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FERMAN Skip to content Tuğralı padişah emri.
Dîvân-ı Hümâyun veya Paşakapısı’ndaki divanlarda alınan kararlara uygun olarak yazılan ve üzerinde tuğra bulunan padişah emirlerinin (buyruk) genel adıdır. Bu kelime, padişaha ait olduğunu ifade eden “âlî-şân, hümâyun, pâdişâhî, şerif” veya itibarının yüksek olduğunu gösteren “celîlü’l-kadr”; mutluluk ve müjde belirten “saâdet-unvân, beşâret-unvân”; şeref verdiğini ifade eden “şeref-iktirân”, mutlaka uyulması gerektiğini gösteren “vâcibü’l-iz‘ân, vâcibü’l-imtisâl”; dünyanın itaat ettiği bir buyruk olduğunu bildiren “cihân-mutâ‘”; güçlü bir itibarı bulunduğunu ifade eden “kadr-tüvân”; tatbikine karşı çıkılamayacağını gösteren “kazâ-cereyân” gibi sıfatlarla birlikte kullanılırdı. Fermanla eş anlamlı olan emir ve hüküm kelimelerinin “emr-i âlî, emr-i şerîf, emr-i pâdişâhî, emr-i münîf-i vâcibü’l-ittibâ‘; hükm-i şerîf ve hükm-i cihân-mutâ‘” şeklinde terkipler halinde kullanıldığı da görülmektedir.
Yazılış Sebepleri. Sefer açılması, asker sevki, vergi vb. devlet işlerine dair olan fermanlar doğrudan doğruya Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un kararı ve padişahın emriyle hazırlanıp ilgili şahıslara gönderilirdi. Fermanların büyük bir kısmı ise beylerbeyi, sancak beyi, kadı gibi görevlilerin mektup veya arzı yahut halktan birinin arzuhali üzerine konunun divanda görüşülüp bir karara bağlanması sonunda hazırlanırdı. Bazan doğrudan doğruya padişahın emriyle, sancaktaki bir şehzadenin isteği ve gönderdiği müsvedde üzerine (BA, MD , nr. 3, s. 21) veya devlet kademelerindeki bir görevlinin verdiği örnek esas alınarak da ferman yazılabilirdi (BA, A.DVN , dosya nr. 5/39).
Hazırlanış Safhaları. Divana gelen meselelerden lüzum görülenler yazılı veya sözlü olarak padişaha arzedilir ve ferman da padişahın telhisin üzerine kendi hattı ile (hatt-ı hümâyun) yazdığı emir doğrultusunda kaleme alınırdı. Meselenin divanda görüşülmesi halinde, karara bağlandıktan sonra fermanın müsveddesinin hazırlanması için arzın üzerine ya sadece “buyruldu” kelimesiyle veya fermanın ne gibi bir şartla verildiğini belirten kısa bir notla işaret edilir, bazan da fermana esas olacak buyruldu beyaz üzerine yazılırdı. Ferman müsveddesi buyruldudaki tâlimata göre hazırlanırdı.
Müsveddenin kimin tarafından hazırlanacağı meselenin önem derecesiyle olduğu kadar konunun hangi görevlinin sahasına girdiğiyle de ilgiliydi. Meselâ arazi meseleleriyle ilgili fermanların müsveddeleri daima nişancı tarafından hazırlanırdı. Divandan verilen bir ferman özel itinayı gerektiriyorsa müsveddeyi reîsülküttâb bizzat hazırlar, diğerleri ise kâtiplerden biri tarafından yazılırdı. Müsveddesi bir kâtip tarafından yapılanlar da çok defa reîsülküttâb, bazan da nişancının kontrolünden geçerdi. Fermanın tuğrası genellikle temizinin yazılmasından sonra çekilirse de önceden hazırlanmış tuğralı kâğıtlara yazıldığı da olurdu. Tuğralar daha çok nişancı tarafından çekilmekle beraber ihtiyaç duyulduğunda vezirler de yardım ederdi. Sadrazamın serdâr-ı ekrem olarak sefere çıktığı zamanlarda “beyaz tuğralı ahkâm kâğıtları” hazırlanıp verilir ve sefer sırasında yazılan fermanlarda bunlar kullanılırdı. Padişahın İstanbul’dan ayrılması halinde bırakılan muhafıza da yine tuğra çekilmiş kâğıtlar verilir veya isteği üzerine gönderilirdi (BA, MD , nr. 5, s. 612/1698). Serdar tayin edilenlere daha önce gönderilen tuğralı kâğıtların yetmemesi halinde yeniden bir miktar kâğıt yollanırdı (BA, MD , nr. 7, s. 285/807). Bunlara “beyaz tuğra, beyaz tuğralı hükm-i şerîf, tuğralı beyaz ahkâm kâğıdı” (Selânikî, I, 66, 150) yahut “nişanlı kâğıt” (BA, MD , nr. 7, s. 289/819) gibi isimler verilirdi.
