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EYYÂMÜ’l-ARAB Skip to content Câhiliye devrinde ve İslâmiyet’in ilk zamanlarında Arap kabileleri arasında cereyan eden savaşlar için kullanılan bir tabir.
Bu terkipte “savaş” anlamına gelen “gün” mânasındaki yevm kelimesinin çoğulu olan eyyâm ile Arab isminden meydana gelmiştir. Eyyâmü’l-Arab’ın her birine meydana geldiği yere, savaşa yol açan sebeplere veya savaşın sonucuna göre Yevmü Buâs, Yevmü Zûkār, Yevmü Dâhis ve Garbâ, Yevmü Ficâr gibi adlar verilmiştir.
Araplar’ın iki büyük kolu olan Güney Arapları ile (Kahtânîler) Kuzey Arapları (Adnânîler) veya bu iki kola mensup kabileler arasında cereyan eden bu savaşların sayısı çeşitli müelliflere göre 75 ile 1700 arasında değişmektedir. Bir savaşın değişik isimlerle anılması, kabilenin tamamının katılmadığı küçük çatışmaların veya büyük bir harbin içindeki muharebelerin ayrı birer savaş kabul edilmesi eyyâmü’l-Arab’ın sayısını arttırmıştır. Araplar’ın İran ve Bizans gibi komşu devletlerle yaptıkları savaşlar da bazan bu adla anılmıştır.
Eyyâmü’l-Arab çok basit sebeplerden dolayı meydana gelebilirdi. Meselâ Abs kabilesiyle Zübyân kabilesi arasında yıllarca devam eden Yevmü Dâhis ve Yevmü Gabrâ bir at yarışı yüzünden, Ficâr muharebesi Ukâz panayırında oturan birinin ayağını uzatarak, “Araplar’ın en şereflisi benim. Kim benden daha şerefli olduğunu iddia ediyorsa gelsin kılıcını şu ayağıma vursun” demesi üzerine orada bulunanlardan birinin kılıçla onun ayağına vurup kesmesi yüzünden çıkmıştır. Böyle basit olayların yanında siyasî, iktisadî, sosyal ve psikolojik sebeplerden dolayı çıkan savaşlar da vardır.
Eyyâmü’l-Arab genellikle şahıslar veya kabileler arasında çıkan bir tartışma ile başlar, daha sonra savaşa dönüşürdü. Bu savaşlarda sebep ne olursa olsun asıl amaç intikam almaktı. Öyle ki Araplar hasımlarından intikam alıncaya kadar içki içmez, koku sürünmez ve eşlerine yaklaşmazlardı. Câhiliye toplumunda “hak” diye bir kavram bulunmadığından kabilesinden biri öldürüldüğü zaman kılıcını çeken Arap öcünü alıncaya kadar kabilesiyle beraber çarpışırdı. Ölenin intikamının alınmaması kabile ve aile için büyük bir ayıptı; diyete razı olmaksa zilletti. Savaş bittikten sonra tarafların hatip ve şairleri hicviye veya methiyelerle olayı anlatırlardı. Bazan bir hiç yüzünden birkaç kişi arasındaki çatışma ile başlayan savaş daha sonra bütün kabilenin davası haline gelir, sonunda araya girenler anlaşmazlığa son verirlerdi. Araplar bu olayları asla unutmazlardı; böylece hem savaştıkları kabileye karşı intikam duyguları kamçılanır, hem de gösterdikleri başarıdan dolayı övünürlerdi. Tarafların farklı anlatımlarıyla dikkat çeken bu savaş hikâyeleri yüzyıllarca dilden dile dolaşarak günümüze kadar gelmiştir.
Eyyâmü’l-Arab’ın en önemlileri Zûkār, Buâs, Dâhis ve Besûs savaşlarıdır. Zûkār Savaşı Hz. Peygamber kırk yaşında iken Araplar’la İranlılar arasında meydana gelmiştir. Bedir yılında vuku bulduğu da rivayet edilen bu savaş Kisrâ II. Hüsrev’in Şeybânîler’e saldırısıyla başlamış ve onun yenilgisiyle sonuçlanmıştır. İranlılar’a karşı kazandıkları ilk zafer olan bu savaşta Arapların “yâ Muhammed” hitabını parola olarak kullandıkları rivayet edilmektedir.
Buâs Harbi Medine’deki Evs ve Hazrec kabileleri arasında Hz. Peygamber’in Medine’ye hicretinden beş veya altı yıl önce meydana gelmiş ve savaşı Evs kabilesi kazanmıştır. Bu iki kardeş kabile arasında yıllardır devam eden düşmanlık Resûl-i Ekrem’in hicretiyle dostluğa dönüşmüştür.
