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HOCA Skip to content İslâm ülkelerinde, özellikle Türkiye ve İran’da eğitim, bürokrasi, ticaret ve maliye alanlarında çeşitli meslek erbabı için kullanılan bir unvan.
Farsça’da hâce (çoğulu hâcegân ), Türkçe’de hoca şeklinde söylenen kelimenin kökeni hakkında kesin bilgi yoktur. İran tarihi içinde Sâmânîler döneminden (819-1005) itibaren sıkça rastlanan ve zamanla isim olarak “ev reisi, kethüdâ, şeyh, pîr, hükümdar, başbuğ, tâcir, kadın, gönül” ve sıfat olarak “zengin, büyük, yüce” gibi değişik anlamlar kazanan kelimenin Orta Farsça (Pehlevî) hutây “hudâ, tanrı” kelimesinden -ce küçültme ekiyle oluşturulan hutâ-ce den hv âce ye dönüşerek ortaya çıktığı ileri sürülmüşse de bu görüş pek kabul görmemiştir (İA , V/1, s. 21). M. Fuad Köprülü, hangi Farsça kökten geldiği bilinmeyen kelimenin Farsça mı yoksa Türkçe koca dan mı geldiği sorusunu ortaya atarak Türkçe’nin çeşitli lehçelerinde yaklaşık Farsça’daki anlamları ile kullanılan kelimenin Oğuz kabileleri arasında yaşlı ve saygıdeğer kişiler için söylenen kocadan gelmiş olabileceği ihtimali üzerinde durur (a.g.e. , a.y.). Ancak bu ihtimal, söz konusu kelimenin ilk defa Farsça’da rastlandığı dönemde (IV./X. yüzyıl) Türkler’in İranlılar’ı ne derecede etkilediklerinin tesbitine bağlıdır. Türkçe’de başlangıçtan itibaren “efendi” ve “bey” gibi geniş anlamda ve özel meslek erbabı için dar anlamda kullanılması kelimenin İran kökenli olma ihtimalini düşündürmekteyse de Reşîdüddin hâcenin Arapça veya Farsça değil Türkçe bir kelime olduğunu ve ihtiyar kimselerin bu şekilde anıldığını belirtir (a.g.e. , a.y.). Ak Orda, Gök Orda hânedanları ve Çağatay hanları içinde hâce unvanlı hükümdarların mevcudiyeti, bunun eski Türk ve Moğol geleneklerine dayandığı yolunda görüşlerin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Karakoyunlular’da da hoca unvanlı hükümdarlara rastlanmaktadır. Bütün bunlara rağmen Farsça’da iştikakı meçhul hoca kelimesinin menşeinin tam olarak açıklığa kavuşturulamadığı da belirtilmektedir (a.g.e. , a.y.).
