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FETH b. HÂKĀN el-KAYSÎ Skip to content Ebû Nasr el-Feth b. Muhammed b. Ubeydillâh b. Hâkān b. Abdillâh el-Kaysî el-İşbîlî (ö. 529/1135 [?])
Endülüslü edip ve biyografi yazarı.
Gırnata’nın (Granada) Sahratülveled (başka bir rivayete göre Şeceretülveled) köyünde muhtemelen 480 (1087) yılında doğdu; ömrünün büyük bir kısmını İşbîliye’de (Sevilla) geçirdiği için İşbîlî nisbesiyle anılır. Şöhretine rağmen hayatı hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur. Bunda, onun alkol bağımlılığı ve kendini beğenmişlik gibi bazı sevilmeyen özelliklerinin rolü olsa gerektir. Feth b. Hâkān Kays kabilesine mensup bir Arap’tır. Şeceresinde yer alan Türkçe menşeli Hâkān ismi ilk bakışta atalarından birinin Türk olabileceğini düşündürürse de bu doğru değildir. Bu isim onun için, kendini fazla beğenmişliğinin sonucunda içine düştüğü yalnızlığı ve kompleksli ruh halini ifade etmek maksadıyla bir lakap olarak kullanılmıştır. Aslında Feth’in mütevazi bir aileden geldiği anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim ailesinde kendisinden başka ne siyasî-idarî ne de kültürel alanda isim yapmış birine rastlanmaktadır. Muhtemelen babası o daha çocukken ölmüştü; sorumluluğunu üstlenen annesi meşakkatler karşısında sabırlı olan, iffetli ve dindar bir kadın şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır.
Feth’in tahsil yılları, Endülüs’te ilmî ve kültürel faaliyetlerin bir hayli hareketli olduğu mülûkü’t-tavâif ve Murâbıtlar dönemlerine rastlar. O yıllardaki mevcut hürriyet ortamından faydalanarak çeşitli ilim dallarında başarılı çalışmalar yapan seçkin âlimlerin birçoğundan ders alma veya onların sohbet halkalarına katılma imkânını bulmuş, bu durum kendisine kuvvetli bir ilmî alt yapı kazandırmıştır. Bir hadis âlimi olan Ebû Ali es-Sadefî, edip ve dil bilimci Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Muhammed b. Sîd el-Batalyevsî, sarf ve nahiv âlimi Ebû Hüseyin İbn Sirâc, şair, edip ve tarihçi Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Îsâ b. Lebbâne, çeşitli ilim dallarında ve özellikle edebiyat alanında ün kazanmış Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Süleyman ve zamanının belâgat üstadı olarak kabul edilen Ebû Abdurrahman Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Tâhir el-Kaysî hocaları arasında başta gelen isimlerdir.
Feth b. Hâkān Endülüs’ün hemen her şehrini görmüş, hatta Endülüs’ün dışında da Murâbıtlar’ın idare merkezi Merakeş’e kadar gitmiş ve bir süre kaldıktan sonra orada öldürülmüştür. Onu fazla gezmeye sevkeden başlıca sebebin, edebî kudretini kullanarak gittiği şehirlerdeki idarecilerin sohbet meclislerine katılma ve bu vesile ile de mal ve mevki edinme hırsı olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Ancak onun gerek bu hırsı gerekse alkole olan bağımlılığı çağdaşı birçok âlimin kendisinden uzaklaşmasına yol açmıştır. Murâbıtlar’ın Gırnata valisi Ebû Yûsuf Tâşfîn b. Ali nezdinde bir kâtiplik görevi almayı başaran Feth’in bazı rivayetlerde “zü’l-vizâreteyn” sıfatıyla zikredilmesine bakarak vezirlik yaptığı da söylenebilir. Seyahatlerinin onun bilgi ve görgüsünün artmasına büyük bir katkıda bulunduğu şüphesizdir. Çünkü uğradığı şehirlerde bir taraftan üst düzey idarecilerini tanıma ve onların meclislerine katılma fırsatını buluyor, diğer taraftan da âlim ve ediplerle bir araya gelme imkânına kavuşuyordu. Meselâ edip Ebû Abdullah İbn Ebü’l-Hısâl, hadisçi Kadı Ebü’l-Fazl İyâz b. Mûsâ, fakih İbn Adhâ el-Hemedânî ve şair İbn Hafâce ile seyahatleri sırasında tanıştığı bilinmektedir.
