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HASEN Skip to content Dinî konularda delil olarak kullanılan makbul hadis çeşidi.
Sözlükte “güzel olmak” anlamına gelen hüsn kökünden türemiş bir isim olup “iyi, güzel” demektir. Terim olarak genel kabule göre, “sahih hadisin şartlarını taşımakla beraber râvisinin zabtı sahih hadisin râvisine nisbetle daha az olan hadis” anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Buna göre hasen, sahih hadisle zayıf hadis arasında, ancak sahihe daha yakın konumda bulunmaktadır.
Hasen terimi II. (VIII.) yüzyılda sözlük anlamında kullanılırken III. (IX.) yüzyılda Ebû Îsâ et-Tirmizî tarafından terim şeklinde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu yüzyılda, aralarında Tirmizî’nin hocalarının da bulunduğu bazı muhaddisler tarafından isnad ve metinle ilgili olarak zikredilen hasen kelimesinin sözlük veya terim anlamında kullanıldığı hususunda iki görüş ileri sürülmektedir. Bazı âlimler, hasen tabirinin gerek isnadın gerekse metnin bir vasfı gibi çokça zikredilmesinden hareketle onun Tirmizî’den önce de terim anlamında kullanıldığını, Tirmizî’nin ise bunu el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde en çok zikreden ve tarifini ilk defa yapan kimse olduğunu söylemişlerdir (İbn Receb el-Hanbelî, I, 342-343; İbn Hacer, en-Nüket , I, 426; Tehânevî, s. 100-106; Yücel, s. 159-160). Diğer bir kısım âlimler de Tirmizî’den önce sıhhat açısından hadislerin sahih ve zayıf olmak üzere iki kısma ayrıldığı, Tirmizî’nin hasen kelimesini ilk defa terim olarak kullanmak suretiyle üçlü taksimi başlattığı görüşündedirler (İbn Teymiyye, s. 82; Zehebî, s. 27; İbn Hacer, en-Nüket , I, 385). Hasen tabirinin III. (IX.) yüzyılda Tirmizî’den önce kullanılmakla birlikte belirli bir tarifinin yapılmaması, aynı zamanda müttefekun aleyh, sahih ve zayıf hadisler hakkında da kullanılması dikkate alındığında (meselâ bk. el-Medhalî, s. 38-56, 57, 61, 66, 84, 111, 112, 116, 144) ikinci görüşün daha isabetli olduğu anlaşılır. Ancak Râmhürmüzî, Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî ve Hatîb el-Bağdâdî gibi mütekaddimîn hadis usulcülerinin eserlerinde hasen terimine yer vermemeleri, bu kelimenin özellikle İbnü’s-Salâh eş-Şehrezûrî’den sonra yaygınlaştığını göstermektedir.
Tirmizî’ye göre hasen hadis, isnadında yalan söylemekle itham edilmiş bir râvi bulunmayan, şâz olmayan ve benzeri başka tariklerden rivayet edilen hadistir. Ayrıca Tirmizî el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde isnadı muttasıl olmayan hadisleri hasen olarak nitelendirmiştir (bk. “Ṣalât”, 124, 234, 270; “Ḳırâʾât”, 9; “Edeb”, 40; “Menâḳıb”, 8). İbnü’s-Salâh eş-Şehrezûrî ile Irâkī gibi hadis usulcüleri Tirmizî’nin tarifine itiraz etmişler ve