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EZHERÎ, Muhammed Kerem Şah Skip to content (1918-1998)
Pakistanlı hukukçu, mutasavvıf ve müfessir.
Pencap’ta Sergôda’ya (Sargodha) bağlı Beyra (Bhera) kasabasında doğdu. Asıl adı Muhammed Kerem Şah olup Pîr Sâhib, Ebü’l-Hasenât, Ziyâü’l-Ümmet, Ezherî gibi künye, lakap ve sıfatlarla da anılır. Bahâeddin Zekeriyyâ Mültânî ile (ö. 661/1263) aynı nesilden gelen Ezherî’nin soyu sahâbeden Hebbâr b. Esved’e dayandığı için Kureşî kabul edilir (Maḳālât , neşredenin yazısı, I, 14-15). Babası Muhammed Şah tasavvuf ehli bir âlim, siyaset ve dava adamıdır. Pakistan’ın bağımsızlık mücadelesine katıldığı gibi Keşmir’in bağımsızlığı için de savaştı. Bundan dolayı bir süre hapiste kaldı.
İlk ve orta öğrenimini Beyra’da tamamlayan Ezherî, 1941’de Lahor’daki Oriental College’ın Arap Dili Bölümü imtihanını vererek “fâzıl-ı Arabî” derecesini kazandı. Burada kaldığı bir yıl içinde Diyûbendî Resûl Han’dan Tirmizî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’ini ve diğer bazı eserleri okudu. Resmî eğitimi yanında babası tarafından kurulan Dârülulûm-i Muhammediyye Gavsiyye’de medrese tahsili gördü. 1942-1943 yıllarında Birelvî cemaatinden Naîmüddin Muradâbâdî’nin medresesinde bazı hadis kitaplarını okuyarak icâzet aldı. 1945’te Pencap Üniversitesi’nde İngiliz dili ve edebiyatı lisans öğrenimini tamamladı. 1948’de amcasının kızı Gulâm-ı Hafsa ile evlendi, bu evlilikten altı oğlu ve dört kızı dünyaya geldi. Babasının teşvikiyle 1951’de gittiği Mısır’da Ezher Üniversitesi Hukuk (Şeriat) Fakültesi’ne kaydoldu. Ayrıca Kahire Üniversitesi’ne yüksek lisans için başvurdu, burada hukuk ve Arap dili üzerine eğitim aldı. Bengladeş asıllı Eyüb Ali’nin danışmanlığında “el-Ḥudûd fi’l-İslâm” adlı yüksek lisans tezini hazırlamakta iken babasının rahatsızlığı dolayısıyla tezini bitiremeden 1954’te Pakistan’a döndü (a.g.e. , I, 23-27; Şâkir Hüseyin Han, s. 26-31). Mısır’da iken Suriye, Lübnan ve Ürdün gibi Arap ülkelerine seyahatte bulundu. Mısır’da Muhammed Ebû Zehre’den fıkıh, Ahmed Zekî’den Arap dili ve edebiyatı okudu, M. Mustafa Şelebî ve diğer bazı hocalardan yararlandı.
Babasının vefatı üzerine Çiştiyye tarikatının Beyra kolu şeyhi oldu, ayrıca Beyra’daki Dârülulûm-i Muhammediyye Gavsiyye Medresesi’nin yönetimini üzerine aldı. Ekim 1970’te Żiyâʾey Ḥarem adıyla bir dergi çıkardı, vefatına kadar dergiye başmakale yazdı. Ziyâü’l-Kur’ân Publications adıyla bir yayınevi kurdu. Aktif siyasetten pek hoşlanmayan Ezherî, Pakistan’ın kuruluşundan itibaren ülkede meydana gelen problemler sebebiyle zaman zaman siyasî etkinlikler içerisine girdi. Birelvî ekolü mensuplarınca kurulan Cem‘iyyet-i Ulemâ-i Pâkistan adlı partiye katıldı ve bir süre partinin başkan yardımcılığını yaptı. 1970’teki seçimlerde yürüttüğü çalışmalar sırasında zehirli gazla suikasta uğradıysa da herhangi bir zarar görmeden kurtuldu. 1974’te Kādiyânîler aleyhinde başlatılan faaliyetlerde ön saflarda yer aldı ve mitingler düzenledi. Onun ve diğer ilim ve fikir adamlarının çabaları sonucunda Kādiyânîler, İslâm dışı azınlık ilân edildi (Maḳālât , neşredenin yazısı, I, 62-69; Şâkir Hüseyin Han, s. 35, 470, 472). 1977’de Tahrîk-i Nizâm-ı Mustafa adıyla siyasî bir hareket başlattı. Onun siyasete ilgi duyduğu zamanlardaki en önemli iki sorun, Kādiyânîler’in faaliyetleriyle Zülfikar Ali Butto döneminde hız kazanan komünizm ve sosyalizm propagandaları idi. Butto’yu bazı İslâm dışı davranışları yüzünden dergisinde eleştirdiği için 1977’de dört ay hapse mahkûm edildi. Haziran 1979’da Pakistan İçişleri bakanı ile birlikte Sovyetler Birliği’ni ziyaret ederek resmî ve özel görüşmelerde bulundu. Bu ziyaretinde Taşkent, Buhara, Semerkant, Moskova ve Leningrad gibi şehirleri gezdi.