Ferman gönderilen vazifelinin emredilen hususu süratle yerine getirmesi gerekmekle beraber ihmal vb. sebepler dolayısıyla fermanların tekidine ihtiyaç duyulduğunda ikinci fermanda mutlaka bir de tehdit rüknü bulunurdu (TSMA, nr. E. 664/66). Emrin süratlendirilmesini temin maksadıyla gönderilen istîcal emirleri de bu gruba girmektedir. Fermanın bir müracaat üzerine tekidi halinde arada, verilen emrin aksine bir ferman çıkıp çıkmadığı ilgili kalemlerin kayıtlarından kontrol edilerek “derkenar” olunur, yeni fermanda bu hususa işaret edilip fermanın derkenar mûcibince çıktığı belirtilerek eski ferman ve kayıtlara atıfta bulunulurdu (TSMA, nr. E. 5226/33).
Tahtta değişiklik meydana geldiğinde eski fermanların yürürlükte olduğunu göstermek üzere yeni padişahın tuğrasını taşıyanlar gönderilerek fermanlar yenilenirdi.
Menşelerine Göre Fermanlar. Fâtih Kanunnâmesi’nde “tuğrâ-yı şerîf ile ahkâm buyurulma”nın mülkî işler için sadrazam, malî işler için defterdar, şer‘-i şerîf üzere görülen davalarda ise kazasker buyruldusu ile yazılacağına işaret edilmiştir (Kanunnâme-i Âl-i Osman , s. 36). Sadrazam ve kazasker buyruldularıyla yazılan fermanlar Dîvân-ı Hümâyun kalemlerinde hazırlanırdı. Ancak divandan verilen fermanlar da mahiyetlerine göre bazı değişiklikler gösterir. Fermanların bir kısmında sadece “ferman” ve “emir”, bir kısmında ise bunlara ilâveten “hüküm” tabiri görülür. Vezirlik, beylerbeyilik gibi memuriyet tevcihi fermanlarında ferman ve emir kelimelerine hiç rastlanmaz, fakat mutlaka tevcihin yıl, ay ve gün sırasıyla hangi tarihte yapıldığına işaret edilirdi (TSMA, nr. E. 770/67, 235, 329). Yeni tevcihlerde nasıl hareket edilmesi gerektiği bildirilenlerle vergi toplanması, Matbah-ı Âmire için istekte bulunulması, mal müsâderesi için gönderilen fermanlarda ise ferman ve emir kelimeleri kullanılmıştır (meselâ bk. BA, A.DVN , dosya nr. 7/71; 37/86; 2130/63, 76; TSMA, nr. E. 5207/64; 664/65, 66). Divandan, herhangi bir şahsın müracaatı yahut şikâyet üzerine gönderilenlerle maliyeden verilen fermanlarda emir ve ferman kelimeleriyle birlikte hüküm kelimesinin de kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Gerçekten “hükm-i şerîf” tabirinin geçtiği fermanlarda nakil rüknünün başında “arz olunmak bâbında hükm-i hümâyunum ricasına arz etmeğin, kondurduğun bildirmeğin, emr-i şerîfim talep etmeğin” vb. ifadeler bulunmakta, “buyurdum ki”den sonra ise “hükm-i şerîfim” ifadesi yer almaktadır (TSMA, nr. E. 4502; 5814/2; 9291/3; BA, A.DVN , dosya nr. 21/2, 3, 4, 35, 37, 38, 59; 37/11, 79, 94; 2130/22).
