, Hârizmî’nin temel İslâmî ilimler olarak yalnızca fıkıh ve kelâmı sayması, tefsir ve hadise bu şemada yer vermemesidir. Ulûmü’l-acem ise felsefe ve onun çeşitli disiplinlerinden ibarettir. Felsefenin müstakil bir ilimden ziyade bir ilimler sistemi sayılması sebebiyle ondan sonra gelenler “ulûmü’l-felsefe” başlığı altında ayrı bir sınıflandırmaya tâbi tutulmuştur. Bu tasnif şöyledir: A) Nazarî İlimler. 1. Sâvûlucyâ (theologia) veya el-ilmü’l-ilâhî (metafizik). 2. el-İlmü’t-ta‘lîmî ve’r-riyâzî (matematik). 3. el-İlmü’t-tabîî (fizik). Ayrıca bunlar sırasıyla el-ilmü’l-a‘lâ, el-ilmü’l-mutavassıt ve el-ilmü’l-esfel şeklinde de adlandırılmıştır. Bu nitelemeler, ilimlerin konu ve alanlarını teşkil eden varlık mertebelerinin derecelendirilmesiyle ilgilidir. Daha sonraki bazı tasniflerde de sürdürülen bu yaklaşım, ilimlerin taksimiyle varlık hiyerarşisi arasında bir ilişki görmek istemektedir. B) Amelî İlimler. 1. Tedbîrü’r-recül nefseh (ahlâk). 2. Tedbîrü’l-menzil (ev yönetimi). 3. Tedbîrü’l-âmme (siyâsetü’l-medeniyye ve’l-ümme ve’l-mülk). Hârizmî’ye göre metafiziğin kısımları yoktur. Matematiğin kapsamına giren ilimler aritmetik, geometri, astronomi ve müzik; fiziğin alanına giren ilimler ise tıp, meteoroloji, mineraloji, botanik, zooloji ve kimyadır. Ancak fizikî ilimlerden yalnız tıp ve kimyayı müstakil başlık altında incelemekte, fizik (tabiat felsefesi) alanına da sadece genel felsefe terimlerini tanıttığı bölümde temas etmektedir.
İki makale, on beş bab ve doksan üç fasıldan oluşan eserini böyle bir ilimler şemasına dayandıran Hârizmî şer‘î-Arabî ilimlerin başında fıkhı ele almış, önce usûl-i fıkıhla, daha sonra da fıkhın tahâret, namaz, ezan, oruç, zekât, hac, bey‘ ve şirket, nikâh ve talâk, diyetler ve miras konularıyla ilgili başlıca terimlerin tanımını vermiştir. Kelâm sahasıyla ilgili olarak ise kelâmcıların kullandığı bazı teorik kavramları tanımlamakla yetinmemiş, itikadî fırkaların da ayrıntılı bir dökümünü vermiştir. Ayrıca Mu‘tezile, Hâriciyye, Ashâbü’l-hadîs, Mücbire, Müşebbihe, Mürcie ve Şîa adları altında yedi ana grupta topladığı kelâm fırkalarının kollarını da sıralayarak sonuçta ortaya umumi kelâm literatüründe sıkça rastlanan yaklaşıma uygun biçimde yetmiş üç fırkaya ayrılan bir şema koymuştur. Ancak bu fırkalar hakkında bir yargıya varmamış, yalnızca Müşebbihe’nin Kadâiyye kolu ile Şîa-Gāliyye’nin Gamâmiyye kolunun inançlarını sapıkça bulduğunu ima etmiştir.
Hârizmî, ilmî geleneğe uygun olarak sadece İslâm itikadî fırkalarını değil İslâm dışındaki din ve inanç akımlarını da kelâmın sahası içinde görür. Hıristiyanlığın Melkâiyye, Nestûriyye ve Ya‘kūbiyye mezheplerinden meydana geldiğini belirtir ve ilkinin en yaygın mezhep olduğu müşahedesini kaydeder; herhalde Hârizm bölgesinde Karadeniz kıyılarındaki Bizans kiliseleriyle irtibatlı çok sayıda Melkî hıristiyan bulunmaktaydı. Yahudilik bölümünde ise VIII-IX. yüzyıllardaki mesîhçi akımların taraftarlarından bahsetmekte ve bunlardan Karâîler’i, herhalde “Anan ben David taraftarı” anlamında Anâniyye adıyla anmaktadır (Bosworth, XXIX [1977], BEO , s. 86). Berâhime, Sümeniyye gibi Hint inançları, Maniheizm, Mazdekiyye, Markionculuk ve Deysâniyye gibi Mecûsî kökenli iki tanrılı inançlar ve Dehriyye, Muattıla gibi inkârcı fırkalar bu bölümde kısaca tanıtılmaktadır. Bu arada Budâsef (Bodhisatva) ve Hermes isimleri etrafında geliştirilen Sâbiîlik’in tanımını doğru bulmamış ve Sâbiîler’in Nasrânîler’in bir fırkası olduğunu söyleyerek onları putperest Harran kültüne nisbet eden yaygın anlayışa karşı çıkmıştır.