Kaynaklarda Feth’in Merakeş’te iken bir handa öldürüldüğü hususunda ihtilâf bulunmamakta, ancak öldürülüş sebebi ve tarihi hakkında farklı görüşler ileri sürülmektedir. Bir rivayete göre Ḳalâʾidü’l-ʿiḳyân adlı eserini ithaf ettiği Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn, başka bir rivayete göre ise dinî yasakları hiçe sayan bazı davranışlarından dolayı dindar sultan Ali b. Tâşfîn’in emriyle öldürülmüştür. Ölüm yılı olarak 528’den (1134) 555’e (1160) kadar farklı tarihler verilmekte, bunlardan Endülüslü müelliflerin üzerinde ittifak ettikleri 529 (1135) yılı daha çok kabul görmektedir.
Gerek eserleri gerekse ders aldığı hocaları göz önünde tutulduğunda Feth’in yaşadığı dönemdeki ilim dallarının birçoğundan haberdar olduğu, dolayısıyla da kuvvetli bir genel kültüre sahip bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Eyyâmü’l-Arab , klasik Arap şiiri ve şairleri, meşhur hatipler, gazveler, coğrafî mahaller hakkında verdiği bilgiler oldukça sıhhatlidir. Doğulu şairleri onları Endülüslüler’le mukayese edebilecek kadar tanımaktadır; ayrıca onun dinî ilimlere ait terimlere de vâkıf olduğu ve bunları yerli yerinde kullandığı görülür. Temayüz ettiği asıl saha ise edebiyattır. Ona göre insana dilinin bağını çözmeyi ve güzel konuşmayı öğrettiği için edebiyat ilim dallarının en çekici ve en güzel olanıdır. Ancak Feth’i bu alanda eser telif etmeye sevkeden asıl sebep, kendi ifadesine göre Endülüs’ün XI ve XII. yüzyıllarda yetiştirdiği edip ve şairlerin isim ve eserlerinin unutulmamasını sağlama arzusudur. Bunu yaparken sadece edebiyatçıların değil edebiyata ilgi duymuş emîr, vali, kumandan, kadı, vezir ve fakihlerin de biyografilerini yazmıştır. Yalnız onun bu kişiler hakkında bilgi verirken tamamen objektif ölçüler içinde kaldığını söylemek oldukça güçtür. Feth’in yaşadığı dönemde, bol miktarda bedîî süsleme unsurları kullanılarak meydana getirilen secili nesir oldukça revaçta idi. Doğu menşeli secili nesirden o da etkilenmiş ve eserlerinde bu tarz nesri en ufak bir gevşemeye düşmeden çok katı bir biçimde uygulamıştır. Bu arada Arap diline ait cinas, tıbâk, iktibas vb. süsleme unsurlarına da sıkça başvurmuş, bununla birlikte mâna, üslûp ve lafızda pürüz sayılabilecek sapmalara kaçmamıştır. Bu durum onun edebî sanatlara ve Arap diline olan hâkimiyetini göstermesi bakımından dikkat çekicidir.