Fermanın Rükünleri. a) Ferman kelimesinin kullanılması, b) gönderilenin isminin kendine lâyık dua ve senâ ile birlikte yazılması, c) fermanın gönderilmesine sebep olan olayın belirtilmesi, d) gönderenin muradının emredilmesi, e) muradın açıklanması, f) gerekenin tamamlanmasına dua ile nihayet verilmesi. Şartları. a) Tuğra, b) padişaha yakışan ifade, c) gönderilenin rütbesine riayet, d) gönderilenin isminin yazılmasından önce “düstûr-ı mükerrem, mefharü’l-kudât, kıdvetü’l-akrân” gibi senâda; isminden sonra ise “edâmellāhu teâlâ iclâlehû, zîde ilmühû, zîde kadruhû” gibi mevkiine uygun bir duada bulunulması, e) fermanın yazılış sebebinin belirtilmesi (Münşeât Mecmuası , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hâlet Efendi, nr. 760, vr. 24a ).
Osmanlı diplomatik dilinde “tahmîd” ve “temcîd” adı verilen, bugün “davet” denilen ilk rükün yalnız fermanın değil diğer bütün belgelerin de başında yer alır. Ancak bu rükün fermanda son derece basit olup sadece “hüve” veya “hû” zamiriyle Allah’ın adının zikredilmesi şeklindedir. Davetten hemen sonra ve ferman metnine geçilmeden önce fermanın padişah emri olduğunu tasdik makamında tuğra yer alır. Ferman metni, “mürselünileyh” denilen fermanın muhatabı şahsın elkāb ı ile başlar. Osmanlı diplomatiğinde, Osmanlı devlet erkânına olsun yabancı hükümdar veya devlet adamlarına olsun, yazılacak yazılarda kullanılacak elkāb ayrı ayrı tesbit edilmiştir. Herkes için işgal ettiği mevkiye göre elkāb kullanılmıştır. Fermanlar çok defa birden fazla mevki sahibine hitaben yazılırdı. Birkaç kadıya, bir beylerbeyi veya bir sancak beyi ile bir kadı ve voyvodaya, yahut bunlarla birlikte yeniçeri serdarları ve iş erlerine bir arada hitap eden fermanlar hayli çoktur. Bazı fermanların hem idarî hem kazâî otoriteyi muhatap almasının sebebi, meselenin sadece dava konusu olmakla kalmayıp mülkî âmiri de ilgilendirmesiydi. Böyle birden fazla şahsı muhatap alan fermanlarda her birine ait elkāb vazifelilerin mertebe sırasına göre (beylerbeyi-sancak beyi-kadı-defterdar-vakıf mütevellisi gibi) ayrı ayrı yazılırdı. Çok defa elkābdan sonra isim konmazdı. XVIII. yüzyılda ise isim bulunması lâzım gelen yerler boş bırakılmıştır. Fekete bunu, fermanların yazılışı sırasında fermanın muhatabı olan makamı işgal eden şahsın isminin kâtiplerce bilinmemesine bağlamakta; Nedkov ise Osmanlı kalemlerinde mükemmel bir teşkilât olduğunu, bütün vergi mükellefleriyle ilgili kayıtların kolaylıkla bulunabildiğini belirterek isim yerlerinin boş bırakılması keyfiyetinin o isimlerin bilinmemesi veya ihmalkârlık sonucu araştırılmamasından değil yazılmasına gerek duyulmamasından kaynaklandığı üzerinde durmaktadır. Ona göre fermanlar hukukî birer belgedir ve bunun için de belirli şahısların adıyla bağlanamazlar; şahısların değişmesi bunların ihtiva ettiği emirlerin yerine getirilmesini engellemez. Zira kanun ve nizamlar o mevkii işgal eden kim olursa olsun uygulanacaktır (Nedkov, s. 136-137).
Elkābdan sonra mutlaka dua rüknü yer alır, bu da elkābda olduğu gibi fermanın yazıldığı şahsın mevkiine göre olurdu. Her vazifeli için kullanılacak dua da tesbit edilmişti.
