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HEYSEMÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasen Nûrüddîn Alî b. Ebî Bekr b. Süleymân el-Heysemî (ö. 807/1405)
Mecmaʿu’z-zevâʾid adlı eseriyle tanınan muhaddis.
Receb 735’te (Mart 1335) Mısır’da Fustat ile Mukattam dağı arasındaki Sahrâ’da doğdu. Oradaki Ebü’l-Heysem köyüne nisbetle Heysemî diye anılır. Onun bu nisbesinin hemşerisi Ahmed b. Hacer el-Heytemî’nin (ö. 974/1567) nisbesine benzemesi sebebiyle bazı müellifler iki âlimi birbirine karıştırmış, Brockelmann ve Fuat Sezgin de Heysemî’nin adını Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Ebû Bekir b. Hacer el-Heytemî şeklinde yazmışlardır (GAL , II, 91; Suppl. , II, 82; GAS , I, 148, 171, 190, 196). Kettânî bu yanlışa dikkat çekmiştir (er-Risâletü’l-müstetrafe , s. 374). Heysemî’nin babasının Fustat Sahrâsı’nda ticaretle meşgul olduğu kaydedilmektedir.
Heysemî, ilk öğreniminden sonra on beş yaşında iken tahsil için Kahire’ye gitti. Çeşitli hocalardan faydalandığı sırada kendisinden on yaş büyük olan Zeynüddin el-Irâkī ile tanıştı. Zamanla hem ilimde rehberi ve hocası hem de hâmisi olan Irâkī ile Kahire, Haremeyn, Kudüs, Dımaşk, Ba‘lebek, Halep, Hama, Humus ve Trablus gibi ilim merkezlerine seyahatler yaptı; bütün hac ziyaretlerinde onunla birlikte bulundu. Hemen hemen aynı âlimlerden aynı eserleri beraber okudular. Heysemî’nin diğer hocaları arasında İbn Abdülhâdî Muhammed b. Abdullah b. Muhammed, İbnü’l-Mülûk Muhammed b. İsmâil b. Abdülazîz, kendisinden Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî ’yi okuduğu Muzafferüddin Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Yahyâ el-Attâr, Ṣaḥîḥ-i Müslim ’i ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’ini okuduğu İbnü’l-Habbâz Muhammed b. İsmâil b. İbrâhim, Ebû Dâvûd’un es-Sünen ’ini okuduğu Ahmed b. Ebû Bekir b. Ömer el-Meydûmî, Muhammed b. İsmâil b. Ömer el-Hamevî ve İbn Kayyim ez-Ziyâiyye diye bilinen Abdullah b. Muhammed b. İbrâhim anılabilir. Heysemî en çok faydalandığı hocası Zeynüddin el-Irâkī’nin birçok kitabını, hatta derslerde birlikte takip ettikleri eserleri ondan bir kere daha okumuş, imlâ meclislerinde yazdırdığı hadisleri kaydetmiş ve bütün eserlerini istinsah etmiştir. Irâkī hayatta olduğu sürece Heysemî onun şahsına ve hadis alanındaki otoritesine olan saygısından dolayı hadis rivayetinden kaçınmıştır. Irâkī de Heysemî’yi çok sevmiş, kızı Hatice ile onu evlendirmiş, bu evlilikten birkaç çocukları olmuştur. Heysemî, Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’inde bulunup Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yer almayan hadisleri bir araya getirme işini ve daha sonraki çalışmalarını Irâkī’nin tavsiyesi ve yardımıyla yapmıştır.
