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FESAD Skip to content Tabii dengenin, sosyal düzenin ve ahlâkî yapının bozuluşunu ifade eden bir terim.
Fesâd Arapça’da masdar olarak “bozulmak, çürümek; sağduyudan sapmak” vb. anlamlara gelir. İsim olarak da “zulüm; çalkantı, düzensizlik; kuraklık, kıtlık” mânalarında kullanılmıştır. Bazı dilciler fesadı “itidal çizgisinden uzaklaşıp bozulmak” şeklinde tanımlamışlardır (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “fesâd” md.; Kāmus Tercümesi , “fsd” md.). Başkasının malına haksız yere el koymaya da fesad denilmiştir (Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , II, 452).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de on bir âyette fesad kelimesi, otuz dokuz âyette de bunun türevleri geçmektedir (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “fsd” md.). Bu âyetlerde düzen, sistemli bir bütün olarak kavranan âlemin ve toplumun, dolayısıyla ferdin var oluşuna temel olan fıtrî ve tabii denge ile aynı çerçevede ele alınmakta, fesad da bu düzen ve dengenin bozulmasını yahut bu dengeden çıkmayı ifade etmektedir. Buna göre kozmolojik düzen tevhid ilkesine dayanmaktadır. Nitekim bu husus bir âyette, “Eğer yerde ve gökte Allah’tan başka tanrılar bulunsaydı yer ve gök kesinlikle fesada uğrardı” (el-Enbiyâ 21/22) şeklinde ifade edilmektedir.
Fesad ve ifsad kavramları içtimaî, siyasî, hukukî ve dolayısıyla dinî düzenle ilgili bir konumda kullanıldığında yine belli bir düzen veya dengenin bozuluşunu ifade eder. Hz. Süleyman’ın güçlü hükümdarlığı karşısında Sebe melikesinin endişeye kapılarak ülkesinin Süleyman tarafından istilâ edilmesi durumunda içtimaî ve siyasî düzenin altüst olacağını düşünmesi (en-Neml 27/34), aynı şekilde Firavun yönetiminin Hz. Mûsâ ve kavmini yerleşik dinî anlayış ve ona dayalı düzene karşı bir tehdit sayması ve onları potansiyel bozguncu olarak nitelemesi (el-A‘râf 7/127), bizzat Firavun’un aynı endişeden dolayı Hz. Mûsâ’yı öldürmeyi tasarlaması (el-Mü’min 40/26) fesad ve ifsad terimleriyle ifade edilmektedir. İhtiyaçlarını karşılayıp Mısır’dan dönmek üzere yola çıkan Hz. Yûsuf’un kardeşleri hırsızlıkla itham edilince kendilerini şu şekilde savunmuşlardı: “…Allah’a yemin olsun ki bizim bu ülkede fesat çıkarmak için gelmediğimizi sizler de biliyorsunuz; biz hırsız değiliz” (Yûsuf 12/73). Burada fesat çıkarmak “yerleşik hukukî ve ahlâkî kaideleri ihlâl etmek” anlamında kullanılmıştır. Şu halde fesad ve ifsad, özellikle Sebe melikesi ve Firavun örneğinde görüldüğü gibi yalnızca ilâhî iradeye uygun olan düzen, denge ve kuralların bozuluşunu değil genel olarak yerleşik düzeni bozucu bir tehdit unsurunu veya teşebbüsü ifade eden bir terimdir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, Allah’ın yeryüzünde hâkim kılmak istediği yaşama biçimine karşı çıkan girişimleri bozgunculuk saymakta, düzeltme ve iyileştirmeden (ıslâh) yana olduklarını iddia etmelerine rağmen bu girişim sahiplerini gerçek bozguncular olarak nitelendirmektedir (el-Bakara 2/11). Bazı âyetlerde fesad kelimesiyle birlikte onun sebebi yahut sonucu olarak belirli ahlâkî kötülükler de zikredilmekte, dolayısıyla onlar da fesad teriminin kapsamı içinde değerlendirilmektedir. Tartıyı eksik kullanmak (Hûd 11/85), ekini ve nesli helâk etmek (el-Bakara 2/205), akrabalık bağlarını koparmak (Muhammed 47/22) ve fitneye yol açmakla fesad ve ifsad arasında bağlantı kuran âyetler bu kabildendir. Kur’an’da ayrıca fesadla azgınlık (bağy), isyan ve aşırılık (israf) kelimeleri arasında anlam ilişkileri kurulmaktadır (bk. Yûnus 10/91; Hûd 11/85; eş-Şuarâ 26/151-152; el-Kasas 28/76-77; krş. Izutsu, s. 138, 165, 218). Muhammed el-Behî, “orta yoldan, itidalden sapma” olarak tanımladığı israfın fesadla bağlantısını ısrarla vurgulamakta, fesadın “bozulma” anlamını “sapma” anlamıyla pekiştirmektedir (Mefâhîmü’l-Ḳurʾân , s. 249-251).