Duadan sonraki rükün fermanın yazılma sebebinin izahıdır ki buna “nakil/iblâğ” (narratio/expositio) denir. Ancak nakilden önce, dua ile nakil kısmını bağlayıcı mahiyette olan “tevkī‘-i refî‘-i hümâyun vâsıl olıcak ma‘lûm ola ki” ibaresi yer alır. İlk devirlere ait fermanlarda bu formül biraz farklıdır. Meselâ Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devri fermanlarında “tevkī‘-i refî‘-i cihân-mutâım vâsıl olıcak bilesiz ki / ma‘lûm ola ki” şekilleri görülür (İnalcık, TTK Belleten , XI/44 [1947], s. 697-703). Bundan sonra konuya geçilir. Nakil kısmı konunun önemine yahut nakledilen olayın mahiyetine göre kısa veya uzun olur. Bazan bir cümle ile özetlenebildiği halde bazan fermanın büyük kısmı nakil rüknüne ayrılır. Eğer ferman devlet işleriyle ilgili olup divandan re’sen verilmişse hemen gönderilme sebebine geçilip izah edilir. Meselâ bir memuriyet tevcihi söz konusu ise, “Sen müstahıkk-ı inâyet ve müstevcih-i âtıfet olduğun ecilden hâliyâ hakkında mezîd inâyet-i aliyye-i şâhânem vücûda getirip işbu sene semâne ve hamsîn ve elf zilka‘desinin yirminci gününde Diyarbekir eyâleti hatt-ı hümâyûn-ı saâdet-makrûnumla sana tevcih ve inâyet edip…” (Diyarbekir eyaletinin kapıcıbaşı Ahmed’e tevcihine dair evâhir-i Zilka‘de 1058 [5-14 Ocak 1649] tarihli ferman: TSMA, nr. E. 664/62; aynı meâlde Muhsinzâde Mehmed Paşa’nın Rumeli eyaletine tayinine dair evâil-i Şevvâl 1177 [3-12 Nisan 1764] tarihli ferman: TSMA, nr. E. 770/329) şeklinde önce fermanın yazıldığı şahsın liyakatinden ve devlete bağlılığından bahsedilip sonra tevcih edilen şey tevcih tarihiyle birlikte bildirilir.
Eğer ferman devlet kademelerinden birinde vazifeli bir şahsın müracaatı veya bir şikâyet üzerine verilmişse bu şahıstan bahsetmek icap edeceğinden isminden önce mevkiine uygun bulunan elkāba yer verilir. Fakat buradaki elkāb fermanın muhatabı olan şahsın elkābı gibi uzun tutulmaz. Eğer iki şahıstan bahsedilecekse ikisinin elkābı da kendi isimlerinin önünde ayrı ayrı zikredilir. İsimden sonra ise yine mevkilerine uygun dua konulduktan sonra konuya girilip istenilen şey özetlenir. Bazan isimden önce fermanı getiren kastedilerek “dârende-i fermân” denilip söze başlanır. Fermanın yazılmasına sebep olan arz veya arzuhali gönderen şahsın o anda işgal etmekte olduğu mevkii belirtmek için “bi’l-fiil” yahut “sâbık” kelimelerinin kullanıldığı da olur. Bazan da isim yerinde bir zümrenin adına rastlanır.
Nakledilen vak‘anın yeni cereyan etmiş olması halinde “hâliyâ” yahut “şimdiki halde” ibareleri kullanılır. Fermanın yazılmasına sebep olan şey daha önce cereyan etmiş bir olayın anlatılmasını gerektiriyorsa “bundan akdem” veya “bundan evvel” ifadelerinden biri tercih edilir (Schaendlinger, II, s. XIX).
Fermanların büyük bir ekseriyetinde ferman veya aynı mânada olmak üzere emir kelimesi kullanılır. Nitekim bir şikâyet üzerine çıkan fermanlarda nakil kısmının sonunda müracaat sahibinden bahsedilerek “emr-i şerîfim rica etmeğin” veya “emr-i şerîf-i âlî-şânım verilmek ricasına i‘lâm etmeğin” vb. bir formül kullanılarak nakil rüknü bitirilir. Bazan da sadece şikâyet konusu olan şeyin bildirildiğine işaret edilir.