Nahiv ilmiyle ilgili bölümde en dikkat çekici husus, Hârizmî’nin gramer ve mantık arasındaki ilişkiyi ihsas etmeye çalışmasıdır. Başvurduğu kaynakları şahit getirmeyeceğini belirtmesine rağmen bu bölümde ünlü dilci Halîl b. Ahmed’den faydalandığını açıklamaktadır. Kitâbet sanatı hakkında yazdıklarıyla ise Harizm, Horasan ve Tohâristan’ı kapsayan bölgedeki yönetim sistemiyle ilgili çok zengin veriler sunmuş ve Sâmânî bürokrasisinde bulunmasının kendisine kazandırdığı uzmanlığı ortaya koyan ayrıntılara girerek ordu, toprak sistemi, maliye, haberleşme ve sulama işlerine dair çeşitli terimlerin geniş boyutlu tanımını vermiştir. Bu kısım sayesinde, Irak havzasındaki Abbâsî yönetimiyle olan bağlantıları da göz önünde tutularak ele alınmış idarî bölümleri (divan), nisbeten erken ve ilk elden bir kaynak yardımıyla tanımak mümkün olmaktadır (Bosworth, JESHO , XII/2, s. 113-164).
Hârizmî’nin şiir-aruz sanatı ile ahbâr bilgisini kâtiplerin edinmesi gereken edebî birikimin önemli bir parçası saydığı anlaşılmakta, ayrıca yalnız İslâm tarihini işlemekle yetinmeyip İslâm coğrafyasının yayıldığı yahut ilişki içinde bulunduğu Arap, Fars, Türk ve Rum (Doğu ve Batı Roma) milletlerinin tarih ve siyaset geleneklerine ilişkin terimleri de ele aldığı görülmektedir. Hindistan hakkında ise yalnızca kast sistemini aktarmakla yetinmiş, fakat bu sistemde “kşatriya” kastına yer vermemiştir.
Felsefî ilimler bölümünde fiziğin bir dalı olarak ele alınan tıp Ortaçağ’daki anatomi, patoloji, diyet ve farmakoloji disiplinlerine ait terimler açısından tanıtılmaktadır. Hârizmî’nin bu alanda gözün tabakalarına dair anatomik terimlerden halk ilâçlarına ilişkin farmakolojik terimlere kadar dikkat çekici ayrıntılara indiği görülür. Tıp bölümünde andığı yegâne kaynak Eyyûb er-Ruhâvî’nin Kitâbü’t-Tefsire adlı eseridir. Tâlimî ilimlerden aritmetikte Yeni Pisagorcu matematikçi Gerasalı Nikomakhos’a dayandığı anlaşılan Hârizmî, bu bölümde sayı kavramı ile lineer ve kübik ölçümlerden bahsetmekte (Bosworth, ISIS , LIV/175, s. 108), hisâbü’l-Hind, hisâbü’l-cümmel, el-cebr ve’l-mukābele ve hisâbü’l-hataeyn gibi aritmetik tekniklerini tanıtmaktadır. Geometrinin temel kavramları konusunda ise başlıca kaynağı Öklid’in Kitâbü’l-Usṭuḳussât ’ıdır. Astronomi astroloji ve coğrafya ile birlikte ele alınmış ve Batlamyus geleneği takip edilmiştir. Hârizmî’ye göre “ilmü’l-hey’e”, feleklerin terkip ve heyet bilgisiyle arzın heyet bilgisini birlikte kapsamaktadır. Onun, yalnız Grek astronomi geleneğini değil eski Araplar’ın “ilmü’l-envâ’” adıyla bilinen tecrübî birikimlerini ve Sâsânî astronomi geleneğini de tanıttığı görülür. Tâlimî ilimlerin son şubesini teşkil eden mûsikiyle ilgili olarak Grek, Arap, Fars (ve Horasan) kültür havzalarındaki müzik aletlerinin tasvirlerinin yanı sıra, muhtemelen Kindî ve Fârâbî gibi filozofların müzik teorilerinde geçen terimler de verilmektedir. Hiyel ilmi (makine mühendisliği) herhangi bir gruba dahil edilmeyip tek başına ele alınmıştır. Bu konuda Bizanslı Philon, İskenderiyeli Heron ve Benî Mûsâ’nın eserlerinden faydalanan Hârizmî hiyel ilmini kaldıraç, makara ve savaş aletleriyle hidrolik kaplar şeklinde iki ayrı alanda değerlendirmektedir. Hiyel konusunda terimler kadar teknik süreçleri de kapsayan bu bilgilerin, X. yüzyıl müslüman mühendisliğine dair yegâne kaynağı oluşturduğu kabul edilmektedir (Hill, s. 266). Kitapta son olarak fiziğin bir dalı sayılan kimya ele alınmış, bu ilme ait terimler kimyevî gereçler, kimyevî maddeler ve kimyevî işlemler şeklindeki üç ana başlık altında tanıtılmıştır.
