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HEZEC Skip to content Aruz sisteminde bir bahir.
Halîl b. Ahmed’in aruz sisteminde “müctelibe” veya “mü’telife” denilen üçüncü dâiredeki üç bahirden (hezec, recez, remel) ilki olup genel sıralamada altıncı bahir olarak geçer. Hezec bahrinin illet ve zihaf kaidelerinin uygulanmadığı (tam ve sahih / sâlim) şekli, bir mecmû‘ vetid ile (مَفَاْ ) iki hafif sebepten (عِيْ ve لُنْ ) oluşan (مفاعِيلُنْ mefâîlün) tef‘ilesinin bir şatrda üç, bir beyitte ise altı defa tekrarlanmasından meydana gelir. Uygulamada, bu altı tef‘ileli (müseddes) şekilden şatr sonundaki tef‘ilelerin (aruz ve darb) düşmesiyle oluşan dört tef‘ileli (murabba) biçimi kullanılır. Halîl b. Ahmed’in sistemini farklı tarzda yorumlayıp sadeleştirenlerden biri olan İsmâil b. Hammâd el-Cevherî’nin tasnifinde hezec, bir tek tef‘ilenin (cüz’) belli sayılarda tekrarıyla oluşan ve “müfredât” adı verilen bahirler grubunda yer alır.
Hezec kelimesi “güzel sesle gazel, şarkı, türkü ve benzeri şeyleri söylemek, okumak; bu şekilde söylenmiş şarkı; genizden dalgalanarak çıkan hoş ve sevimli ses” anlamlarına geldiği gibi “lafızları arasında benzerlik, uyum ve yakınlık bulunan düzenli söz” mânasına da gelir. Aynı tef‘ilenin tekrarından oluşması sebebiyle cüzleri arasında yakınlık ve uyum bulunan hezec bahrinin bu son anlamdan türemiş olduğu kaydedilir (Kāmus Tercümesi , “hezec” md.). Ayrıca hezec terimi, bahrin her tef‘ilesinde iki hafif sebebin bir mecmû‘ vetidi takip etmesi dolayısıyla kelimenin “sesin uzatılıp geri döndürülmesi” anlamıyla da ilgili görülmüştür (İbnü’d-Demâmînî, s. 177; İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, II, 1088; Seyfî-i Buhârî, s. 25, 88, 89).
Hezec bahrinin bir aruzu, iki darbı vardır. Birinci darbı “mefâîlün”, ikincisi “mefâî”dir. Ancak uygulamada “mefâî” yerine aynı vezindeki “feûlün” kullanılır. Yine şatr sonu tef‘ileleri dışındaki cüzlerde (haşiv) “mefâîlü” (keff) ve “mefâilün” (kabz) değişiklikleri de görülür. “Mefâilün” şeklindeki değişikliğe ise nâdir rastlanır. Bunlardan başka hezec bahrinin ilk tef‘ilesi de uygulamada bazı değişikliklere uğrar. “Mefâîlün” tam ve sahih tef‘ilesi “fâîlün” (harm) (uygulamada aynı vezindeki “mef‘ûlün”), “fâîlü” (harb) (uygulamada “mef‘ûlü”), “mefâîl” (kasr) (uygulamada “feûlân”) ve “fâilün” (şetr) şekillerinde değişimlere mâruz kalabilir. Veznin aslî tef‘ilesi olan “mefâîlün”de görülen bu değişikliklere (illet ve zihaf) göre hezec bahri mekfûf hezec (mefâîlü), makbûz hezec (mefâilün), ahrem hezec (mef‘ûlün), ahreb hezec (mef‘ûlü), eşter hezec (fâilün) ve maksûr hezec (feûlân) adlarını alır. Buna göre hezec bahrinin vezin grupları şöyle gösterilebilir (tef‘ileler arası tek, şatrlar arası çift çizgiyle ayrılmıştır. Köşeli parantezdeki tef‘ileler az kullanılır):
Birinci aruz ve birinci darb ile:
⏑ – ⏒ ⏓ ⏑ – – –⏑ – ⏒ ⏓ ⏑ – – –[ – – ⏓ ] [ ⏑ – – ⏑ ] [ – ⏑ – ]
Birinci aruz ve ikinci darb ile:
⏑ – ⏒ ⏓ ⏑ – – –⏑ – ⏒ ⏓ ⏑ – –[ ⏑ – – ] [ ⏑ – = ]
Hezec bahrinde kef ve kabz aynı tef‘ilede birlikte (mefâilü) uygulanamaz.
