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HÜRREMİYYE Skip to content Mezdek tarafından kurulan dinî harekete ve aşırı Şîa’nın tesiriyle gelişen İran kaynaklı Arap aleyhtarı değişik fırkalara verilen ad.
Büyük ihtimalle Mecûsîlik’le eş anlamlı olarak kullanılan ve “iyi, isabetli din” anlamına gelen Bihdin isminden etkilenilerek Hürremdîniyye olarak da anılan fırkanın bu ismi almasının sebebi kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Müslüman müelliflerin çoğu, fırka mensuplarının her şeyi hoş ve mubah saydıklarını göz önünde bulundurarak kelimenin Farsça hurrem (şen, neşeli) isminden geldiğini ileri sürerler (meselâ bk. Deylemî, s. 25). Bu arada Mezdek’in, öğretisinin eski bir merkezi olan Erdebil yakınlarındaki Hürrem kasabasına, Hürremiyye adlı bir dağa yahut Belh’in Hürremâbâd köyüne nisbetle fırkanın bu isimle anıldığı şeklindeki görüşler yanında kocasının öldürülmesinin ardından önce Medâin’e, daha sonra Rey’e kaçan ve mezhebi orada yaymaya çalışan Mezdek’in karısı Hürreme’den dolayı fırkanın bu ismi aldığı da söylenmektedir.
Hürremiyye bazan Mezdekiyye ile eş anlamlı olarak kullanıldığı gibi farklı olarak da düşünülmektedir. Kırmızı renkli elbiseler, işaretler ve bayraklar kullandıkları için Hürremiyye’den Muhammire diye bahseden İbnü’n-Nedîm, bu isimle mezhebin bir bölümünü değil genel olarak Mezdek’in hareketini kastetmektedir (el-Fihrist , s. 405). Hürremiyye’yi iki gruba ayıran Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî ise birinci grubun İslâm’dan önceki Mezdekîler, diğerinin de onların devamı olan Bâbekiyye ve Mâzyâriyye fırkaları olduğunu söylemekte ve bu ikincileri Hürremdîniyye adıyla zikretmektedir (el-Farḳ , s. 266). Bağdâdî’nin bu ifadesinden Hürremdîniyye’nin İslâm’dan sonraki Hürremiyye olduğu şeklinde bir sonuç çıkarmak mümkündür. Bu arada Ali b. Hüseyin el-Mes‘ûdî’nin Hürremiyye’nin Mezdekiyye’den farklı olduğu şeklindeki ifadesi ise II. (VIII.) yüzyıl başlarında cereyan eden bazı olaylara bağlı bir değerlendirme şeklinde kabul edilmelidir. Zira Mes‘ûdî, Hürremiyye’yi Horasanlı Ebû Müslim’in mensupları ile aynı fırka olarak kabul etmektedir (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , III, 305). Önceleri İran’da Cibâl bölgesinde yoğun biçimde bulunmalarına rağmen Mezdekîler’den bahsetmeyen İslâmî kaynakların, Keysâniyye’ye bağlı aşırı Şiî unsurlarla birleşerek Emevî devri sonlarına doğru çıkardıkları isyanlardan sonra bu fırkayı ele aldıkları görülmektedir. Bu husustaki ilk rivayetlerden biri, Abbâsî dâîsi Hıdâş’ın 118 (736) yılından önce Nîşâbur ve Merv’de faaliyet gösterdiği, Hürremîler gibi düşündüğü ve serbest cinsî münasebete izin verdiği şeklindedir (Taberî, VII, 109).
Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî’ye göre Abdullah b. Muâviye’nin aşırı taraftarı olan ve onun ölümünden (129/746-47) sonra kendilerine değişik liderler seçen Hârisiyye fırkası da Hürremdîniyye adıyla anılmıştır (Kitâbü’z-Zîne , s. 298). Bundan, Hârisiyye ve Hıdâşiyye’nin Horasan ve Batı İran’da kısmen çevredeki eski Mezdekîler’den teşekkül etmiş ve Abdullah b. Muâviye tarafından bir müddet kontrol altında bulundurulmuş olması sonucu çıkarılabilir. Genel olarak İslâm müelliflerine göre Hürremiyye fırkasının kuruluş amacı hâkimiyetin Araplar’dan Acemler’e geçmesini sağlamaya dayanmaktadır (meselâ bk. Makdisî, V, 134). Bundan dolayı Emevîler’i ortadan kaldıran ihtilâlin lideri, Arap hâkimiyetine karşı İranlılar’ın kendilerini ispat etmesinin sembolü kabul edilen ve sonunda Abbâsî zulmüne uğrayan Horasanlı Ebû Müslim Mezdekî Hürremîler’i en çok etkileyen kişi olmuş, daha sonra da Hürremiyye ile Ebû Müslim taraftarlığı özdeşleşmiştir. Bu sebeple birçok müellif Hürremiyye’yi Ebû Müslim’i imam, peygamber ve hatta Allah’ın kendisine hulûl ettiği kimse olarak kabul eden Müslimiyye ile aynı fırka olarak kabul etmiştir. Bazı kaynaklar Hürremiyye’yi, Ebû Müslim’in öldürülmesinden sonra onun radikal Abbâsî aleyhtarı olan taraftarları şeklinde açıklamaktadır. Mes‘ûdî’ye göre Horasan Hürremiyyesi Ebû Müslim’in 137 (755) yılında Halife Mansûr tarafından idam edilmesinden sonra belirgin bir şekilde ortaya çıkmış, bunların Müslimiyye diye anılan bölümü Ebû Müslim’in ölmediğini, asla ölmeyeceğini ve dünyada adaleti hâkim kılacağını iddia ederken diğerleri onun ölümünü kabul ederek yerine kızı Fâtıma’nın imam olduğu düşüncesini benimsemişlerdir. Fâtımiyye ismini alan bu fırkanın mensupları, Fâtıma’nın neslinden gelecek bir kişinin yeryüzüne hâkim olacağına ve Abbâsî idaresini yıkıp kendi saltanatını kuracağına inanıyorlardı (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , III, 305).
Ebû Müslim’in idam haberinin yayılması üzerine onun eski dostlarından olan Sindbâd (Senfâd veya Senbâz) adlı bir kişi isyan ederek Mezdekî, Şiî ve Zerdüştîler’den oluşturduğu bir ordu ile Nîşâbur’dan Rey’e hareket etti. Cibâl ve Taberistan’dan iltihak eden kuvvetlerle güçlenen Sindbâd Arap hâkimiyetini sona erdirip Kâbe’yi yıkacağını, Ebû Müslim’in ölmeyip kısa bir süre sonra mehdî olarak ortaya çıkacağını ileri sürdü. Abbâsî Halifesi Mansûr’un kumandanlarından Cehver b. Merrâr el-İclî kumandasındaki orduyla Rey ve Hemedan arasındaki Mefâze’de karşılaşıp savaşa tutuşan Sindbâd yetmiş gün sonra mağlûp edilerek öldürüldü, böylece Hürremiyye’nin ilk isyanı bastırılmış oldu (Taberî, VII, 495).
Bundan kısa bir müddet sonra (muhtemelen 140/757 yılında) Ebû Müslim’in ölmediğini, Rey dağlarında yaşadığını, onun Zerdüşt’ün dinini ıslah edeceğini iddia eden İshak et-Türk Mâverâünnehir’de yeni bir isyan başlattı. Fakat onun faaliyetleri ve isyanının neticesi hakkında kaynaklarda kesin bilgi bulunmamaktadır.
Ebû Müslim’in ölümünden yaklaşık yirmi yıl sonra ortaya çıkan, Rizâmiyye fırkasına mensup olduğu bilinen ve Mâverâünnehir’de bir ihtilâl hareketinin liderliğini yapan Mukanna‘ el-Horasânî’nin faaliyetleri de İslâm kaynaklarınca genel olarak Hürremiyye hareketinin bir uzantısı olarak kabul edilir (bk. KEYSÂNİYYE ).