Fermanların nakil kısmına girişte “sen” zamiri kullanılır. Fiillerin bitiş şekli ise çok defa “-sin” veya “-siz” eklerinden hangisiyle bittiği anlaşılacak şekilde yazılmadığından tek kişiye hitaben yazılanlarda daima sen zamirinin kullanıldığı söylenebilir.
Fermanın yazılmasına sebep teşkil eden olay özetlendikten sonra bu konuda verilen emre geçilir. “Emir/hüküm” (dispositio) adı verilen bu rükün iki kısımdan meydana gelir. Birinci kısım genellikle, “imdi vech-i meşrûh üzere amel olunmak bâbında” ibaresiyle başlayıp “fermân-ı âlî-şânım sâdır olmuştur” ibaresiyle son bulur. Padişahın nakil kısmında anlatılan şey hakkındaki tutumu burada belirtilir. Neyin doğru ve gerekli olduğu, eskiden beri var olan tatbikat ve eğer gerekiyorsa böyle bir durumda verilecek cezadan bahsedilir. Bazan sadece fermanın muhatabı tarafından gönderilmiş olan bilginin, yapılan açıklamanın öğrenildiği bildirilir. Nâdiren ise fermanın muhatabının hareketinden dolayı takdir sözlerine yer verilir. Bununla birlikte birçok fermanın bu kısmında padişahın kararı muayyen bir şahsı hedef almamak üzere kısa bir emir şeklinde yer alır. Emrin bu ilk kısmı çok seyrek olarak da “…e icâzet-i şerîfim olmuştur”, yahut “…e rızâ-yı şerîfim yoktur” şeklinde son bulur. Bazan da bu ibarelerin yerine çoğu maliyeden verilmiş eski fermanlara atıf yapılır. Bu ilk kısım, “buyurdum ki” ifadesiyle başlayan emrin ikinci kısmına esas teşkil eder. XVI. yüzyıldaki fermanlarda “buyurdum ki”yi takiben “hükm-i şerîfim / şerîfimle vardıkta” ifadesi kesintisiz olarak devam eder. Hatta “hükm-i şerîf” hiç kullanılmadan “buyurdum ki”den sonra “vüsûl buldukta” şeklinde devam eden fermanlar da vardır. Bazı fermanlarda “buyurdum ki”den sonra hemen “sâdır olan fermân-ı şerîfim mûcebince”, yahut “hatt-ı hümâyun-ı şevket-makrûnumla sâdır olan fermân-ı celîlü’l-kadrim… ile” denilerek emre geçilir. Fermanların bir kısmında “buyurdum ki” ile “vardıkta / vüsûl buldukta” arasında bir açıklık bırakılmıştır. Bu açıklığın tamamen boş bırakıldığı fermanlar olduğu gibi “hükm-i şerîfim” ibaresi ilâve edilmiş olanlarına da rastlanır. Daha ince bir kalem kullanılıp üzerine rik serpilmiş olması dolayısıyla fermanın yazılışı sırasında değil de sonradan ilâve edildiği anlaşılan bu kelimelerden “hüküm”deki “hâ” ile (ح ) “şerîfim”deki “şın” (ش ) dikkat çekecek bir biçimde uzatılmıştır (Fekete, s. XXXVIII).
Emir/hükmün ikinci kısmında belli bir şahıs yahut şahıslar muhatap alınır. Padişahın, nasıl yerine getirileceği veya tatbikatta nelerin yapılmaması gerektiği hususundaki emirleri burada belirtilir; fakat esasta emir/hüküm rüknünün birinci kısmında bildirilenlere pek fazla bir şey eklenmez. Emrin, nakil kısmındaki kelimeler kullanılmak suretiyle üçüncü defa olarak kısaca tekrarlandığı da görülür.