Devlet başkanlığına gelen Ziyâülhak, Ezherî’ye özel ilgi gösterdi, Haziran 1981’de onu Federal Şeriat Mahkemesi’ne hâkim olarak görevlendirdi. Bu görevi Ağustos 1982’ye kadar sürdü. Ziyâülhakk’ın 14 Ağustos 1982 tarihli kararı ile bu defa Pakistan Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin İslâm Hukuku Temyiz Komisyonu’na hâkim sıfatıyla yedek üye tayin edildi. 7 Ekim 1982’de başladığı bu görev 7 Nisan 1998 tarihine kadar devam etti. Ezherî ayrıca, kanunların İslâm’a uygunluğunu denetleyen ve İslâmî kanunları hazırlayan İslâm Düşüncesi Konseyi’ne raporlar yazdı (M. Kerem Şah el-Ezherî, Maḳālât , II, 425-453; ayrıca bk. Şâkir Hüseyin Han, s. 331-365). 1964-1968 yıllarında Bahâvelpûr İslâm, 1986-1992 arasında İslâmâbâd’daki Kāidiâzam üniversitelerinin mütevelli heyeti üyeliklerinde bulundu. 1971-1976 yıllarında Pakistan Rü’yet-i Hilâl Komitesi’nde üye, 1981-1986 arasında komite başkanı olarak görev yaptı. İsviçre’nin Cenevre şehrindeki Dârülmâl el-İslâmî adlı finans kuruluşunda 1981-1994 arasında üyelik yaptı. Kādiyânîler’in 1988’de Cenevre’deki Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Hakları Komisyonu’nda Pakistan Devleti aleyhine açtıkları davada Pakistan’ı savunmak için Ziyâülhak tarafından oraya gönderildi ve Pakistan’ın haklılığını savunarak ülkesi lehine karar verilmesini sağladı. Ancak kendisi Pakistan’a dönmeden Ziyâülhak öldü (M. Kerem Şah el-Ezherî, Tecelliyât-ı Żiyâʾü’l-ümmet , s. 443-453; Şâkir Hüseyin Han, s. 52).
Biri 2 Haziran 1990’da Dârülmâl el-İslâmî’nin toplantısı için, diğeri 1991’de olmak üzere iki defa Türkiye’yi ziyaret eden Ezherî (seyahatleri için bk. a.g.e. , s. 57-62) 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren zaman zaman sağlık problemleri yaşadı. 1995’te bir süre İngiltere’de tedavi gördü. Pakistan’a dönünce Mari (Murree) kasabasına yerleşti ve burada Żiyâʾü’n-nebî adlı kapsamlı sîret kitabının yazımına devam etti. 26 Aralık 1997’de büyük oğlu Muhammed Emînü’l-Hasenât’ı kendisinden sonra tarikatın şeyhliğine aday gösterdi ve ona hırka giydirdi. 7 Nisan 1998’de İslâmâbâd’da vefat etti, cenazesi ertesi gün Beyra’da dedesi Pîr Emîr Şah (Emîrü’s-Sâlikîn) Türbesi’ne defnedildi. Ezherî Arapça, Farsça, İngilizce ve Almanca biliyordu.