II. (VIII.) yüzyıl ortalarında İran’ın batısındaki Mezdekîler de yaygın olarak Hürremiyye adını kullanıyorlardı. 162 (779) yılında Cürcân’da isyan eden Muhammire, Müslimiyye ile davalarını birleştirmek suretiyle Ebû Müslim’in sağ olduğunu ve çağını ıslah edeceğini ileri sürmüş, ve onun genç torunu Ebü’l-Gazâ’yı kendilerine lider seçip Rey’e kadar ilerlemeye muvaffak olmuşlarsa da Ömer b. Alâ kuvvetleri tarafından mağlûp edildiler. Bundan sonra da zaman zaman Isfahan, Cürcân, Azerbaycan, Hemedan ve Rey’de çeşitli isyanlar çıkaran Hürremîler devlet güçleri karşısında tutunamamışlardır.
Hürremiyye’nin Arap ve İslâm aleyhtarı hareketi, Bâbek el-Hürremî’nin 201-223 (816-838) yılları arasında Azerbaycan’da başlatıp sürdürdüğü isyanla zirveye ulaştı. Me’mûn ve Mu‘tasım devirlerinde yirmi yılı aşkın bir süre devlet güçlerini meşgul eden bu isyan, Mu‘tasım’ın kumandanı Afşin tarafından Bez Kalesi zaptedilip Bâbek’in yakalanarak öldürülmesine kadar devam etti. Bâbek’in ölümünden sonra da 300 (912-13) yılına kadar İsfahan’da çeşitli aralıklarla isyanlar görüldü. IV. (X.) yüzyılda Fars, Ahvaz, İsfahan, Burç, Saymere, Dînever, Kum, Rey, Kâşân, Taberistan dağları, İrmîniye, Cürcân ve Horasan’da da muhtelif Hürremî gruplarının mevcut olduğu kaynaklarda belirtilmektedir (İbnü’l-Esîr, VIII, 269). Hürremiyye’nin VI. (XII.) yüzyılda Hemedan’ın kuzeybatısındaki Ensâbaz, Derkezin ve Azerbaycan’da bulunuşu fırkanın en son anılmaları olarak görülür (Bündârî, s. 124).
Hürremiyye kendi arasında çeşitli fırkalara ayrılmıştır. Mes‘ûdî kendi zamanında bunların Kûdekiyye (Kûdşâhiyye veya Kürdşâhiyye) ve Lûdşâhiyye olarak iki kısma ayrıldığını, bu iki fırkanın çoğunluğu teşkil ettiğini belirtir. Kûdekiyye’nin, Ebû Müslim’in kızı Fâtıma’dan oğlu veya torunu olan ve Kûdek-i Dânâ denilen Mehdî b. Feyrûz’dan dolayı bu ismi almış olması muhtemeldir.
Kaynaklarda, İslâm öncesi İran inançları ve aşırı Şîa düşüncelerinin tesiri altında kaldığı belirtilen Hürremiyye’nin inanç ve ibadetleri hakkında en sağlıklı bilgileri fırka mensupları ile şahsî temaslar kurup kitaplarını okumak suretiyle elde ettiğini belirten Mutahhar b. Tâhir el-Makdisî, Hürremiyye’nin nur ve zulmet esasını kabul eden, tenâsühe inanan düalist bir fırka olduğunu söyler. Bu fırka mensupları, ruhun amellerine göre bedenden bedene intikal ederek ceza veya mükâfat gördüğünü ileri sürerler. Bu arada ruhun hayvan cesetlerine intikal suretiyle azap göreceği de kabul edilir. Ayrıca bütün ruhların yeniden dünyaya döneceği şeklinde rec‘ate benzeyen bir çeşit tenâsühe de inanırlar. Kitapları ve akîdeleri ne olursa olsun bütün peygamberler bir tek ruhtan ilham alırlar. Peygamberlere gelen vahiy hiçbir zaman kesilmez. Gusül, namaz, oruç, hac ve zekât gibi temel ibadet konularıyla ilgisi bulunmayan bu gruba göre bir dine inanan herkes mükâfat ümit edip cezadan korktuğu müddetçe doğru yoldadır. Cemaatlerine kötülük yapmayan ve dinlerine dil uzatmayan kimseye kötülük yapmak veya böylesini aşağılamak doğru değildir. Ayaklanma gibi bir durum olmadıkça kan dökmekten şiddetle kaçınılmalıdır. Ebû Müslim’e karşı duyulan sevgi Hürremiyye’nin bütün fırkalarında görülen bir özellik olup onu öldürdüğünden dolayı Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr’a lânet okurken Fâtıma bint Ebû Müslim’in oğlu Mehdî b. Feyrûz’a salât ve selâm edip rahmet dilerler. Hukukî problemlerini çözmek için başvuracakları imamları ve “firişteh” (melek) denilen dinî rehberleri vardır. Şarap ve diğer alkollü içkileri içmek en hayırlı ve bereketli bir hareket olarak kabul edilir. Bu arada Mâsebezân ve Mihricân-ı Kazak’ta gördüğü kimselerin temizliğe son derece riayet ettiğini, insanlara karşı iyilik ve şefkatle davrandıklarını belirten Makdisî bunlardan bir kısmının, kadınların razı olması halinde serbest cinsî ilişkinin ve herhangi bir kimseye zararı dokunmadığı takdirde nefsin arzu ettiği her şeyin mubah olduğuna inandığını kaydetmektedir (el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ , IV, 30-31). Bu arada fırkanın servet ortaklığına dayanan bir sistem kurduğu yolunda kesin bilgi bulunmamaktadır.