Irâkī’den hadis okumaya gelenler Heysemî’den de faydalanma imkânı bulmuşlar ve bu sayede başta Irâkī’nin oğlu İbnü’l-Irâkī Ebû Zür‘a Veliyyüddin, Takıyyüddin el-Fâsî, Ahmed b. Ebû Bekir el-Bûsîrî, İbn Merzûk el-Hafîd, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî ve Bedreddin el-Aynî gibi isimler olmak üzere pek çok talebe ondan ders almıştır (Necmeddin İbn Fehd, s. 536, ayrıca bk. İndeks). Bunlar arasında İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin ayrı bir yeri vardır. İbn Hacer, Irâkī’den öğrenmek istediği birçok ilmî konuda Heysemî’nin yardımını görmüş, Heysemî’nin Mecmaʿu’z-zevâʾid ’inin üçte biriyle Zevâʾidü Müsnedi Aḥmed ’in dörtte birini diğer talebe arkadaşlarıyla beraber, Beyhakī’nin es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ ’sının üçte birini de tek başına ondan okumuştur. Heysemî, bu kabiliyetli öğrencisinin Mecmaʿu’z-zevâʾid ’i tenkide hazırlandığını duyduğu zaman ona gücendiğini ima etmiş, o da hocasını üzmemek için bu çalışmasından vazgeçmiştir. İbn Hacer, Irâkī ile Heysemî arasındaki sıcak ilişkiden hayranlıkla söz etmekte, Heysemî’nin elli altı yıl boyunca Irâkī’ye ve ailesine hizmet ettiğini belirtmektedir.
Heysemî 29 Ramazan 807 (31 Mart 1405) tarihinde Kahire’de vefat etti ve Bâbülberkūkıyye’nin dış tarafına defnedildi. Kaynakların bir kısmında 19 Ramazan 807’de (21 Mart 1405) öldüğü kaydedilmekteyse de bunun bir okuma hatasından kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Kaynaklarda Heysemî’nin sakin tabiatlı, gösterişten hoşlanmayan, iyilik sever, zühd ve takvâ sahibi bir kimse olduğu belirtilmektedir. Heysemî’nin, Irâkī ile birlikte çeşitli hocalardan okuduğu kitapları onun gibi doğrudan rivayet etme yetkisine sahip olduğu halde bunları Irâkī’den okumuş gibi rivayet etmesi, hocasına duyduğu derin saygı yanında alçak gönüllü bir âlim olduğunu da göstermektedir.
Eserleri. A) Zevâid Çalışmaları. 1. Ġāyetü’l-maḳṣad fî zevâʾidi Aḥmed . Irâkī’nin tavsiyesi üzerine 776 (1374) yılında kaleme aldığı bu kitabında Heysemî, Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’inde yer alıp Kütüb-i Sitte ’de bulunmayan hadisleri bir araya getirmiştir. Eser üzerinde, Mekke Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi’nde 1981-1988 yılları arasında Seyfürrahman Mustafa, Abdurrahman Muhammed Sirâc gibi araştırmacılar doktora çalışması yapmışlardır.
2. Keşfü’l-estâr ʿan zevâʾidi’l-Bezzâr . Takıyyüddin İbn Fehd, eserin adının el-Baḥrü’z-zeḫḫâr fî zevâʾidi’l-Bezzâr olduğunu söylemekteyse de (Laḥẓü’l-elḥâẓ , s. 239-240) el-Baḥrü’z-zeḫḫâr Bezzâr’ın el-Müsned ’inin diğer adıdır (DİA , VI, 113). Heysemî bu kitabında, Bezzâr’ın el-Müsned ’inde bulunduğu halde Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yer almayan 3698 rivayeti bablarına göre sıralamış, Bezzâr’ın hadislere dair kısa değerlendirmelerini aynen, uzun açıklamalarını kısaltarak almış, ayrıca Buhârî’nin ta‘likleriyle Ebû Dâvûd’un el-Merâsîl ’de ve Tirmizî’nin eş-Şemâʾil ’de topladığı rivayetlerle Nesâî’nin es-Sünen ’i dışındaki nakillerini de bu eserde bir araya getirmiştir. Habîbürrahman el-A‘zamî tarafından dört cilt halinde neşredilen (Beyrut 1399-1405/1979-1985) Keşfü’l-estâr ’daki hadislerin alfabetik fihristini hazırlayanlardan Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Kuveysînî çalışmasına Fihrisü eḥâdîs̱i Keşfi’l-estâr ʿan zevâʾidi’l-Bezzâr ʿale’l-Kütübi’s-sitte (Beyrut 1408/1988), Muhammed Eymen eş-Şebrâvî ise Hidâyetü’l-muḥtâr ilâ tertîbi Keşfi’l-estâr ʿan zevâʾidi’l-Bezzâr adını vermiş, Ahmed el-Küveytî de eserin çeşitli fihristlerini yaparak Fehârisü Keşfi’l-estâr adıyla yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1408/1988).