Ezherî’ye Ziyâülhak, Pakistan devlet ve Âzad Keşmir Devleti imtiyaz nişanı, Mısır devlet başkanı birinci dereceden devlet nişanı vermiş, vefatından sonra başta Pakistan olmak üzere birçok ülkede onun için anma toplantıları yapılmıştır (Tecelliyât-ı Żiyâʾü’l-ümmet , s. 505-590). Öğrencileri, içinde “Ziyâü’l-ümmet” ve “Kerem” (al-Karam) kelimelerinin geçtiği (meselâ bk. Al-Karam Scholars Association, AKSA) çok sayıda eğitim ve sosyal dayanışma kurumu oluşturmuştur. Ezherî’nin mutedil çizgisini ve misyonunu büyük oğlu Muhammed Emînü’l-Hasenât Şah üstlenmiş, 2013 seçimlerinde Sergôda milletvekili seçilerek Navaz Şerîf hükümetinde dinî işlerden sorumlu devlet bakanı olmuş, diğer oğlu Muhammed Muhsin Şah da 1997 seçimlerinde Pencap Eyalet Meclisi’ne milletvekili seçilmiştir.
Güçlü bir tasavvufî yönü bulunan Ezherî’nin ilk şeyhi Muhammed Ziyâeddin el-Çiştî’dir. Çiştî’nin 1950’de vefatı üzerine Hâce Kamerüddin Siyâlvî’ye intisap etmiş, ondan tasavvuf dersleri almış, Çiştiyye tarikatı şeyhi olarak Beyra merkezli bir cemaatin lideri sıfatıyla Pakistan’da ve Pakistan dışında yürüttüğü faaliyetleri vefatına kadar sürdürmüştür. Tasavvuf konusundaki düşüncelerini 1953 yılı gibi erken bir dönemde Kahire’de yazdığı Peymân-ı Ser-fürûşî adlı risâlede ortaya koymuş, özellikle Mecmûʿa-i Veżâʾif maʿa Delâʾilü’l-ḫayrât adlı eserinde tasavvufa dair görüşlerine yer vermiştir. Ezherî, tahsil hayatı boyunca gençlerin tarikat yapılanması içerisine girerek tasavvuf eğitimi almalarına karşı çıkmış, onların öncelikle derslerine yönelmelerini istemiştir. Çiştiyye tarikatında önemli bir yeri olan semâ ve mûsikiyle ilgili olarak da bunun Kur’an’da yasaklanan “lehve’l-hadîs” kapsamına girmediği yönünde görüş beyan etmiştir (M. Kerem el-Ezherî, Żiyâʾü’l-Ḳurʾân , III, 599-601; tasavvufî yönü için bk. Şâkir Hüseyin Han, s. 452-456, 472-495).
Bazı resmî görevlerine rağmen Ezherî’nin esas meşguliyeti Beyra merkezli olmak üzere yürüttüğü eğitim faaliyetleridir; telif çalışmalarına da büyük önem vermiştir. Beyra’daki Dârülulûm-i Muhammediyye Gavsiyye Medresesi’ni hem fizikî şartlar hem de müfredat ve eğitim kalitesi bakımından geliştirmiş, medrese müfredatına dil, siyaset ve ekonomi gibi dersler eklemiş, bu medreseyi bitirenlerin üniversite mezunu sayılmalarını sağlamıştır. Medresenin Pakistan’da ve Pakistan dışında şubeleri açılmış, 1990’da Beyra’da sadece kızların yüksek tahsil göreceği bir okul faaliyete başlamıştır. Neticede Birelvî ekolüne mensup oldukları halde mutedil davranan ve diğer cemaatlere karşı ılımlı bir çizgi izleyen bir nesil yetişmiştir (a.g.e. , s. 56).