Abs ve Zübyân kabileleri arasında meydana gelen ve daha sonra Esed, Fezâre ve Gatafân kabilelerinin iştirakiyle büyüyen Dâhis Savaşı, Abs kabilesinin Dâhis adlı bir atıyla Zübyân kabilesinin Gabrâ adlı kısrağı arasındaki yarışta Zübyânîler’in haksızlık yapmalarından çıkmıştır. Bekir b. Vâil ile Tağlib b. Bekir kabileleri arasında cereyan eden Besûs Savaşı, Besûs adındaki yaşlı bir kadına ait bir dişi devenin Tağlibli bir reis tarafından yaralanması sebebiyle çıkmış, aralıklarla kırk yıl devam ettikten sonra Hîre Kralı III. Münzir’in müdahalesiyle sona ermiştir. Haram aylarda yapılan savaşlara ise ficâr adı verilmiştir. Bu savaşlar kabileler arasında kin ve nefretin yayılmasına, çok sayıda insanın ölümüne ve sonuçta Kuzey ve Güney Arabistan’da yabancı güçlerin Araplar’ı hâkimiyetleri altına almalarına yol açmıştır.
Arap edebiyatında bu savaşlarda cereyan eden olayların nesir veya nazım halinde anlatıldığı kıssa çeşidine “eyyâm” adı verilmiştir. Yakınlara yardım, ahde vefa, komşuyu koruma, savaşta sebat etme gibi konuların işlendiği eyyâm türü Arap şiirindeki methiye, hamâse, hiciv gibi edebî türlerin doğmasına yol açmıştır. A‘şâ, Antere, Âmir b. Tufeyl, Hansâ ve Hassân b. Sâbit gibi şairlerin yetişmesinde eyyâmın büyük rolü olmuştur. Şeybânîler’in reisi Bistâm b. Kays, Kinâne’nin süvarisi Rebîa b. Mükeddem, Düreyd b. Sımme, Cessâs b. Mürre ve Hâşim b. Harmele vb. kahramanlar da eyyâmü’l-Arab’da temayüz etmişlerdir.
Eyyâmü’l-Arab’la ilgili rivayetler II. (VIII.) yüzyıldan itibaren tedvin edilmeye başlanmıştır. Ancak bu kitaplar günümüze intikal etmemiştir. Bazı kaynaklarda eyyâmü’l-Arab’a dair anlatılanlar İslâm’ın doğuşundan yaklaşık 150 yıl öncesine ait olaylardır. Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ’nın (ö. 209/824 [?]) biri 75, diğeri 1200 savaş hakkında bilgi veren iki eser kaleme aldığı rivayet edilmektedir. Ebû Ubeyde’nin Neḳāʾiżu Cerîr ve’l-Ferezdaḳ adlı kitabında naklettiği bilgileri esas alan Âdil Câsim el-Beyâtî, İbnü’l-Enbârî’nin Şerḥu’l-Mufaḍḍaliyyât , el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ve el-Eġānî adlı eserleriyle İbnü’l-Esîr’in el-Kâmil ’i ve Şimşâtî’nin el-Envâr fî meḥâsini’l-eşʿâr ’ından faydalanarak seksen dokuz savaşa ait rivayetleri Kitâbü Eyyâmi’l-ʿArab ḳable’l-İslâm adıyla bir araya toplamış ve Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ’nın eseri olarak yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1407/1987). Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî’nin de (ö. 356/967) 1700 savaşı anlatan bir eser yazdığı nakledilmektedir. Hatîb et-Tebrîzî’nin Şerḥu’l-Ḥamâse ’si ile el-Eġānî ’deki eyyâmü’l-Arab’a dair bilgiler oldukça dağınıktır. İbn Abdürabbih’in (ö. 328/940) el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , Bekrî’nin Muʿcem me’staʿcem , Meydânî’nin Mecmaʿu’l-ems̱âl , Yâkūt el-Hamevî’nin Muʿcemü’l-büldân , İbnü’l-Esîr’in el-Kâmil (I, 502-687) ve Nüveyrî’nin Nihâyetü’l-ereb (XV, 338-434) adlı eserlerinde eyyâm menkıbeleri düzenli fasıllar halinde yer almaktadır. İbn Abdürabbih’in el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ’de anlattıkları, Ebû Ubeyde’nin Neḳāʾiżu Cerîr ve’l-Ferezdaḳ ’ındaki bilgilere dayanır. Nüveyrî küçük ilâvelerle el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ’deki bilgileri tekrarlar. İbnü’l-Esîr ise yazdıklarının birçoğunu doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak Ebû Ubeyde’nin eserinden, bir kısmını da günümüze ulaşmayan diğer bazı kaynaklardan almıştır. Onun eyyâm hakkında verdiği bilgiler hem ayrıntılı hem de eserin tarihî hüviyetine uygun olarak kronolojiktir. Meydânî Mecmaʿu’l-ems̱âl ’de Câhiliye döneminde cereyan eden 132 savaştan bahseder.