Bazı fermanlarda emir rüknünden sonra sadece, “Şöyle bilesiz, alâmet-i şerîfe itimat kılasız” formülü yer alır ki daha başka bir tekit (sanctio) veya tehdit (comminatio) bulunmayan belgelerde bu ibare tekit rüknü olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu formüle bazı fermanlarda, “Şöyle bilesiz, ona göre amel eyleyesiz, bir türlü dahi etmeyesiz”; “Bir türlü dahi etmeyesiz ve tekrar arza muhtaç eylemeyesiz” gibi şekillerde de rastlanır. Bir kısım fermanlarda emrin yerine getirilmemesi halinde ne gibi bir cezaya çarptırılacağına da, “Özür ve bahane asla makbul ve mesmû olmayıp müstahıkk-ı itâb-ı azîm-i vâki‘ olursız, bilmiş olasız. Ona göre ihtiyât u ihtirâz edip… dahl u taarruz olunmaktan ziyade hazer eyleyesiz” gibi bir ifade ile işaret edilmiştir. Fermanın yazıldığı şahsın affedilmesi halinde kullanılan ifade ise daha değişiktir. Tehdide emir rüknü içinde yer verilen fermanlara da rastlanır.
Fermanlarda tekit/tehdit rüknünden sonra tarih bulunur. Tarihlerin başında genellikle “tahrîren fî”, bazan da “hurrire fî” ibaresi yer alır. Tarih daima yazı ile gün, ay, yıl sırasına göre ve Arapça olarak yazılır. Bununla birlikte ayın tarihinin yazılışı bakımından fermanın cinsine ve yazıldığı büroya göre biraz farklılık vardır. Bazılarında ayın tam tarihi verildiği halde bazılarında sadece “evâil” (1-10), “evâsıt” (11-20) ve “evâhir” (21-30) kelimeleriyle ifade edilen onar günlük bölümlerden hangisinde olduğuna işaret edilmekle yetinilmiştir. Tarih fermanın çıktığı büroya göre farklılık göstermek üzere ya “alâmet-i şerîfe itimat kılalar” ibaresinin hemen devamında ve ferman metninde kullanılan aynı kalemle, yahut da bir ara verilerek daha ince bir kalemle atılırdı. Bu sonuncuların tahrir mahallinin üstüne, müstakil bir satırın sol yarısına yazılması haline de sıkça rastlanır.
Fermanların son rüknü, “mahall-i tahrîr” denilen fermanın yazıldığı yeri gösteren kısımdır. Bu rükün sol alt köşede yer alır. Ferman, İstanbul ve Edirne gibi padişahın devamlı ikamet yerlerinden birinde yazılmışsa şehir isminin başına “be-makām, be-medîne”, sonuna da “el-mahrûsa, el-mahmiyye” kelimeleri ilâve edilirdi. Sefer sırasında konaklanılan yerlerde, diğer bir ifadeyle geçici ikamet yerlerinde yazılanlarda yer adının başına “be-yurt, be-sahrâ, be-meştâ” kelimeleri getirilir, sonuna ise herhangi bir sıfat eklenmezdi. Mahall-i tahrîrin şekli zaman içinde değiştiği gibi fermanın divan veya maliyeden verilmesine göre de biraz farklılık gösterirdi. Arka yüzdeki işaretler ise beratlardaki gibidir.
Sahte Fermanlar. Divan ve maliye kâtiplerinin dürüst ve namuslu kimselerden seçilmesine itina gösterilmesine rağmen zaman zaman sahte fermanlar düzenlenebilmekte, bunlar devlet meseleleriyle ilgili olduğu takdirde düzenleyenin ağır cezaya çarptırılmasına karşılık şahsî meseleler söz konusu olduğunda daha hafif cezalar verilmekteydi (BA, MD , nr. 3, s. 344/1014; nr. 7, s. 283/800; BA , İrade-Meclis-i Vâlâ, nr. 811).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Arşiv Belgeleri. BA, A.DVN , dosya nr. 2, 5/39; 7/71; 21/2, 3, 4, 5, 35, 37, 38, 59; 37/11, 79, 86, 94; 2130/22, 22, 63, 76.
BA, A.NŞT . Ordu, dosya nr. 1.
BA, HH , nr. 408, 415, 8231.