Kelime, Sâmânîler’den itibaren İran’da kurulan muhtelif İslâm devletlerinin teşkilâtında tarihî bir terim olarak kullanılagelmiştir. Meselâ Mes‘ûdî Horasan’da her reise hâce denildiğini kaydeder (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , IV, 248). Sâmânîler’de devletin önde gelen ricâli, şehirlerdeki nüfuzlu şahıslar için bir unvan olarak geçen kelime özellikle Gazneliler devrinde resmî bir mahiyet kazanmış ve hükümdardan sonra gelen vezir bu unvanla (hâce-i büzürg) anıldığı gibi diğer bazı resmî ricâlin de unvanı olmuştur (Ferruhî-yi Sîstânî, s. 194; Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, s. 216, 259). Bu unvan, Gazneliler’le onların idarî teşkilâtını hemen hemen aynen benimseyen Selçuklular’da da kullanılmıştır. Selçuklular’ın, yine Gazneliler gibi devletin birinci adamı ve sultanın mutlak vekili olan vezire “hâce-i büzürg” dedikleri bilinmektedir. Meselâ Nizâmülmülk’e hâce-i büzürg veya sadece hâce diye hitap edilmekteydi. Nizâmülmülk’ün Siyâsetnâme adlı eserinde bürokrasi mensubu kâtipler hâce veya hâcegân olarak tasnif edilmekte olup sanayi ve ticaret erbabı ile (merd-i bâzârî) köy âyanından (dihkan) ayrılmaktadır. Burada hâcegâna mensup kimselerin “hâce-i saîd, hâce-i reşîd, hâce-i kâmil” gibi lakaplarla anılmaları gerektiği üzerinde durulmakta, hâcegâna ait lakapların askerî ricâl tarafından kullanılmaması istenmektedir (s. 218-219). Hârizmşahlar’da büyük ricâlle vezirlere hâce denildiği gibi büyük vezir “hâce-i cihân” şeklinde anılmakta, İlhanlılar’da da yine hâce-i büzürg ve hâce unvanları kullanılmaktaydı. Timurlular’da, Karakoyunlu ve Akkoyunlular’da aynı anlamlarda geçen bu kelime, Safevîler devrinde eski önemini kaybetmekle beraber Hindistan ve Mâverâünnehir’de devam etmiştir. Anadolu Selçukluları’nda ise şehrin divan görevlileri arasında yer alan büyük tâcirlere hâcegân denmiştir.
Hâce veya hoca kelimesi resmî kullanış dışında çok değişik şekillerde farklı zümreler arasında da yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Daha XII. yüzyılda “sahip, efendi, tahsil görmüş kişi” anlamlarında kullanılıyor, kadılar, imamlar, şehir reisleri bu lakapla anılıyordu. Ticaretle uğraşanlar ve zanaat ehli olanlar da bunlar arasında yer alıyor, meselâ “hâce-i bâzâr” tabiriyle esnaf ve tüccar kastediliyordu. Köylerde ve şehirlerde servet ve mevki sahibi olanlara da hâce deniyordu. Safevîler döneminde bu kelime İran sahasında hadım ağalarına ve müslüman olmayan tüccara ait bir unvan haline gelmişti. Özellikle sarayda görevli hadımlara “hâce-serâ” denmiş, bu şekil Hindistan’daki devletlerde de kullanılmıştır. Anadolu Selçukluları’nda saraydaki hadımlar için hâce tabirinin yer aldığı belirtilmektedir. Nitekim İbn Bîbî’nin sarayda görevli dâyegân (dadı) hâcegân ve hatunları bir arada zikretmesi (el-Evâmirü’l-Alâiyye , I, 197) bunların hadım ağaları olduğu kanaatine yol açmıştır. Hindistan’da hâce “sahip, efendi” anlamında iken bunlardan ayırmak için hadım kölelere hoca denilmiştir.
Farsça literatürde hâce kelimesinin “hâce-i ba‘s ü neşr, hâce-i cihân, hâce-i kâinât, hâce-i düserâ, hâce-i rusül, hâce-i âlem” gibi terkipler içerisinde Hz. Peygamber için kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Türkçe’de lakap olarak hem özel isimden önce (Hoca Ahmed, Hoca Dehhânî, Hoca Nasreddin, Hoca Sa‘deddin gibi) hem de -daha çok XX. yüzyıl Türkçesi’nde- özel isimden sonra (Nasreddin Hoca, Ahmed Hoca, Hasan Hoca gibi) kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca tarikatlarda birçok tarikat büyüğü ile şeyh ve pîri bu unvanla anılırken kelimeye çoğul şekliyle “hatm-i hâcegân, silsile-i hâcegân” gibi terkipler içinde de yer verilmiştir. Köprülü’ye göre hâce unvanı ayrıca Ahmed Yesevî sülâlesinden gelenlere, tarîkat-ı Hâcegân olarak adlandırılan Nakşibendî tarikatına mensup büyük mürşidlere verilmiş, Türkistan’da şecereleri Hz. Ebû Bekir ve Ömer’le Hz. Ali’nin Fâtıma’dan olmayan çocuklarına dayanan kimseler için de kullanılmıştır (İA , V/1, s. 24). Hindistan’da kurulan sultanlıklarda birçok kimse “hâce-i cihân” lakabıyla tanınırken (bk. HÂCE-i CİHÂN ) Safevîler ve Kaçarlar’da büyük Ermeni tâcirlerine, Mısır’da da ileri gelen gayri müslimlere, özellikle tüccara hâce diye hitap edilmiştir. Terim Osmanlılar’da bu anlamda tekil veya çoğul şekliyle bedesten esnafı için kullanılmıştır.