Hürremiyye’nin Mezdekiyye temelleri üzerine kurulmuş bir sistem olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Karâmita ve İsmâiliyye’nin bu fırka ile yakın ilişkisi olduğu ve fikir alışverişinde bulundukları hususu ihtiyatla karşılanmalıdır. Zira Hürremiyye’nin İsmâiliyye doktrini üzerinde etkili olduğu yahut Hürremîler’in geniş ölçüde ilk İsmâiliyye’ye uydukları konusunda yeterli bilgi mevcut değildir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Dîneverî, el-Aḫbârü’ṭ-ṭıvâl , s. 391-392.
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl) , VII, 109, 495; VIII, 143, 266, 339, 667-668.
Nevbahtî, Fıraḳu’ş-Şîʿa , I, 32, 41-42.
Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, Kitâbü’z-Zîne (nşr. Abdullah Sellûm es-Sâmerrâî, el-Ġulüv ve’l-fıraḳu’l-ġāliyye fi’l-ḥaḍâreti’l-İslâmiyye içinde), Bağdad 1982, s. 298, 299, 306.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , s. 438.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , III, 305-306.
a.mlf., et-Tenbîh , s. 352-356.
Nerşahî, Târîḫ-i Buḫârâ (nşr. ve trc. Emîn Abdülmecîd Bedevî – Mübeşşir et-Tırâzî), Kahire 1965, s. 94-103.
Makdisî, el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ , I, 143, 171-172; II, 20-21; III, 122; IV, 8, 30-31; V, 134; VI, 95-97.
Ebû Halef el-Kummî, Kitâbü’l-Maḳālât (nşr. M. Cevâd Meşkûr), Tahran 1963, s. 44-64.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 405-408.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr, el-Muġnî , XX/2, s. 178.
Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ (Abdülhamîd) , s. 266-269; a.e.: Mezhepler Arasındaki Farklar (trc. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı), İstanbul 1979, s. 234, 244, 260, 318, 322, 331.
Bîrûnî, el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye ʿani’l-ḳurûni’l-ḫâliye (nşr. C. E. Sachau), Leipzig 1878, s. 211.
İbn Hazm, el-Faṣl (Umeyre) , I, 187.
Nizâmülmülk, Siyâsetnâme (Bayburtlugil) , s. 282-284, 316-317.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî) , I, 154, 179.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , V, 196, 254; VI, 208, 303, 413, 441, 445; VIII, 269.
Bündârî, Zübdetü’n-Nusra (Burslan) , s. 120, 124.
Deylemî, Meẕhebü’l-Bâṭıniyye , s. 25.
Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, Neşʾetü’l-fikri’l-felsefî fi’l-İslâm , Kahire 1977, II, 262-264.
A. Şükrî Ebû Avz, ez-Zendeḳa ve’z-zenâdiḳa , Amman, ts. (Dârü’l-fikr), s. 129-132.
D. S. Margoliouth, “Hurremiyye”, İA , V/1, s. 596-597.
W. Madelung, “K̲h̲urramiyya”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 63-65.
Louis H. Gray, “Mazandaran”, ERE , VIII, 508.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 500-501 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.