Aruza dair klasik kitaplarda ve bunlara muhteva bakımından sadık kalan yeni eserlerde hezec bahrinin yukarıda sayılan vezin grupları zikredilir. Ancak sanatkârların nazım tekniğinde yaptıkları yenilikleri göz önüne alarak yazılan eserlerde bu bahrin başka vezinleri de yer alır. Meselâ Celâl Hanefî dört tef‘ileli (murabba), beş (humâsî) ve altı (müseddes) tef‘ileli hezec bahri için beşer vezin daha tesbit edip örnekleriyle açıklamıştır (el-ʿArûż, s. 100-115). Humâsîde beş tef‘ileden üçü ilk şatrda (sadr), ikisi ikinci şatrda (acüz) olabildiği gibi tersi de mümkündür. Ayrıca müveşşahlarda hezec bahrine ait çeşitli vezinler kullanılmıştır:
⏑ – – –⏑ – –⏑ – –(a.g.e. , s. 114) gibi.
Vâfir bahrinin aslî tef‘ilesi olan “müfâaletün”ün (مفاعلتن ) beşinci harekeli harfini sâkin okumak suretiyle elde edilen “müfâaltün” (مفاعلتن ) tef‘ilesiyle hezec bahrinin aslî tef‘ilesi olan “mefâîlün” vezin bakımından benzeşir. Aruz âlimleri, bu benzerlik dolayısıyla beyitlerin taktîi sırasında bahrin tayini, hatta vâfir ve hezecin hangisinin hangisinden doğduğu hususunda farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bununla beraber vâfirin vezinleri içinde “mefâîlün” tef‘ilesi bulunurken hezecin hiçbir vezninde “müfâaletün” tef‘ilesi yer almadığından beyitlerinden herhangi birinde bir defa bile olsa “müfâaletün” tef‘ilesine rastlanan manzumenin bahrinin meczû vâfir olduğuna hükmedilir (krş. Celâl Hanefî, s. 115-118; Abdullah Dervîş, s. 52-54).
Arap edebiyatında az kullanılan ve daha ziyade bestelenmek için nazmedilmiş parçalarda rastlanan hezec bahri, genellikle aynı vezinleri kullanan İran ve Türk edebiyatlarında en çok sevilen ve kullanılan vezinlerin kendisinden doğduğu bir bahir olmuş ve buna bağlı olarak bazı nazım şekilleri doğmuştur. İran ve Türk edebiyatlarında hezec bahrinin sâlim şekli, bir şatrda (mısra) dört defa “mefâîlün” tef‘ilesinin kullanıldığı vezindir. Bu tam ve sâlim şekilden uygulamada türemiş pek çok vezin arasında şu dördü Türk şiirinde en çok kullanılanlarıdır (bu tef‘ileler ikinci şatrda da aynen tekrarlanır):
1. ⏑ – ⏓ –⏑ – – –⏑ – – –⏑ – – –2. – – ⏑ ⏑ – – ⏑ ⏑ – – ⏑ ⏑ – –3. ⏑ – – –⏑ – – –⏑ – –4. – – ⏑ ⏑ – ⏑ –⏑ – –
Bu şekillerden “mef‘ûlü mefâilün feûlün” vezni özellikle mesnevilerde kullanılmıştır. Hâkānî-yi Şirvânî’nin Tuḥfetü’l-ʿIrâḳeyn ’i, Nizâmî-i Gencevî’nin Leylâ vü Mecnûn ’u, Hüseyin Vâiz-i Kâşifî’nin Zâdü’l-ʿârifîn ’i gibi meşhur eserlerle bunlara nazîre olarak yazılmış pek çok mesnevi bu vezindedir.