Câhiliye dönemi tarihi için zengin bir malzeme ihtiva eden eyyâmı tarihçiler ve dilciler kaynak olarak kullanırlar. Nitekim İbnü’l-Esîr eyyâmı tarihî rivayetler içerisinde vermiş, Kâtib Çelebi de ilm-i eyyâmü’l-Arab’ı tarihin bir dalı olarak zikretmiştir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 204). Cerîr ve Ferezdak gibi şairler şiirlerinde eyyâmü’l-Arab’dan bahsederler. Eyyâmü’l-Arab Araplar’ın kahramanlık vasıflarını ortaya çıkarmış, Arap dilini geliştirmiş, atasözlerinin söylenmesine vesile olmuştur. Bu bakımdan Âdil Câsim el-Beyâtî, eyyâmü’l-Arab’ın diğer milletlerdeki destanlar mesabesinde olduğunu ileri sürmektedir (Kitâbü Eyyâmi’l-ʿArab , nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 150-190).
Savaşların kabile hayatında özel bir yeri olduğu için bu savaşları anlatan hikâyelere kabileler ve fertler müşterek bir kültür olarak sahip çıkmışlardır. Nazımla anlatılan savaşlar Araplar’ın divanını meydana getirmiş ve bu sayede Araplar için büyük önem taşıyan kabile nesepleri (ensâb) muhafaza edilmiştir. Ayrıca bunlarda Arapça’ya dair bilgiler verildiği gibi Araplar’ın yaptıkları önemli işler de sergilenmiştir. Gece yapılan sohbet toplantılarında kabilenin gerçekleştirdiği önemli işler arasında anlatılan savaş rivayetleri kabilelerin olaylar karşısındaki temayüllerini de yansıtır. Hadiselerin genellikle tarafgir bir şekilde anlatıldığı bu rivayetlerde bir bütünlük ve düzen bulunmamakla birlikte bunların tarihî gelenekleri aksettirdiği söylenebilir.
Eyyâmü’l-Arab tabiri İslâmî devirde Araplar’ın katıldığı çeşitli savaşlar için de kullanılmıştır. Nitekim Câhiliye devrindeki savaşlar “eyyâmü’l-Arab fi’l-Câhiliyye”, İslâmî dönemde yapılan savaşlar “eyyâmü’l-Arab fi’l-İslâm” diye adlandırılmış ve bununla ilgili kitaplar yazılmıştır (meselâ bk. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim – Ali Muhammed el-Bicâvî, Eyyâmü’l-ʿArab fi’l-İslâm , Kahire 1394/1974). Gazvelerle seriyyeler İslâmî devirdeki eyyâmü’l-Arab’ın ilk örneklerini meydana getirir. Daha sonra Suriye, İran ve Mısır’ın fethiyle sonuçlanan önemli savaşlar da İslâmî dönemdeki eyyâmü’l-Arab’ın diğer örneklerini oluşturmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre , I, 184-187, 286-288, 555-556. Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ, Kitâbü Eyyâmi’l-ʿArab ḳable’l-İslâm (nşr. Âdil Câsim el-Beyâtî), Beyrut 1407/1987, nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 1-302. İbn Abdürabbih, el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , V, 132-268. Meydânî, Mecmaʿu’l-ems̱âl (Ebü’l-Fazl) , IV, 2-32. İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , I, 502-687. Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (Şemseddin) , I, 445-454. Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb , XV, 338-434. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 204. C. Zeydân, el-ʿArab ḳable’l-İslâm , Beyrut, ts. (Dâru mektebeti’l-hayât), s. 296-326. Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, Bulûġu’l-ereb (nşr. M. Behcet el-Eserî), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), II, 68-75. M. Ahmed Câdelmevlâ v.dğr., Eyyâmü’l-ʿArab fi’l-Câhiliyye , Kahire 1361/1942. Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , VIII, 341-387. Ronart, CEAC , s. 137. İzzet Derveze, Târîḫu’l-cinsi’l-ʿArabî , Beyrut 1381/1961, V, 153-159. E. Meyer, Der Historische der Aiyām al-ʿArab , Wiesbaden 1970. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim – Ali Muhammed el-Bicâvî, Eyyâmü’l-ʿArab fi’l-İslâm , Kahire 1394/1974. Nisar Ahmad Faruqi, Early Muslim Historiography , Delhi 1979, s. 40-43. Hasan İbrâhim, İslâm Tarihi , I, 74-82. Hitti, İslâm Tarihi , I, 134-136. Tevfik Berrû, Târîḫu’l-ʿArab ḳable’l-İslâm , İskenderiye, ts. (Müessesetü şebâbi’l-câmia), s. 374-382. Şevkī Dayf, Târîḫu’l-edeb , I, 62-66. Abdülazîz ed-Dûrî, Baḥs̱ fî neşʾeti ʿilmi’t-târîḫ ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1993, s. 15-16, 25-26, 44-45, 125, 131.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 14-16 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.