Ezherî, cemaatin genel kanaatinin aksine müslümanlar arasındaki ihtilâfların giderilmesini ve tarafların birbiriyle medenî ilişkiler içerisinde bulunmasını savunmuştur. Tefsirinin girişinde Birelvî ve Diyûbendî cemaatlerinden bahseder, bunların temelde aynı şeyi söylediklerini, fakat konuları sunuş biçiminde ölçüsüz davrandıkları için aralarında ihtilâf çıktığını söyler. Diğer ilmî ihtilâflar ise tarafların birbirini tekfir etmesine yol açmayacak niteliktedir (Żiyâʾü’l-Ḳurʾân , Mukaddime, I, 11). İslâm birliğinin ve müslüman kardeşliğinin kaynağı olarak Kur’an’ı gören Ezherî (Şâkir Hüseyin Han, s. 384-385) ekolün kurucusu Rızâ Han Birelvî ve diğer aşırı Birelvîler gibi davranmamış, Diyûbendîler’i tekfir etmemiş, onları insaf dairesinde eleştirmiştir. Bu konuda çok erken bir dönemde farklı düşüncelerini ortaya koyarak ihtilâfları sona erdirmek ya da hafifletmek için bir öneri paketi hazırlamış, bunu 1976’da yayımlayarak tarafları itidale çağırmıştır. Birbirini anlamadan görüş beyan edilmemesi, tekfirden kaçınılması ve Hz. Peygamber hakkında daha dikkatli davranılması şeklinde özetlenebilecek bu öneri paketi bir hayli dikkat çekmiştir. Bununla birlikte, Diyûbendîler’e karşı olan yumuşak tutumu ve onları da Ehl-i sünnet çerçevesinde görmesi sebebiyle bizzat Birelvîler tarafından tekfir edilmiştir.
İslâm hukuku Ezherî’nin uzmanlık alanlarının başında gelir. Bu konuda önemli eserleri yoksa da mahkemeler için yazdığı raporlarla verdiği kararlardan oluşan derleme kitaptan onun hukuk anlayışını çıkarmak mümkündür. Fıkıh hususunda genellikle Hanefî çizgisini takip etmiş, zaman zaman kendisi de Kur’an ve hadislerden hüküm çıkarmış, Hanefîler’in kullandığı hadisleri tenkide tâbi tutmuştur. Hz. Peygamber’e karşı sevgi ve sünnetine bağlılık Ezherî’de çok ileri derecededir. Bu hususu hadis inkârcılarına reddiye olarak yazdığı ilk kitabı Sünnet-i Ḫayrü’l-enâm ’da, hazırladığı Kur’an tefsiri ve tercümesinde Resûl-i Ekrem’le ilgili âyetlerin tefsirinde ortaya koymuştur (Birışık, s. 278-281). Hayatının projesi olarak telif ettiği Żiyâʾü’n-nebî de bu konuda çok önemlidir. Eserin son iki cildinde Batılı yazarların görüşlerine onların orijinal metinlerini naklederek cevap vermesi konuya bilimsel yaklaştığını göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Ezherî hakkında gerek sağlığında gerekse vefatından sonra çok sayıda kitap yazılmış, birçok dergi ve özel sayı yayımlanmıştır. Bunların başında Ahmed Bahş’ın Ezherî’den izin alarak 1983’te hazırlamaya başladığı Cemâl-i Kerem adlı kitap gelir. Kitabın ilk cildi Ezherî hayatta iken basılmış, vefatından sonra 2002 yılında üç cilt olarak tamamlanmıştır.
Eserleri. 1. Żiyâʾü’l-Ḳurʾân. Yazımına 28 Şubat 1960’ta başlanan ve ilk cildi 1965’te neşredilen tefsir 1977’de tamamlanmış, tam baskısı üç büyük cilt halinde yapılmışsa da bunun kullanışsız olması sebebiyle yeniden düzenlenip beş cilt olarak yayımlanmıştır (Lahor 1978). Tefsirin Amme cüzünü ihtiva eden kısmı Mevlânâ Muhammed Hasan Bahşî tarafından Sindce’ye çevrilmiştir (baskı yeri yok, 1987). Bazı tarihî olayların anlatımı için yirmi iki haritanın yer aldığı tefsir sade bir dille yazılmıştır. Żiyâʾü’l-Ḳurʾân gerek düzenlemesi gerekse ayrıntılı fihristiyle bölgede neşredilen tefsirler arasında ilk sırada yer alır (a.g.e. , s. 270-281; Muhammad Sultan Shah, LXXXIV [2009], s. 3-18). 