Osmanlı döneminde yaygın biçimde özellikle sıbyan mektebi muallimleri ve medrese ulemâsı bu unvanla anılmıştır. Şehzade muallimlerine hoca denilmesinin kelimeye itibar kazandırdığı düşünülebilir. Şehzade tahta çıktığı zaman ders aldığı âlimlerden birini kendisine hoca olarak seçer ve bu kişi “hoca-i sultânî, padişah hocası” unvanıyla anılır, teşrifatta da şeyhülislâma denk kabul edilirdi. Bunların çocuklarının tahsilleri, göreve tayinleri ve kendilerine tanınan imtiyazlarla ilgili Fâtih Kanunnâmesi’nde yer alan ve giderek yaygınlaşıp gelişen düzenlemelere “Hocazâdeler Kanunu” denilmiştir. Kelime ayrıca bazı ailelere lakap olmuş, meselâ III. Murad’a şehzadeliğinde ders veren Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’nin soyundan gelen şeyhülislâm, kazasker ve âlimler “Hocazâde” lakabıyla anılmıştır. XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında kurulan Mühendishâne’nin öğretmenleri “hoca, hoca-i evvel, hoca-i sânî, hoca-i sâlis, hoca-i râbi‘” şeklinde derecelendirilmiş ve bunların en kıdemlisi olan hoca-i evvele “başhoca”, diğerlerinden sonra gelenlere ise “halife” denilmiştir (Beydilli, s. 54 vd.). Osmanlılar’da daha önceki Türk-İslâm devletlerinde olduğu gibi bürokraside görevli memurlar hâcegân şeklinde anılmıştır (bk. HÂCEGÂN ).
Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet döneminde ağa, bey, efendi unvanları yasaklanırken hocanın kullanılmasına resmiyette son verilmemiştir. Çok köklü bir anlam ve geleneği bulunan kelime halk arasında halen din alanında âlimler, imam-hatip ve vâizler, eğitim alanında ise özellikle orta dereceli okul öğretmenleri ve üniversite öğretim üyeleri için yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır.
Hoca kelimesi günümüzde bir müslüman-Hint kastını da adlandırmaktadır. Aşağı Sind’deki Kachh ve Gucerât’ta yaşayan bu kastın mensupları XIV. yüzyılda İsmâiliyye mezhebine girdiler. Hocalar’ın büyük bir kısmı İsmâilîler’in Nizârî koluna mensup olup bugün Ağa Han’a bağlıdırlar; az sayıda da Sünnî Hocalar vardır ve özellikle Bombay civarına yerleşmişlerdir. Yine Bombay ve Zengibar’da bulunan İsnâaşeriyye mezhebi mensupları birkaç binle ifade edilmektedir. İsmâilîler’in Nizârî koluna göre mezhebe giren, fakat doğuştan hoca (“üstat” ve “efendi” anlamında) olmayan bir kimse sadece Nizârî koluna mensup bir İsmâilî sayılır; yani Hocalık doğuştandır. Hocalar’dan biri başka bir din veya mezhebe geçerse Müslümanlık’tan çıkar, fakat Hocalığı devam eder. Bunun yanında Hoca bir erkekle Hoca olmayan bir kadından doğan çocuk da Hoca kabul edilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 186-187 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.