bu tarifin hasen hadisi sahih hadisten belirgin şekilde ayırmadığını, zira râvilerin yalancılıkla suçlanmaması ve hadisin şâz olmamasının sahih hadis için de söz konusu edildiğini söylemişlerdir. Öte yandan bu tarif Tirmizî’nin sık sık kullandığı, “Sadece bu vecihten (tarikten) bildiğimiz hasen-garîb bir hadistir” hükmüne zıt düşer; çünkü hadisin garîb olması veya sadece bir tarikten bilinmesiyle tarifte geçen “benzerinin başka tariklerden rivayet edilmesi” esasını bağdaştırmak mümkün değildir. Bazı hadis âlimleri ise Tirmizî’nin tarifinde yer alan, “isnadında yalanla itham edilmiş bir râvinin bulunmaması” kaydının hasen hadis râvilerinin sahih hadis râvileri derecesinde olmadığına delâlet ettiğini ve bu hususun hasen hadisi sahih hadisten belirgin şekilde ayırdığını ileri sürmüşlerdir. Gerçekten sahih hadis râvileri hakkında kullanılan “sika” terimiyle râvinin adâlet ve zabt vasıflarını tam olarak taşıdığı ifade edilirken yalanla itham edilmemek kaydı ile, hasen hadis râvisinin yalancı olmamakla birlikte zabt bakımından terkedilmesini gerektirmeyecek kadar zayıf olduğu anlatılmakta ve aralarında bir fark bulunmaktadır. Bu durumda güvenilirlik açısından hasen hadis râvileri sahih hadis râvilerinden daha aşağı derecede yer almakta ve Tirmizî’ye göre hasen hadis râvisinin bu eksiği, o hadisin benzerinin başka tariklerden rivayet edilmesiyle giderilmektedir. Tirmizî’nin tarifinde yer alan “benzerinin başka tariklerden rivayet edilmesi” kaydı da hasen hadisi sahihten ayıran bir özelliktir. Ancak Tirmizî, başka tariklerle takviyeye ihtiyacı olmayan hadisler için bu şartı gerekli görmemiş (Nûreddin Itr, s. 164) ve el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde sadece bir tarikten rivayet edilen hadisleri de hasen olarak nitelemiştir (bk. “Ḥudûd”, 17; “Fiten”, 19, 44, 57; “Ḳader”, 1, 6, 14). Tirmizî’nin tarifinde isnadın muttasıl olması kaydının bulunmaması ve bu nevi hadisleri başka tariklerden de rivayet edilmeleri sebebiyle (Mübârekfûrî, II, 216) hasen diye nitelendirmesi de hasen hadisi sahihten ayıran bir başka özellik olarak değerlendirilmelidir.
Tirmizî’den sonra hasen hadisi tarif eden âlim Hattâbî’dir. Ona göre hasen hadis, isnadı muttasıl olup rivayet edildiği belde (mahreç) bilinen, râvileri meşhur olan, âlimlerin çoğu tarafından kabul edilen, pek çok fakihin kullandığı hadistir. Hattâbî bu tarifiyle mürsel, münkatı‘, müdelles gibi isnadında kopukluk bulunan hadislerin hasen olamayacağını belirtmektedir (Abdülazîz b. Ahmed el-Câsim, sy. 29, s. 17-18). Ancak onun bu tarifini İbnü’s-Salâh eş-Şehrezûrî, Takıyyüddin İbn Dakīkul‘îd, Bedreddin İbn Cemâa gibi hadis usulcüleri, hasenle sahih arasındaki farkı açıkça ortaya koymadığı gerekçesiyle tenkit etmişlerdir.