İran edebiyatında olduğu gibi Türk edebiyatında da hezecin bazı vezinleri Türkçe’nin yapısına uygun düştüğü için çok rağbet görmüştür. Meselâ müstezadlarda “mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlü feûlün” en çok kullanılan vezin olmuştur. Yine Türk edebiyatına has nazım şekli olan şarkı formu en çok bu vezinle nazmedilmiştir. Türk edebiyatında hezec bahrinin bazı vezinlerinin gördüğü rağbet hakkında bir fikir edinebilmek için birkaç meşhur şairin eserlerine bakmak kâfidir. Meselâ hezec bahri Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin Dîvân-ı Kebîr ’i ile Nedîm ve Abdülhak Hâmid’in şiirlerinde ilk sırayı, Yahya Kemal’de ikinci, Muallim Nâci’de dördüncü sırayı alır. Ayrıca Türk edebiyatında mesnevi tarzında yazılan eserlerin en ünlüleri arasında yer alan Fuzûlî’nin Leylâ vü Mecnûn ’u, Şeyh Galib’in Hüsn ü Aşk ’ı ve Abdülhak Hâmid’in Makber ’i hezec vezniyle nazmedilmiştir.
Özellikle Arap halk edebiyatında yaygın nazım şekli olan dûbeyt ile Türk ve İran edebiyatlarında rubâî adı verilen nazım şekilleri hezec bahrine ait özel vezinlerle nazmedilir. Rubâî genelde birinci, ikinci ve dördüncü mısraları kafiyeli iki beyit veya dört mısradan oluşan ve gazel gibi belli bir konuya bağlı kalmayan şiirdir. İlk üç mısra dördüncü mısrada söylenecek veciz, nükteli ve çarpıcı bir fikre hazırlık mahiyetindedir. III. (IX.) yüzyıl sonları ile IV. (X.) yüzyıl başlarında İran edebiyatında doğarak daha sonra Arap edebiyatına geçen ve sadece hezec bahrinde nazmedilen rubâî önemli bir nazım şekli olup bestelendiği zaman “terâne” adını alır. Büyük Selçuklular devrinde itibar ve rağbetinin doruğuna ulaşan rubâî tarzında Farsça şiir yazan şairler arasında Rûdekî, Ömer Hayyâm, Efdalüddîn-i Kâşânî, Mevlânâ, Türkler’in Hayyâm’ı diye şöhret bulan Azmîzâde Mustafa Hâletî, Yahya Kemal, Rıfkı Melûl Meriç ve Arif Nihat Asya zikredilebilir.
İran kaynaklı rubâî tarzının, tamamı hezec bahrine ait yirmi dört farklı şekli vardır. Bu vezin gruplarında tekrarlanan on tef‘ileden dokuzu, hezec bahrinin aslî tef‘ilesi olan “mefâîlün”ün değişime (zihaf) uğramış şekilleridir: Mefâîlün, mefâîlü (keff), mefâilün (kabz), fâîlün (harm, kullanılan şekli mef‘ûlün), fâîlü (harb, kullanılan şekli mef‘ûlü), fâilün (şetr), mefâ‘ (hetm, kullanılanı feûl), mefâ (cebb, kullanılanı fe‘al), fâ‘ (zilel), fâ (betr).
Horasanlı Hâce Hasan Kattân, bu yirmi dört veznin ilk tef‘ilesinin “mef‘ûlü” veya “mef‘ûlün” olarak tekrarlanması dolayısıyla bunları bir ağacın gövdeleri, diğer tef‘ileleri de dalları gibi kabul ederek iki “rubâî ağacı” tasavvur etmiş ve bu vezinleri “mef‘ûlü” veya “mef‘ûlün” tef‘ilesiyle başlamasına göre “ahreb” vezinler ve “ahrem” vezinler olmak üzere iki eşit gruba ayırmıştır.