3. el-Maḳṣadü’l-ʿalî (aʿlâ) fî zevâʾidi Ebî Yaʿlâ el-Mevṣılî . Mevsılî’nin el-Müsned ’inde bulunup Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yer almayan 2030 hadisin bablarına göre tertip edildiği bu eserin bir nüshası Üsküdar Hacı Selim Ağa Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (nr. 233). Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye’de kitap üzerinde bir doktora çalışması yapan Nâyif b. Hâşim ed-Daîs, daha sonra eserin tam metnini ihtiva eden bu çalışmasını yayımlamıştır (Cidde 1402/1982). el-Maḳṣadü’l-ʿalî Seyyid Kisrevî Hasan tarafından da neşredilmiştir (I-IV, Beyrut 1413/1993).
4. Mecmaʿu’l-baḥreyn fî zevâʾidi’l-Muʿcemeyn . Heysemî, Zevâʾidü Muʿcemeyi’ṭ-Ṭaberânî adıyla da anılan bu eserinde Taberânî’nin el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣaġīr ve el-Muʿcemü’l-evsaṭ ’ında yer aldığı halde Kütüb-i Sitte ’de bulunmayan rivayetleri tesbit etmiş; ayrıca Tirmizî’nin eş-Şemâʾil ’inde ve Nesâî’nin es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ , ʿAmelü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle , et-Tefsîr gibi eserlerinde bulunup Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yer almayan rivayetleri de bu kitabında bir araya getirmiştir. Hâfız Muhammed Abdullah Hakemî, Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye’de eserin bir kısmı üzerinde (Kitâbü’s-Salât, Ebvâbü’l-imâm’a kadar) doktora çalışması yapmış (1406/1986) ve bu çalışmanın I. cildi yayımlanmıştır (Tâif 1412/1992). Eserin tamamı ise Abdülkuddûs b. Muhammed Nezîr tarafından biri fihrist olmak üzere dokuz cilt halinde neşredilmiştir (Riyad 1413/1992).
5. Mecmaʿu’z-zevâʾid ve menbaʿu’l-fevâʾid . Heysemî bu eserini yukarıda zikredilen dört zevâid ile el-Bedrü’l-münîr ’i (aş.bk.) tamamladıktan sonra kaleme almıştır. Zevâid kitaplarının en meşhuru olan bu eser önce taş baskısı olarak bir cilt (Dehli 1308/1891), daha sonra Hüsâmeddin el-Kudsî’nin tashihiyle on cilt (Kahire 1351-1353; Beyrut 1967) halinde yayımlanmıştır. Muhammed Dervîş de eseri, hadisleri numaralayıp bir önceki baskının cilt ve sayfalarını göstermek suretiyle Buġyetü’r-râʾid fî taḥḳīḳi Mecmaʿi’z-zevâʾid adıyla neşretmiştir (I-X, Beyrut 1414/1994).
6. Mevâridü’ẓ-ẓamʾân ilâ zevâʾidi İbn Ḥibbân . İbn Hibbân’ın el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde bulunup Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da yer almayan 2647 hadisi ihtiva etmektedir. Eserin mukaddimesinde Heysemî, İbn Hibbân’ın sahih hadisleri bir araya getirmedeki ölçüsüne güvenerek senedlerden sahâbîler dışındaki râvileri çıkarmayı düşündüğünü, fakat hocası Irâkī’nin oğlu İbnü’l-Irâkī’nin uyarısı üzerine eserdeki bazı hadislerin muhaddislerce tenkit edildiğini dikkate alarak senedleri aynen muhafaza ettiğini söylemektedir. Önce Muhammed Abdürrezzâk Hamza tarafından bir cilt halinde yayımlanan eseri (Kahire, ts.; Beyrut, ts., Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye; Medine, ts., el-Matbaatü’s-Selefiyye) daha sonra Yûsuf Abdurrahman el-Mar‘aşlî, bu baskıya göre eserdeki hadislerin fihristini hazırlayıp Fihrisü eḥâdîs̱i Mevâridi’ẓ-ẓamʾân ilâ zevâʾidi İbn Ḥibbân adıyla neşretmiştir (Beyrut 1407/1987). Şuayb el-Arnaût tarafından iki cilt halinde yayımlanan eseri (Beyrut 1414/1993), Hüseyin Selîm Esed ed-Dârânî ve Abduh Ali el-Kûşek titiz bir çalışmayla biri fihrist olmak üzere dokuz cilt halinde neşretmişlerdir (Dımaşk 1411-1414/1990-1993).