Tirmizî ile Hattâbî’nin tanımlarını hasen hadisi sahih hadisten belirgin şekilde ayırmadığı için yeterli görmeyen İbnü’s-Salâh, muhaddislerin kullanımları esas alındığında hasen hadislerin iki kısma ayrıldığını ve bunların Tirmizî ile Hattâbî’nin tariflerini de kapsadığını söylemektedir. Bunlardan birincisi, isnadında rivayete ehil olup olmadığı tam olarak bilinmeyen (mestûr) bir râvi bulunmakla beraber bu râvisi dikkatsizlik ve dalgınlık, fazla hata yapmak, kasten yalan söylemek, dinin emir ve yasaklarına pek önem vermemek gibi kusurlarla suçlanmayan, metni de aynı veya benzeri başka tariklerle rivayet edilen hadistir. Ona göre Tirmizî’nin tarifiyle kastedilen de budur. İsnadında, hadis rivayetine ehliyeti tam olarak bilinmeyen bir râvi bulunması sebebiyle aslında zayıf olan böyle bir hadisin başka tariklerden rivayet edilmesi zayıflığını giderdiği için bu nevi hadisler “hasen li-gayrihî” diye de adlandırılmıştır. İbnü’s-Salâh’a göre hasenin ikinci kısmı, râvileri doğruluk ve güven (adâlet) yönünden meşhur olmakla birlikte, tek başına rivayet ettikleri hadisler münker kabul edilen râvilerden daha yüksek derecede bulunan, ancak hâfıza gücü ve titizlik bakımından sahih hadis râvileri seviyesine ulaşamayan râvilerin rivayet ettiği şâz, münker ve muallel olmayan hadistir (ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱ , s. 31-32). Hasen olmaları için bu hadislerin aynının veya benzerinin başka tariklerden rivayet edilmesine ihtiyaç bulunmadığı için bu çeşit hadisler “hasen li-zâtihî” olarak da anılmıştır.
Hasen hadise ait tarifler içinde en çok İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin tarifi kabul görmüş, daha sonraki hadis usulcüleri genellikle bu tarifi benimsemişlerdir. Buna göre hasen hadis, sahih hadisin şartlarını taşımakla beraber râvisinin zabtı sahih hadisin râvisi kadar kuvvetli olmayan hadistir. Hasen hadisin bunların dışında başka tarifleri de yapılmıştır. İbnü’l-Cevzî haseni, “kendisinde bir miktar zayıflık bulunmakla birlikte sahih olmaya yakın hadis” (el-Mevżûʿât , I, 35); İbn Dihye “adâlet seviyesine ulaşmayan, ancak fâsık da olmayan râvinin rivayet etmesi sebebiyle bir miktar zayıflığı bulunmakla birlikte sahih olmaya yakın hadis” (İbn Hacer, en-Nüket , I, 404); Bedreddin İbn Cemâa da “senedi muttasıl olup şâz ve muallel olmayan, isnadında rivayeti başka tarikle desteklenen bir mestûr veya titizlik (itkān) derecesine ulaşmayan bir meşhur râvisi bulunan hadis” (a.g.e. , I, 406) şeklinde tarif etmiş, ancak bu tanımlar da değişik noktalardan tenkit edilmiştir (a.g.e. , I, 404-405, 407-408; Abdülazîz b. Ahmed el-Câsim, sy. 29, s. 22). Ayrıca Ferrâ el-Begavî’nin, “Buhârî ile Müslim’in eserlerinde mevcut olmayıp Tirmizî, Ebû Dâvûd, Nesâî gibi muhaddislerin eserlerinde yer alan hadis” şeklindeki tanımı da Tirmizî, Ebû Dâvûd, Nesâî gibi muhaddislerin eserlerinde sahih, zayıf ve münker hadislerin de bulunduğu, bunların tamamını hasen olarak nitelemenin doğru olmayacağı gerekçesiyle reddedilmiştir (Meṣâbîḥu’s-sünne , nâşirin mukaddimesi, I, 61-62).
Âlimlerin çoğu hasen hadisin dinî konularda delil olduğu görüşündedir. Bu açıdan değerlendirme yapan bazı âlimler, onun sahih hadisle aynı olup ayrı bir hadis çeşidi sayılmayacağını söylemişlerdir. İbnü’l-Kattân el-Mağribî ise hasen li-gayrihî hadisin sadece amellerin faziletleri konusunda delil olabileceğini ileri sürmüştür. Ona göre hasen li-gayrihî hadisin ahkâm konusunda delil olarak kullanılabilmesi için tariklerinin çok olması veya uygulamanın onu desteklemesi, yahut sahih hadis ve Kur’an’ın zâhirine uygunluk şartlarını da taşıması gerekir (İbn Hacer, en-Nüket , I, 402). Âlimlerin ekserisi, tariklerin çoğalması ile hasen hadisin sahih hadis seviyesine ulaşacağı görüşündedir (örnekleri için bk. Murtazâ ez-Zeyn Ahmed, s. 52-65).