Kur’an’da fesadın karşıtı salâh , ifsadın karşıt ıslâh ve müfsidin karşıtı muslih tir (bk. el-Bakara 2/11; el-A‘râf 7/56, 142; en-Neml 27/48-49). Fesad fâsıkların ve münafıkların, salâh da müminlerin vasfıdır. Müminler bu nitelikleriyle, Allah’ın emir ve yasaklarını gözeterek yeryüzünde kurulması gereken denge ve düzeni sağlayıcı tutum ve davranışlar sergiler, hem dünya hem âhiret mutluluğuna ulaşırlar (Dumlu, s. 10-13). Ancak iyi, faydalı ve yapıcı davranışlar “sâlihât” kelimesiyle ifade edildiği halde kötü, zararlı ve yıkıcı davranışlar “fâsidât” yerine “seyyiât” kelimesiyle ifade edilmiştir (Izutsu, s. 209).
Genellikle müfessirler fesadı sözlük anlamından hareketle “bir şeyin istikametinden saparak yararlı halinden çıkması” şeklinde tanımlarlar (meselâ bk. Zemahşerî, I, 179; Fahreddin er-Râzî, II, 66; Kāsımî, II, 47). İbn Cerîr et-Taberî’nin naklettiği yorumlara göre fesad başta küfür olmak üzere bütün isyan davranışlarından ibarettir. Allah’a isyan eden veya O’na isyanı emreden kimse yeryüzünde bozgunculuk yapmış olur. Halbuki göklerde ve yerde ıslah itaatle gerçekleşmektedir (Câmiʿu’l-beyân , I, 288). Fahreddin er-Râzî fesat çıkarmanın üç anlamını tesbit etmiştir. a) Allah’a karşı açıkça isyan. Burada fesat çıkarma (ifsad) itaatin zıddı bir anlam taşır. Allah’ın insanlar için koyduğu kurallara uyma çabası yeryüzünde salâhı yani düzenli ve dengeli işleyişi temin ederken herkesin kendi başına buyruk davranması toplumda anarşi ve kargaşa doğurur. b) Münafıkların kâfirlerle gizlice iş birliği yaparak müslümanlar aleyhine tavır almaları eylemi. c) Dinden yana görünerek dine karşı zihin bulandırıcı şüpheler yayma eylemi. Kısacası Râzî’ye göre ifsad Allah’a isyana kalkışmaktır. Bu eylem açıkça veya gizlice gerçekleştirilebilir. Bazı insanlar bilgisizlikleri yüzünden muslih olduklarını zannedip yeryüzünü küfür ve fesadla doldururken bazıları da (münafıklar) hak din yanlısı görünerek müslümanlar aleyhine kâfirleri kışkırtır, insanlar arasında kuşku ve fitne yayarlar. Salâh ise itaatten doğar. Allah’ın koyduğu kanunlara uyan insan, kendisi için gerekli her şeyi sağlarken gereksiz şeylerden de kendini korumuş olur. Bu sayede yeryüzünde zulüm ortadan kalkar ve adalet yerleşir. Adalet ise göklerin ve yerin düzenini sağlayan ilkedir (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , II, 66-67, 148).