7. Zevâʾidü İbn Mâce ʿale’l-kütübi’l-ḫamse . Eserin bir nüshası Haydarâbâd Âsafiye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , II, 82).
8. Buġyetü’l-bâḥis̱ ʿan zevâʾidi Müsnedi’l-Ḥâris̱ . Heysemî bu çalışmasında, Hâris b. Ebû Üsâme’nin (ö. 282/896) kendisine tamamına yakın kısmı ulaşan, fakat günümüze pek az bir bölümü gelmiş olan Müsned ’inin (Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye, Mecmua, nr. 55/2, vr. 183a -197a , nr. 101/16) Kütüb-i Sitte ’de bulunmayan 1136 kadar rivayetini bir araya getirmiştir. Son tarafı eksik olan Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’deki (Hadis, nr. 705, 138 varak) yegâne nüshası üzerinde Hüseyin Ahmed Sâlih el-Bâkerî Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye’de bir doktora çalışması yapmış (1405/1985) ve Hâris b. Ebû Üsâme’nin Müsned ’inin eksik kısımlarını onun başka kitaplardaki rivayetlerinden faydalanarak tamamlamaya çalıştığı bu eserini iki cilt halinde yayımlamıştır (Medine 1413/1992).
9. el-Bedrü’l-münîr fî zevâʾidi’l-Muʿcemi’l-kebîr . Taberânî’nin, sahâbî râvilerin adlarına göre sıraladığı 25.000 kadar rivayeti ihtiva eden el-Muʿcemü’l-kebîr ’inin (I-XXV, nşr. Hamdî Abdülmecîd es-Selefî, Bağdat 1978-1983) bablara göre tertip edildiği bir çalışmadır. Kettânî’nin üç cilt olduğunu söylediği (er-Risâletü’l-müstetrafe , s. 374) eserin günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir.
B) Tertip Çalışmaları. Heysemî’nin, kolayca faydalanmaya elverişli bulmadığı için daha kullanışlı hale getirmek amacıyla kitaplara ve bablara göre düzenlediği veya alfabetik sıraya koyduğu eserler şunlardır:
1. Taḳrîbü’l-buġye fî tertîbi eḥâdîs̱i’l-Ḥilye . Heysemî, Ebû Nuaym’in Ḥilyetü’l-evliyâʾ adlı eserinde isnadlarıyla birlikte rivayet edilen hadisleri bir araya getirerek bablara göre tertip ettiği bu çalışma daha müsvedde halindeyken vefat edince İbn Hacer el-Askalânî eser üzerinde çalışarak yaklaşık dörtte birini gözden geçirmiştir (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 445; II, 91; Suppl. , II, 617). Heysemî ayrıca, Dârekutnî’nin beş on varaktan ibaret olduğu belirtilen el-Fevâʾidü’l-efrâd ’ını Tertîbü eḥâdîs̱i’l-efrâd li’d-Dâreḳuṭnî , Temmâm er-Râzî’nin muhtelif hocalardan derleyerek bir araya getirdiği 395 hadis ihtiva eden Fevâʾid ’ini (Ebû Süleyman Câsim b. Süleyman el-Füheyd ed-Devserî, bu eserdeki rivayetleri bablara göre tasnif ederek er-Ravżü’l-bessâm bi-tertîbi ve taḫrîci Fevâʾidi Temmâm adıyla yayımlamıştır, Beyrut 1408/1987) Tertîbü eḥâdîs̱i Fevâʾidi Temmâm , İbn Gaylân’ın el-Ġaylâniyyât ’ını Tertîbü eḥâdîs̱i’l-Ġaylâniyyât , Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Hasan el-Hileî’nin yirmi cüzden meydana geldiği söylenen el-Ḫileʿiyyât ’ını Tertîbü eḥâdîs̱i’l-Ḫileʿiyyât adıyla tertip etmiştir. Kettânî, bu dört eserin iki cilt hacminde bir çalışma olduğunu, Sehâvî’nin el yazısıyla tek cilt halinde derlenmiş olan bir nüshasını gördüğünü söylemektedir (er-Risâletü’l-müstetrafe , s. 379).