Eserleri. 1. Ḳalâʾîdü’l-ʿiḳyân fî (ve) meḥâsini’l-aʿyân . Tam adı Ḳalâʾidü’l-ʿiḳyân fî meḥâsini’r-rüʾesâ ve’l-ḳuḍât ve’l-küttâb ve’l-aʿyân olan bu eseri müellif, döneminin Endülüs’ünde mevcut edebî birikimi sonraki nesillere aktarmak için yazmıştır. Ancak onun bu eseri kaleme alırken kendi edebî deha ve kudretini ortaya koymak istediği de açıktır. Kitabı muhtemelen 517 (1123-24) yılında veya hemen sonrasında tamamlamış, edip ve şairlere büyük destek verdiğini söylediği Murâbıt idarecilerinden Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Yûsûf b. Tâşfîn’e sunmuştur. Bir mukaddime ve dört ana bölümden meydana gelen eserin birinci bölümü edebiyata ilgi gösteren emîr, vali, kumandan ve bunların çocuklarına, ikinci bölümü vezirlere, üçüncü bölümü kadı ve âlimlere, dördüncü bölümü de edip ve şairlere ayrılmıştır. Eserde XI ve XII. yüzyıllarda yaşamış toplam altmış dört meşhur şahsın biyografisi yer almaktadır. Kişiler tanıtılırken haklarında hem edebî hem tarihî bilgi verildiği ve edebî bilgilerin daha ağırlıklı olduğu görülür. Müellif bu bilgileri ya hal tercümesini sunduğu kimselerden mektupla sorarak veya şahsen tanıdıklarını bizzat araştırarak yahut üçüncü kişilerden duyduklarına dayalı olarak temin etmiştir. Eserde başka hiçbir kaynakta rastlanmayan bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Çeşitli kütüphanelerde yirmi civarında yazma nüshası mevcut olan eser (başlıcaları Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 460, 3620; Köprülü Ktp., nr. 1354-1356; TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 2302) birçok defa basılmıştır (Paris 1277/1860; Bulak-Beyrut 1283; Kahire 1320; Tunus 1386/1966, 1990; Zerkā/Ürdün 1989). H. Pérès de eserin bazı bölümlerini neşretmiştir (Algiers 1946). Ḳalâʾidü’l-ʿiḳyân için çeşitli şerhler yazılmıştır. Bunlardan Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Kāsım b. Zâkûr el-Fâsî’nin Ferâʾidü’t-tibyân ʿalâ Ḳalâʾidi’l-ʿiḳyân ’ı ile (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 2291) Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Hüseynî’nin Miḳyâsü’l-fevâʾid fî şerḥi mâ ḫufiye mine’l-Ḳalâʾid ’i (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 1802) meşhurdur. İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî eseri ihtisar etmiş ve bu çalışma Ahmed Teymur Paşa tarafından yayımlanmıştır (MMİADm. , III/341 [1922]).
2. Maṭmaḥu’l-enfüs ve mesraḥu’t-teʾennüs fî müleḥi ehli’l-Endelüs . Müellifin Ḳalâʾidü’l-ʿiḳyân ’dan sonra yazdığı bu eserini büyük, orta ve küçük olmak üzere üç farklı nüsha halinde hazırladığı anlaşılmaktadır. Makkarî’nin açıklamasından, büyük ve orta hacimdeki nüshaların, bazıları hakkında daha önce Ḳalâʾidü’l-ʿiḳyân ’da da bilgi verilen emîr ve sultanlara tahsis edildiği öğrenilmektedir; günümüze ulaşan küçük nüsha ise yalnız Endülüs’te yetişen emîr, vezir ve ediplere ayrılmıştır. Eser secili nesirle kaleme alınmış, ayrıca adı geçen bazı şahsiyetlere ait şiirlere de yer verilmiştir; seçilen örnekler daha çok işret meclisleriyle tabiat tasvirlerine aittir. Üç bölümden meydana gelen kitabın telifi sırasında kronolojik ya da alfabetik düzen uygulanmamış, biyografileri verilen kişilerin sosyal statüleri dikkate alınarak birinci bölümde vezirler, ikincisinde fukaha ve ulemâ, üçüncüsünde kâtiplerden söz edilmiştir. Kitabın biri Türkiye’de (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reîsülküttâb Mustafa Efendi, nr. 909) olmak üzere toplam altı nüshası bilinmektedir; ayrıca Makkarî de Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb adlı çalışmasında muhtevasını aynen nakletmiştir. Eser sırasıyla İstanbul (1302), Kahire (1325), Amman (1983) ve Beyrut’ta (1983) yayımlanmış, bunlardan sonuncusuna, mevcut bütün nüshaları gözden geçirerek yayımı gerçekleştiren Muhammed Ali Şevâbike tarafından müellifin hayatı ve eserleri hakkında kaleme alınan geniş bir mukaddime eklenmiştir.