Bu yirmi dört veznin kolaylıkla hatırlanabilmesi için çeşitli düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Bunlardan Seyfî-i Buhârî’nin verdiği, sonda gelen “feûl” ve “faal” tef‘ilelerinden önceki tef‘ilelerin sonu harekeli bir harfle (لُ ), “fâ‘” ve “fâ”dan önceki tef‘ilelerin ise sonu sükûnlu bir nûn ( نْ ) ile bitecek şekildeki tertip esas alınarak (krş. Risâle-i ʿArûż , s. 68 vd.) sondan bir önceki “mefâîlü” ve “mef‘ûlü” cüzleri bir yere, “mefâîlün” ve “mef‘ûlün” cüzleri başka bir yere toplanmak suretiyle şöyle düzenlenebilir (daha değişik tertipler için bk. Şems-i Kays, s. 122, 123; Seyfî-i Buhârî, s. 72 vd.; Elwell-Sutton, s. 60-61):
– – ⏑ ⏑ – ⏒ ⏓ ⏑ – – ⏑ ⏑ =;– – ⏑ ⏑ –– – ⏑ ⏑ – ⏒ ⏓ ⏑ – – –=. – – – –
A) Ahreb Vezin Şekilleri (sondan bir önceki aynı tef‘ileler bir arada). 1. mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlü feûl, 2. mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlü feal, 3. mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâîlü feûl, 4. mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâîlü feal, 5. mef‘ûlü mefâilün mef‘ûlü feûl, 6. mef‘ûlü mefâilün mef‘ûlü feal, 7. mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlün fâ‘, 8. mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlün fa‘, 9. mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâîlün fâ‘, 10. mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâîlün fa‘, 11. mef‘ûlü mefâîlün mef‘ûlün fâ‘, 12. mef‘ûlü mefâîlün mef‘ûlün fa‘. Bu on iki ahreb vezin tek şekil üzerinde şöyle gösterilebilir:
– – ⏑ ⏑ – ⏒ ⏓ ⏑ – – ⏓ ⏑ =– – ⏓ ⏑ –= –
B) Ahrem Vezin Şekilleri (sondan bir önceki aynı tef‘ileler bir arada). 1. mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlü mefâîlü feûl, 2. mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlü mefâîlü feal, 3. mef‘ûlün fâilün mefâîlü feûl, 4. mef‘ûlün fâilün mefâîlü feal, 5. mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlü feûl, 6. mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlü feal, 7. mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlü mefâîlün fâ‘, 8. mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlü mefâîlün fa‘, 9. mef‘ûlün fâilün mefâîlün fâ‘, 10. mef‘ûlün fâilün mefâîlün fa‘, 11. mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün fâ‘, 12. mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün fa‘. Bu on iki ahrem vezin tek şekilde şöyle toplanabilir:
– – – – – ⏓ ⏑ – – ⏓ ⏑ =– ⏑ – – – ⏓ ⏑ –= –
Her iki dizimin önceki tef‘ilelerin aynı olanlarının bir araya toplandığı şekli de vardır ki bunların daha kolay öğrenilmesini temin için Şems-i Kays önceki tef‘ileler için sözleri müşterek, dallardaki tef‘ileler için de o vezne uygun farklı sözleri ihtiva eden anahtar beyitler düzenlemiştir (krş. el-Muʿcem , s. 122, 123).
Ahreb ve ahrem gruplarına ait vezinlerin tef‘ileleri bir rubâîde aynı veya diğer gruptan tef‘ilelerin yerini alabildiği için bu yirmi dört rubâî veznini tek şekil üzerinde göstermek de mümkündür:
⏑ – ⏒ ⏓ ⏑ =– – ⏓ – – ⏓ ⏑ – – ⏓ ⏑ –– ⏑ – – – ⏓ = –
Bünyesinde akıcılık ve hareket sağlayan vetidlerin çokluğu dolayısıyla ahreb vezinler ahreme nazaran daha çok kullanılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 302-304 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.