2. Tertîbü S̱iḳāti’l-ʿİclî . Ebü’l-Hasan el-İclî’nin sahâbî râvilerle tâbiîn, tebeu’t-tâbiînden ve daha sonraki nesilden sika kabul ettiği râvileri bir araya getirdiği bu eseri Heysemî alfabetik olarak düzenlemiş, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî de ona bazı ilâveler yapmıştır. Eser Abdülmu‘tî Kal‘acî tarafından Târîḫu’s̱-s̱iḳāt adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1405/1984, bu baskı 2116 râviyi ihtiva etmektedir). İclî’nin eserinin Takıyyüddin es-Sübkî tarafından tertip edilen bir nüshasını elde eden Abdülalîm Abdülazîm el-Bestevî, bunu Heysemî’nin ve İbn Hacer’in adı geçen çalışmalarıyla birlikte Maʿrifetü’s̱-s̱iḳāt adıyla iki cilt halinde neşretmiştir (Medine 1405/1985, bu baskı 2366 râviyi ihtiva etmektedir).
3. Tertîbü S̱iḳāti İbn Ḥibbân . Heysemî’nin, İbn Hibbân’ın muhtelif tabakalar halinde bir araya getirdiği sika râvileri alfabetik sıraya koyduğu bu eseri Muhammed Abdürreşîd tarafından es̱-S̱iḳāt adıyla yayımlanmıştır (I-IX, Haydarâbâd 1393-1403/1973-1983). Kettânî, Heysemî’nin Zevâʾidü’l-Firdevs adlı bir eserinin daha bulunduğunu söylemektedir (a.g.e. , s. 374).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Heysemî, Mevâridü’ẓ-ẓamʾân ilâ zevâʾidi İbn Ḥibbân (nşr. Hüseyin Selîm Esed ed-Dârânî), Dımaşk 1411/1990, neşredenin önsözü, I, 65-77.
Fâsî, Ẕeylü’t-Taḳyîd fî ruvâti’s-sünen ve’l-mesânîd (nşr. Kemâl Yûsuf el-Hût), Beyrut 1410/1990, II, 229-230.
İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, el-Mecmaʿu’l-müʾesses li’l-muʿcemi’l-müfehres (nşr. Yûsuf Abdurrahman el-Mar‘aşlî), Beyrut 1415/1994, II, 263-267.
a.mlf., İnbâʾü’l-ġumr , V, 256-260.
a.mlf., Muḫtaṣaru zevâʾidi Müsnedi’l-Bezzâr ʿale’l-Kütübi’s-sitte ve Müsnedi Aḥmed (nşr. Sabrî b. Abdülhâliḳ Ebû Zer), Beyrut 1412/1992, I, 12-16, 23-27.
Necmeddin İbn Fehd, Muʿcemü’ş-şüyûḫ (nşr. Muhammed ez-Zâhî), Riyad 1982, s. 536, ayrıca bk. İndeks.
Takıyyüddin İbn Fehd, Laḥẓü’l-elḥâẓ , Haydarâbâd 1376/1956 → Beyrut, ts. (Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî), s. 239-244.
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , V, 200-203.
Süyûtî, Ẕeylü Ṭabaḳāti’l-ḥuffâẓ li’ẕ-Ẕehebî , Haydarâbâd 1376/1956 → Beyrut, ts. (Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî), s. 372-373.
a.mlf., Ḥüsnü’l-muḥâḍara , I, 362.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 957, 1400.
İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , VII, 70.
Kettânî, er-Risâletü’l-müstetrafe (Özbek) , s. 95, 292, 320, 373-375, 379.
Sıddîk Hasan Han, et-Tâcü’l-mükellel , Beyrut 1404/1983, s. 397-398.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 186.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 727.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 445; II, 91; Suppl. , II, 82, 617.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , IV, 266-267.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , VII, 45.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 148, 171, 190, 196.
Sâlihiyye, el-Muʿcemü’ş-şâmil , V, 315-316.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, “Bezzâr”, DİA , VI, 113.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 292-293 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.