Feth b. Hâkān ayrıca, hocası İbnü’s-Sîd el-Batalyevsî’nin hayatını anlattığı ve içinde onun bazı seçme kasidelerine de yer verdiği müstakil bir kitap yazmıştır. Bu eserin tamamı Makkarî’nin Ezhârü’r-riyâż ’ında yer aldığı gibi bir nüshası da Madrid’de bulunmaktadır (Escurial Library, nr. 488). Bundan başka yine Escurial Library’de kayıtlı (nr. 538) Resâʾilü iḫvâniyye arasındaki İbnü’s-Sîd el-Batalyevsî’yi kötüleyen bir makāme de (el-Maḳāmetü’l-Ḳurṭubiyye ) ona nisbet edilmektedir. Ancak bu makāmeyi İbn Ebü’l-Hısâl’e atfedenler de vardır. Vezir Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. Ahmed buna Risâletü’l-intiṣâr fi’r-red ʿalâ ṣâḥibi’l-maḳāme adıyla bir reddiye yazmıştır (İhsan Abbas, II, 315; H. Nemah, s. 86-87).
Kaynaklar Feth’in yazdığı risâleleri bir kitapta topladığını kaydederse de eser bugüne kadar ele geçmemiştir. Bu risâlelerden bazıları İmâdüddin Kâtib el-İsfahânî’nin Ḫarîdetü’l-ḳaṣr ve Makkarî’nin Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb adlı eserlerinde nakledilmiştir. Bunlar esas itibariyle “ihvâniyye” türünden olup Endülüslü vezir, kâtip ve diğer kişilere gönderilmiş risâlelerdir. Yine Feth’e nisbet edilen, ancak günümüze intikal etmeyen Bidâyetü’l-meḥâsin ve ġāyetü’l-muḥâsin adlı bir eserden ve ona ait şiir parçalarından da bahsedilmektedir (EI2 [İng.] , II, 838).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî, Ḫarîdetü’l-ḳaṣr (nşr. Ömer ed-Desûkī – Ali Abdülazîm), Kahire 1969, IV/2, s. 610-624.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , XVI, 186-192.
İbn Dihye, el-Muṭrib (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî v.dğr.), Kahire 1954, s. 25, 188-189.
İbnü’l-Abbâr, Muʿcem (nşr. Codera), Madrid 1898, nr. 285.
a.mlf., el-Ḥulletü’s-siyerâʾ (nşr. Hüseyin Mûnis), Kahire 1963, II, 248.
İbn Saîd el-Mağribî, el-Muġrib , I, 254.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât (Abdülhamîd) , II, 407.
İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , III, 525; IV, 248-249.
Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , II, 245-246; VII, 24-34, 61.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1354.
P. Boigues, Ensayo biobibliografico , Madrid 1899, nr. 162.
Cl. Huart, Littérature arabe , Paris 1902, s. 203.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 814.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 579.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , V, 134.
İhsan Abbas, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-Endelüsî: ʿAṣrü’ṭ-Ṭavâʾif ve’l-Murâbıṭîn , Beyrut 1985, II, 314-316.
Celia del Moral Molina, “Diferentes versiones acerca de la vida y la muerte de al-Fatḥ İbn Jāqān”, Homenaje al Prof. Jacinto Bosch Vilá , Granada 1991, II, 781-793.
Hüseyin Yûsuf Huryûş, “el-Fetḥ b. Ḫâḳān ve Kitâbü’l-Ḳalâʾid”, el-Mevrid , IX/3, Bağdad 1980, s. 63-72.
Hudâ Şevket Behnâm, “Kitâbü Maṭmaḥi’l-enfüs ve mesraḥi’t-teʾennüs fî müleḥi ehli’l-Endelüs”, a.e. , XI/1 (1982), s. 135-149; XI/3 (1982), s. 105-134.
H. Nemah, “Andalusian Maqāmāt”, Journal of the Arabic Literature , V, Leiden 1974, s. 86-87.
Ali Edhem, “Ḳalâʾidü’l-ʿiḳyân li’l-Fetḥ b. Ḫâḳān”, Tİ , VI, 180-193.
Moh. Ben Cheneb, “Feth”, İA , IV, 576-577.
a.mlf. – [Ch. Pellat], “al-Fatḥ”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 838.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 453-455 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.