Kurtubî’ye göre yeryüzünde fesat çıkarma, küfür içinde olup kâfiri dost edinme ve insanları Kur’an’a veya Peygamber’e imandan ayırma eylemidir. Kurtubî, Dahhâk’ten naklen fesadın su kaynaklarını kurutma, meyve veren ağacı kesme gibi dar anlamlarını da belirtmektedir (el-Câmiʿ , I, 202; VII, 226). Çağdaş müfessirlerden Kāsımî’ye göre ise yeryüzünde fesat çıkarmanın anlamı savaşı ve fitneleri kışkırtarak kan dökülmesine yol açmak, geçim kaynaklarını telef ederek ekonomik buhrana sebep olmak, nesillerin maddî ve mânevî âkıbetlerini mahvetmektir (Meḥâsinü’t-teʾvîl , II, 47). Muhammed Reşîd Rızâ da fesadla körü körüne taklitçilik arasında sıkı bir bağ kurmaktadır. Ona göre yeryüzünde fesat çıkaranların dinden yüz çevirmeleri, esas itibariyle resulü bırakıp körü körüne birtakım liderlerin peşinden gitmeleri, onların emirlerine uymaları, kısacası mutlak bir taklide saplanmalarındandır. Bozgunculuk şuursuzca taklidin bir sonucu olabileceği gibi şuurlu bir din düşmanlığının eseri de olabilir (Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , I, 156-157, 244). Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi fesadı, “herhangi bir şeyi veya malî değeri faydalanılabilecek halden çıkarmak ve özellikle rabbine isyanla kendi nefsini mahvetmek” şeklinde tanımlamaktadır. Yeryüzünde fesat çıkarmaya çalışanlar cana, mala ve ırza saldırarak, yahut tarım ürünlerini ve insan neslini bozmaya teşebbüs ederek ilâhî düzeni ve halkın dirliğini ihlâle kalkışanlar, zulüm, israf ve alçakça tutumları ile güzel ahlâkı bozanlar ve berrak fikirleri bulandıranlardır (Hak Dini , III, 1663; V, 3757; VIII, 5806).
Birçok hadiste de (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “fsd” md.) fesad “bozulma”, ifsad “bozma” anlamında kullanılmakta ve bunlar genellikle ahlâkî bozukluğu ifade etmektedir. Meselâ, “Bir koyun sürüsü içine salıverilen iki aç kurdun sürüye vereceği zarar, kişinin mal ve mevki hırsının dinine vereceği zarardan daha şiddetli (efsed) olamaz” (Dârimî, “Reḳāʾiḳ”, 21; Tirmizî, “Zühd”, 43) meâlindeki hadisle, davranışların niyete bağlı olduğunu ifade eden, “Ameller kap içindeki sıvılar gibidir, dibi güzelse üstü de güzel olur, dibi bozuksa üstü de bozuk olur” meâlindeki hadiste (İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 20) ahlâkî muhteva hemen göze çarpar. “Dikkat edin! Bedende öyle bir et parçası vardır ki o sağlıklı olduğu takdirde bütün beden sağlıklı olur; bozulduğu takdirde bütün beden bozulur; iyi biliniz ki o et parçası kalptir” (Buhârî, “Îmân”, 39) meâlindeki hadis ise insan organizmasına ait bir olguyu dile getirmekle beraber kalbin mânevî ve ahlâkî anlamına da işaret etmekte, kalbî ameller planındaki samimiyet yahut kötü niyetin topyekün ahlâkî davranışlarda kendini göstereceğini ima etmektedir. Böylece fesad kavramı, âlemlerin yegâne rabbinin bedenî, ruhî, ahlâkî, itikadî, içtimaî, hukukî ve nihayet kevnî (kozmolojik) var oluş mertebelerinde belli bir denge ve ölçüye göre yaratıp öylece sürmesini dilediği fıtrî ve evrensel düzenin herhangi bir şekilde bozulmasını, kargaşaya sürüklenmesini ifade etmektedir.