Mantığın bağımsız bir ilim mi, nazarî felsefenin bir şubesi mi, felsefî ilimlerin bir aleti mi, yoksa hem felsefî ilim hem de bir alet ilmi mi olduğu şeklindeki farklı yaklaşımları zikreden Hârizmî’nin, onu ilimler şemasında nazarî ve amelî felsefenin bir şubesi olarak göstermeyişinden bir alet ilmi saydığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Hârizmî ve eseri üzerine çok sayıda ilmî araştırma yapılmış olup bunlar arasında Eilhard Wiedemann ve C. E. Bosworth’un çalışmaları önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Wiedemann’ın Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm ’un özellikle hiyel, aritmetik, geometri, astronomi, kimya ve müzik bölümlerini İslâm ilimler tarihi açısından inceleyen çeşitli tercüme ve araştırmaları, daha sonra W. Fischer’in editörlüğünde Aufsätze zur arabischen Wissenschaftsgeschichte başlığı altında ve iki cilt halinde bir araya getirilmiştir (Hildesheim-New York 1970). Bosworth ise eserin genel değerlendirmesinin yanı sıra kitâbet ve kelâm bölümlerinin tanıtımını yapmış ve ikincisini İngilizce’ye tercüme etmiştir (bk. bibl.; ayrıntılı bibliyografik bilgi için ayrıca bk. EI2 [İng.] , IV, 1068-1069).
Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm ilk defa G. van Vloten tarafından Leiden’de (1895, 1968), daha sonra Kahire’de (1342/1923) ve 1989’da İbrâhim el-Ebyârî tarafından Beyrut’ta neşredilmiştir; Seyyid Hüseyin Hadiv-Cem eseri Farsça’ya çevirmiştir (Tahran 1968, 1983).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Hârizmî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî), Beyrut 1409/1989.
Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ , I, 258.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1756.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 282-283; Suppl. , I, 434-435.
Sezgin, GAS , III, 314-315; IV, 289-290.
Sarton, Introduction , I, 659-660.
J. Vernet, “al-Khuwārizmī, Abū ‘Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Yūsuf”, DSB , VIII, 357-358.
D. R. Hill, “Mechanical Technology”, Religion and Science in the ‘Abbasid-Period (ed. M. J. L. Young v.dğr.), Cambridge 1990, s. 266.
F. Rosenthal, The Classical Heritage in Islam (trc. E. Marmorstein – J. Marmorstein), London 1992, s. 228-229.
C. E. Bosworth, “A Pioneer Arabic Encyclopedia of the Sciences: al Khwārizmī’s Keys of the Sciences”, ISIS , LIV/175 (1963), s. 97-111.
a.mlf., “Abū ‘Abdallāh al-Khārazmī on the Technical Terms of the Secretary’s Art”, JESHO , XII/2 (1969), s. 113-164.
a.mlf., “Al-Hwārazmī on Theology and Sects: The Chapter on Kalām in the Mafātīh al-ʿulūm”, BEO , XXIX (1977), s. 85-95.
Bedr el-Kāsımî, “Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm li’l-Ḫârizmî”, Mecelletü’l-Müslimi’l-muʿâṣır , XIV/54, Safat [Küveyt] 1989, s. 177-180.
İlhan Kutluer, “Bir Bürokratın Gözüyle Kelâm ve Felsefe”, Bilgi ve Hikmet , sy. 12, İstanbul 1995, s. 171-182.
E. Wiedemann, “Hârizmî”, İA , V/1, s. 257-258.
A. I. Sabra, “al-Khwārazmī”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 1068-1069.
Saîd Zâyed, “Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm li’l-Ḫârizmî”, Tİ , IV, 582-591.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 222-224 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.