BA , Müzehheb Fermanlar , nr. 65.
BA, MD , nr. 3, s. 21, 53, 344/1014; nr. 5, s. 612/1698; nr. 7, s. 283/800, 285/807, 289/819; nr. 89, s. 4/11; nr. 160, s. 3.
BA , İstanbul Ahkâm Defteri , nr. 2.
BA , Buyuruldu Defteri , nr. 3, s. 24/2.
BA, KK , nr. 67, vr. 210a , 271b .
BA , İrade-Meclis-i Vâlâ, nr. 811.
TSMA, nr. E. 664/62, 65, 66; E. 770/67, 68, 235, 329; E. 4502; E. 5207/64, 5217/1, 9; E. 5226/30, 33; E. 5423/10, 5814/2, 9291/3.
Türk İslâm Eserleri Müzesi, nr. 2285, 2288, 2291, 2293.
Kaynaklar. Fâtih’in Teşkilât Kanunnâmesi (nşr. Abdülkadir Özcan, TD , sy. 33 [1982] içinde), s. 36.
Münşeât Mecmuası , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hâlet Efendi, nr. 760.
Münşeât Mecmuası , Süleymaniye Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 5867.
Feridun Bey, Münşeât , II, İstanbul 1275.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , I, 66, 150.
Belge Neşirleri ve İncelemeler. L. Fekete, Einführung in die osmanisch-türkische Diplomatik der türkischen Botmässigkeit in Ungarn , Budapest 1926.
Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye , s. 364.
a.mlf., “Osmanlı Tarihine Ait Yeni Bir Vesikanın Ehemmiyeti ve İzahı ve Bu Münasebetle Osmanlılarda İlk Vezirlere Dair Mutalea”, TTK Belleten , III/9 (1939), s. 99-106.
M. Guboglu, Paleografa şi Diplomatica Turca-Osmana. Studiu şi Album , Bucarest 1958.
U. Heyd, Ottoman Documents on Palestine, 1552-1615 , Oxford 1960.
a.mlf., “Farmān”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 805.
B. Nedkov, Osmanatirska Diplomatika i Paleografya , Sofia 1966.
M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Medeniyet Tarihi Çerçevesinde Osmanlı Paleografya ve Diplomatik İlmi , İstanbul 1979.
a.mlf., “Venedik Devlet Arşivindeki Türkçe Belgeler Kolleksiyonu ve Bizimle İlgili Diğer Belgeler”, TTK Belgeler , V-VIII/9-12 (1972), s. 14.
A. C. Schaendlinger, Die Schreiben Süleymans der Fräctigen an Vasatten, Militärbeatmte, Beamte und Richter , Wien 1986, II, s. xıx, urkunde nr. 14, 20, 22, 24, 30.
Ayşegül Nadir, Osmanlı Padişah Fermanları , London 1986.
Halil İnalcık, “Bursa Şer‘iyye Sicillerinde Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in Fermanları”, TTK Belleten , XI/44 (1947), s. 697-703.
a.mlf., “Şikâyet Hakkı: ‘Arz-i Hâl ve Arz-i Mahzar’lar”, Osm.Ar. , VII-VIII (1988), s. 40.
N. H. Biegman, “Some Peculiarities of Fermans Issued by the Ottoman Treasury in the Sixteenth Century”, Ar.Ott. , I (1969), s. 9.
Klaus Schwarz, “Zur Blockade der Dardanellen während des venezianisch-osmanischen Krieges um Kreta im Jahre 1650”, WZKM , LXXVII (1987), s. 81.
Bekir Kütükoğlu, “Münşeât Mecmualarının Osmanlı Diplomatiği Bakımından Ehemmiyeti”, Tarih Boyunca Paleografya ve Diplomatik Semineri, 30 Nisan-2 Mayıs 1986 (Bildiriler) , İstanbul 1988, s. 173.
Halil Sahillioğlu, “Ruznamçe”, a.e. , s. 136-137, belge 10-12.
Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, “Mühimme Defterlerindeki Muâmele Kayıdları Üzerine”, a.e. , s. 102-107.
Pakalın , I, 607-608.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 400-406 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.