2. Cemâlü’l-Ḳurʾân. Żiyâʾü’l-Ḳurʾân için hazırlanan meâl-tefsirle birlikte ve müstakil olarak defalarca basılmış, İngilizce’ye de çevrilmiştir (Jamāl ul Qurʾān: The Beauteous Qur’ān [trc. Anis Ahmad Sheikh], Lahore 2000). 3. Żiyâʾü’n-nebî (I-VII, Lahor 1993-1998). Yazımına 1983’te başlanan ve 1997’de tamamlanan kitabın III. cildinin ilk sayfaları “teberrüken” İstanbul Eyüp Sultan Camii’nde yazılmıştır. Pakistan Devleti 1415 yılı mevlid kandilinde (21 Ağustos 1994) eserin basılan ilk üç cildine sîret ödülü vermiş, Ezherî aynı yıl Keşmir Devleti tarafından da ödüllendirilmiştir. Sîret telifleri arasında özel bir yere sahip olan kitap birçok defa basılmış, İngilizce’ye de çevrilmiştir (Ziā-un-Nabī- Life of Prophet Muhammad [trc. Muhammad Qayyum Awan], I-VII, Lahor 2012) (Tecelliyât-ı Żiyâʾü’l-ümmet , s. 317-373). 4. Sünnet-i Ḫayrü’l-enâm (Karaçi 1955, 1965, 1971; Lahor 1998, 1999, 2007). Ehl-i Kur’ân (Kur’âniyyûn) ekolünden Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz’in düşüncelerine karşı reddiye olarak yazılmıştır. 5. Maḳālât (ed. Ahmed Bahş, I, Lahor 1983; I-II, Lahor 1990, 1998). 6. Żiyâʾü’l-ümme key ʿAdâletî Fayṣaley (Lahor 2003). Eserde mal gasbı, recm, nüfus cüzdanına resim yapıştırmanın şer‘î hükmü, hadler, zina suçunu ve cezasını belirleyen kanunun değerlendirilmesi, Pakistan merkez bankası, şüf‘a, diyet gibi konulara dair olarak müellifin yüksek mahkeme için hazırladığı raporlar, kararlar ve bunların geniş tartışması yer almaktadır. 7. Fitne-i İnkâr-ı Ḫatm-i Nübüvvet (Lahor 1990). Kādiyânîler’in nübüvvete ve Hz. Peygamber’in son peygamber olup olmadığına dair düşüncelerine reddiye olarak 2-3 Nisan 1984 tarihindeki “All Pakistan Azameti Tâcdâr-ı Hatm-i Nübüvvet Konferans” adlı toplantıda sunulmak üzere hazırlanmış bir çalışmadır. 8. Peymân-ı Ser-fürûşî (Lahor, ts.). Ezherî’nin tasavvufa ve tarikatların tekke düzenine dair 1953’te kaleme aldığı bir risâlesidir. 9. Rüʾyetü’l-hilâl (Lahor 1985).
Ezherî’nin yazıları ve konuşmalarından şu eserler derlenmiştir: Sehâbü’l-Kerem (Lahor 1988); Ḥażret-i Żiyâʾü’l-ümmet ka Ḥüsn-i Taḥrîr (haz. Târık İsmâil Sager, Lahor 2002); Ḫuṭabât-ı Żiyâʾü’l-ümmet (haz. Halîfe Melik Muhtâr Ahmed Mücâhid, Beyra, ts.); Ebr-i Kerem: Pîr Muḥammed Kerem Şâh el-Ezherî ki Eyyâm-ı Esîrî ki Teḳārîr (haz. Gül Muhammed Feyzî, Lahor 2003, 2005, Ezherî’nin Sergôda Hapishanesi’nde iken mahkûmlara yaptığı konuşmalar); İrşâdât-ı Żiyâʾü’l-ümmet (haz. M. Ekrem Sâcid, Lahor 2004); Mekâtib-i Żiyâʾü’l-ümmet (haz. M. İ‘câz Ahmed Gondal, Lahor 2002). Ezherî ayrıca Diyûbendî ekolünün kurucusu Muhammed Kāsım Nânevtevî’nin Taḥẕîru’n-nâs adlı eseri üzerine bir ta‘lik çalışması yapmış (Lahor 1986), Cezûlî’nin Delâʾilü’l-ḫayrât ’ını bazı eklerle birlikte Mecmûʿa-i Veẓâʾif maʿa Delâʾili’l-ḫayrât adıyla Urduca’ya tercüme etmiş (Lahor 1985), Şah Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî’nin Aṭyebü’n-naġam isimli kasidesini Ḳaṣîde Aṭyebü’n-naġam adıyla tercüme ve şerhetmiştir (Lahor 1985, 2004).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 431-433 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.