III. (IX.) yüzyılda hasen tabiri, başta Tirmizî olmak üzere bazı muhaddisler tarafından (Yücel, s. 161) diğer bir kısım terimlerle birlikte kullanılmış, ancak söz konusu dönemde hasen kelimesinin yanında kullanılan terimlerin anlamı hakkında herhangi bir açıklamanın yapılmaması, daha sonra bunlarla ilgili farklı görüşlerin ileri sürülmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu terimler hasen-sahih, hasen-ceyyid, hasen-garîb, hasen-sahih-garîb ve sahih-garîb olmak üzere beş kısma ayrılır. Hasen-sahih terimi şu mânalarda kullanılmıştır: Bu hadis sahih ve iyi bir hadistir (bu ifadede hasen sözlük anlamında kullanılmıştır); hadis iki tarikten rivayet edilmiş olup birine göre sahih, diğerine göre hasen seviyesindedir; rivayete ehliyetleri açısından râvilerinin bir kısmı hasen hadis, bir kısmı sahih hadis râvileri seviyesindedir; hadisin hasen veya sahih olması hususunda kesin bir görüşe varılamamıştır. Bunlardan, “Hadis iki tarikten rivayet edilmiş olup birine göre sahih, diğerine göre hasen seviyesindedir” tarifi daha isabetlidir. Zira Tirmizî, hasen hadisin birden fazla tarikinin bulunduğunu ve hasen hadis râvilerinin sahih hadis râvileri seviyesine ulaşamadığını belirtmiştir. Buna göre bir hadis hakkında “hasen-sahih” denildiğinde “sahih” kaydı ile, söz konusu hadisin râvilerinin sahih hadis râvileri seviyesine ulaştığı ve hadisin birkaç tarikten nakledildiği ifade edilmektedir. Bu durumda Tirmizî’nin nâdiren kullandığı, “Bu hadis hasen-sahih olup sadece bu tarikten rivayet edilmiştir” şeklindeki açıklama, “Hadis bu lafızla sadece bu tarikten rivayet edilmiştir” şeklinde anlaşılmakta olup hadisin farklı lafızlarla başka tariklerden de rivayet edildiğini gösterir. Hasen-ceyyid terimi de hasen-sahih anlamındadır. Hasen-garîb, tek isnadla rivayet edilmiş ve hasen seviyesine ulaşmış hadis demektir. Buna göre söz konusu hadis hasen li-zâtihîdir; onun hasen olabilmesi için başka tariklerden rivayetine ihtiyaç kalmamıştır. Hasen-sahih-garîb, birkaç tarikten rivayet edilmiş olup sıhhat şartını taşıyan ve tariklerinden birinde garâbet bulunan hadistir. Buna göre hadis birkaç tarikten rivayet edilmesiyle hasen, sıhhat şartını taşıması ile sahih, tariklerinden birinin garîb olması sebebiyle garîb diye nitelendirilmiştir. Sahih-garîb ise tek isnadla rivayet edilmiş ve sahih seviyesine ulaşmış hadis demektir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ḥsn” md.
Tirmizî, “Ḥudûd”, 17, “Fiten”, 19, 44, 57, “Ḳader”, 1, 6, 14, “Ṣalât”, 124, 234, 270, “Ḳırâʾât”, 9, “Edeb”, 40, “Menâḳıb”, 8.
a.mlf., Kitâbü’l-ʿİlel (el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ içinde), V, 758.
Hattâbî, Meʿâlimü’s-Sünen (nşr. Abdüsselâm Abdüşşâfî Muhammed), Beyrut 1411/1991, I, 6.