Kâinattaki düzenin sürmesi ve vakti gelince kozmostan kaosa geçmesi tek yönetici olarak Allah’ın ilmi, kudreti ve iradesine bağlıdır ve bu düzen Allah’ın tek oluşunun apaçık delilidir. Göklerde ve yerdeki imkân ve nimetlerin insanın emrine verilmiş olması da insan-tabiat ilişkilerinin belli bir denge ve ölçüye dayandığı gerçeğiyle alâkalıdır. Teknolojiyi bu gerçeği yakalamanın bir sonucu saymak mümkündür. Öte yandan evrendeki dengeyi gözetmeyen, tabiatı tahrip ederek üretme-tüketme yarışına giren günümüz insanının yol açtığı çevre felâketinin de bir tür fesad olduğu düşünülebilir. Modern ekoloji teorisyenleri, ölçüsüzlüğün yeryüzünde yol açtığı bu fesadın tahlilini derinleştirmek ve bozulan insan-tabiat dengesini yeniden sağlayıcı çözümleri aramakla meşguldür. Bunun yanı sıra ilâhî ölçüleri ve buyrukları doğrudan veya kapalı bir şekilde inkâr eden dünya görüşleri yüzünden fıtrî dengeleri alt üst olmuş ve buhrana sürüklenmiş insanlığa yine inkârcı ve bozguncu başka görüşlerin, “Biz ıslah edicileriz” iddiasında bulunanlarca (bk. el-Bakara 2/11) kurtuluş reçetesi olarak sunulması, yeryüzündeki buhran ve fesadı derinleştirmekten başka bir sonuç doğurmamaktadır. Allah’ın dinine düşman olan, çeşitli bölgelerde haksız savaşlara, zalimce katliamlara ve barbarca tahribata yol açarak nesilleri ve asırların birikimlerini yok eden, ekonomik hayatı felce uğratan, bozguncu fikir ve duygularla kitlelerin mânevî dünyalarını, genel ahlâk ve hukuk ölçülerini tahrip eden ideolojilerin müfsid karakteri, Kur’an’ın fesad ve ifsada dair canlı tasvirleriyle belirgin şekilde vurgulanmaktadır. Buna karşılık Kur’an, ölçülerini kendisinin koyduğu sâlih amellerle yeryüzünü fert, aile ve toplum planında ıslaha çabalayan sâlih kulların sulh ve salâh istikametindeki misyonunu belirtirken fesad-salâh zıtlığını da açıkça ortaya koymaktadır.
Ahlâkî muhtevasının yoğunluğuna rağmen fesad teriminin klasik ahlâk ilmi kitaplarında temel bir kavram olarak yer almaması, bu literatürde “itidalden sapma” karşılığında rezîlet (çoğulu rezâil ) teriminin kullanılışıyla açıklanabilir. Klasik tıp literatüründe ise fizyolojik dengenin bozuluşu fesad kelimesiyle karşılanmıştır. Fesâdü’ş-şem (koklama duyusunun bozulması), fesâdü’ş-şehve (toprak gibi şeyleri yeme alışkanlığına yol açacak derecede iştah dengesinin bozulması), fesâdü’l-hazm (sindirim bozukluğu) gibi tabirler bu kullanıma örnek gösterilebilir (Tehânevî, II, 1113). İslâm tıbbının en eski metinlerinden olan Ali b. Rabben et-Taberî’nin Firdevsü’l-ḥikme adlı eserinde (s. 124) hastalıkların sebebi, ilke olarak dört beden sıvısının (bk. AHLÂT-ı ERBAA ) tabiatındaki dengenin bozulması şeklinde gösterilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “fesâd” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “fsd” md.
et-Taʿrîfât , “fesâd” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , II, 1112-1114.
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , II, 452.
Kāmus Tercümesi , “fsd” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “fsd” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “fsd” md.
Dârimî, “Reḳāʾiḳ”, 21.
Buhârî, “Îmân”, 39.
İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 20.
Tirmizî, “Zühd”, 43.
Ali b. Rabben et-Taberî, Firdevsü’l-ḥikme (nşr. M. Zübeyr Sıddîkī), Berlin 1928, s. 124.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Şâkir) , I, 75, 288, 289-291, 416.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (Kahire) , I, 179-181.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , II, 66-67, 148.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , I, 202; VII, 226.
Süyûtî, ed-Dürrü’l-mens̱ûr , Beyrut 1403/1983, I, 76-77.
Reşîd Rızâ, Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , I, 156-157, 244.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , III, 1663; V, 3757; VIII, 5806.
T. Izutsu, The Structure of the Ethical Terms in the Koran , Tokyo 1959, s. 138-139, 164-165, 208-210, 215-218, 239.
Muhammed Kâmil el-Behî, Min Mefâhîmi’l-Ḳurʾân fi’l-ʿaḳīde ve’s-sülûk , Kahire 1973, s. 249-251.
Kāsımî, Meḥâsinü’t-teʾvîl , Beyrut 1398/1978, II, 47-48.
Ömer Dumlu, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Salâh Meselesi , Ankara 1992, s. 10-13.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 421-422 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.