Ferrâ el-Begavî, Meṣâbîḥu’s-sünne (nşr. Yûsuf Abdurrahman el-Mar‘aşlî v.dğr.), Beyrut 1407/1987, nâşirin mukaddimesi, I, 60-62.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Mevżûʿât (nşr. Abdurrahman M. Osman), [baskı yeri yok] 1403/1983 (Dârü’l-fikr), I, 35.
İbnü’s-Salâh, ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱ , s. 29-40.
İbn Teymiyye, ʿİlmü’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Mûsâ M. Ali), Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 81-85.
Zehebî, el-Mûḳıẓa (nşr. Abdülfettâh Ebû Gudde), Beyrut 1405, s. 26-33.
İbn Receb el-Hanbelî, Şerḥu ʿİleli’t-Tirmiẕî (nşr. Nûreddin Itr), [baskı yeri yok] 1398/1978, I, 342-343, 384-394.
Zeynüddin el-Irâkī, Elfiyyetü’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Ahmed M. Şâkir), Kahire 1408/1988, s. 38-48.
İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Nüzhetü’n-naẓar fî tavżîḥi Nuḫbeti’l-fiker (nşr. Nûreddin Itr), Dımaşk 1414/1993, s. 62.
a.mlf., en-Nüket ʿalâ kitâbi İbni’ṣ-Ṣalâḥ (nşr. Rebî‘ b. Hâdî Umeyr), Riyad 1408/1988, I, 385-490.
Sehâvî, Fetḥu’l-muġīs̱ , I, 62-95.
Süyûtî, Tedrîbü’r-râvî , s. 86-104.
Emîr es-San‘ânî, Tavżîḥu’l-efkâr (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Medine, ts. (el-Mektebetü’s-Selefiyye), I, 154-196, 236-246.
Tehânevî, Ḳavâʿid fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Abdülfettâh Ebû Gudde), Beyrut 1392/1972, s. 100-106 (nâşirin 2 numaralı dipnotu).
Leknevî, Ẓaferü’l-emânî fî muḫtaṣari’l-Cürcânî (nşr. Takıyyüddin en-Nedvî), A‘zamgarh 1415/1995, s. 174-197.
Mübârekfûrî, Tuḥfetü’l-aḥveẕî , Beyrut 1410/1990, II, 216.
Tecrid Tercemesi , I, 242-250.
Nûreddin Itr, el-İmâmü’t-Tirmiẕî ve’l-müvâzenetü beyne Câmiʿihî ve beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn , Kahire 1390/1970, s. 161-199.
Talât Koçyiğit, Hadis Istılahları , Ankara 1985, s. 127-128.
Rebî‘ b. Hâdî Umeyr el-Medhalî, Taḳsîmü’l-ḥadîs̱ ilâ ṣaḥîḥ ve ḥasen ve żaʿîf , Riyad 1411, s. 38-56, 57, 61, 66, 84, 111, 112, 116, 144.
Mücteba Uğur, Ansiklopedik Hadis Terimleri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1992, s. 118-121.
İkrâmullah İmdâdülhak, el-İmâm ʿAlî b. el-Medînî ve menhecühû fî naḳdi’r-ricâl , Beyrut 1413/1992, s. 614-616.
Murtazâ ez-Zeyn Ahmed, Menâhicü’l-muḥaddis̱în fî taḳviyeti’l-eḥâdîs̱i’l-ḥasene ve’ż-żaʿîfe , Riyad 1415/1995, s. 39-65.
Ahmet Yücel, Hadîs Istılahlarının Doğuşu ve Gelişimi , İstanbul 1996, s. 159-161.
James Robson, “Varieties of the Hasan Tradition”, JSS , VI (1961), s. 47-61.
Abdülazîz b. Ahmed el-Câsim, “el-Ḥadîs̱ü’l-ḥasen ve ḥucciyyetühû”, Mecelletü’ş-Şerîʿa ve’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye , sy. 29, Küveyt 1417/1996, s. 15-55.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 374-375 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.