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FEY Skip to content İslâm devletinin gayri müslim tebaadan aldığı cizye, haraç ve ticaret malları vergilerinin ortak adı.
Fey sözlükte masdar olarak “geri dönmek, şekil değiştirmek”, isim olarak “gölge, öğle vaktinden sonraki gölge” anlamlarına gelir. Terim olarak gayri müslimlerden alınan haraç, cizye, ticarî mal vergisi (uşûr) ve diğer bazı gelirleri ifade eder. Fey terimine, ganimet de dahil olmak üzere gayri müslimlerden alınan her türlü malı içine alacak şekilde kapsamlı bir anlam verenler olmuşsa da yaygın görüşe göre ganimet feyin kapsamı dışındadır.
Fey kelimesi fiil olarak Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de iki ayrı âyette üç defa (el-Bakara 2/226; el-Hucurât 49/9) “geri dönmek, vazgeçmek” anlamında, üç âyette de (el-Ahzâb 33/50; el-Haşr 59/6, 7) “ganimet olarak vermek” mânasında geçmektedir. Kelime hadislerde hem sözlük hem de terim anlamlarında kullanılmıştır (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “fyʾe” md.). Feyin “geri dönmek” ve “gölge” şeklindeki sözlük anlamlarıyla terim anlamı arasında bazı âlimlerce ilgi kurulmaya çalışılmıştır. Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, gayri müslimlerden alınan mallara fey denmesini toplanan malların veya gelirlerinin müslümanlara geri dönmesiyle açıklar (el-Ḫarâc , s. 204). Kâfirlerin mallarına, dünya malının gölge gibi geçici olduğunu ifade etmek üzere fey dendiğini ileri sürenler de olmuştur.
Medine döneminde Bedir Gazvesi’nden sonra nâzil olan bir âyette nefl (çoğulu enfâl ) kelimesi kullanılarak ganimetlerin Allah ve resulüne ait olduğu bildirilmiş (el-Enfâl 8/1), daha sonra da ganimetlerin dağıtımıyla ilgili ayrıntılı hükümler içeren bir başka âyet (el-Enfâl 8/41) inmiştir. Medine civarında yaşayan Benî Nadîr yahudilerinin bölgeden sürülmesi ve savaşsız olarak mallarının ele geçirilmesinin ardından nâzil olan Haşr sûresinin 6-10. âyetlerinde ise gayri müslimlerden elde edilen mallar hakkında fey kelimesi kullanılarak bir öncekine göre kısmen farklı hükümler getirilmiştir. Çok net olmamakla birlikte bu iki grup âyetin farklı üslûp ve hükümleri, Hz. Peygamber’in meselâ Benî Kurayza, Hayber, Vâdilkurâ, Benî Nadîr, Fedek, Huneyn, Benî Mustaliḳ ganimetleriyle ilgili uygulamaları arasında görülen farklılıklar, daha sonraki dönemde fey ve ganimet ayırımı yapılıp bu iki kavrama farklı anlamlar yüklenmesine imkân verdiği gibi fakihler arasında ortaya çıkan, fey ve ganimet terimleriyle ilgili kavram ve kapsam tartışmalarının da temel sebebini oluşturmuştur. Öte yandan Hz. Ömer döneminde Irak’ın fethedilmesinden sonra Sevâd arazisinin hangi statüye bağlanacağı konusunda ashap arasında cereyan eden fikrî tartışmalar ve bu tartışmaların ardından ortaya çıkan uygulama örneği, daha sonraki dönemlerde oluşan hukuk doktrinini yakından etkilemesinin yanı sıra uygulama açısından da bir bakıma model teşkil etmiştir. Bu gelişmelerden sonra gayri müslim tebaadan alınan çeşitli vergi ve gelirler, literatürde genelde fey adı altında beytülmâlin temel gelir kaynaklarından biri olarak anılmaya başlanmış; kapsamı, kullanımı ve dağıtımı ile tarihî süreç içinde geçirdiği gelişim, gerek klasik dönem İslâm âlimleri ve gerekse çağdaş müslüman ve yabancı araştırmacılar tarafından ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır.
Irak topraklarının fethedilmesinin ardından başkumandan Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās, gazilerin bu toprakların da diğer ganimet malları gibi kendilerine dağıtılması taleplerini Hz. Ömer’e ilettiğinde halife bu konuyu sahâbe ile etraflı şekilde tartışmıştır. Abdurrahman b. Avf, Zübeyr b. Avvâm bunların gazilere dağıtılmasını, Hz. Osman, Ali, Talha, Muâz b. Cebel ve Abdullah b. Ömer de dağıtılmamasını savunmuşlardır. Sonuçta Hz. Ömer savaşla elde edilen toprakların diğer ganimet malları gibi dağıtılmayıp bütün müslümanların yararına vakıf olmak üzere (fey mevkūfe) sahiplerinin elinde bırakılmasına karar vererek şöyle demiştir: “… Savaşanlarla diğerlerinin ve gelecek nesillerin teşkil edeceği müslümanlar için fey olmak üzere işleyicileriyle beraber araziyi tutmayı, araziler için haraç vergisi koymayı, sahiplerine de cizye tayin etmeyi düşündüm” (Ebû Yûsuf, I, 202). Halife, Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās’a yazdığı mektubunda ganimetleri müslüman askerlere bölüştürmesini, arazi ve nehirleri ise işleyicilerine bırakmasını ve bunlardan elde edilecek gelirlerin bütün müslümanların atıyyelerine dahil edilmesini emretmiştir (a.g.e. , I, 192-194). Hz. Ömer’in bu ifadelerinden dağıtılmasına izin verilen malların ganimet, toprak ve nehirlerin ise fey kabul edildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Halife bu kanaate varırken Haşr sûresinin 6-10. âyetlerine dayanmış ve feyin bu âyetlerde anılan grupların hepsi için genel ve ortak bir hak olduğu sonucuna varmıştır (a.g.e. , I, 208-213).
Bu âyetlerin ilkinde Allah’ın, peygamberine fey olarak verdiği şeyler için müslümanların at ve deve koşturmadığından, yani savaşın olmadığından bahsedilmektedir. Kaynaklarda bu âyetin Benî Nadîr yahudileri hakkında nâzil olduğu belirtilir. Hz. Peygamber’in Medine’de yaşayan bu kabileyi savaş olmaksızın şehirden çıkardığı, toprak ve taşınabilir mallarını kendi şahsî ve ailevî harcamaları için kullandığı, artanını da cihad amacıyla harcadığı ve başta muhacirler olmak üzere dilediği kimselere dağıttığı bilinmektedir. Sûrenin 7. âyetinde ise Allah’ın, fethedilen ülkelerin ehlinden peygamberine fey olarak verdiği şeylerin sadece zenginler arasında dolaşan bir servet olmaması için Allah’a, peygambere, yakınlara, yetimlere, yoksullara ve yolda kalmışlara tahsis edildiği belirtilmiştir. Hz. Ömer bu iki âyetle iki ayrı hükmün konulduğu görüşündedir. Ona göre 1. âyetle savaş olmaksızın, 2. âyetle savaş sonucunda ele geçirilen mallar hakkındaki hükümler düzenlenmiştir. Bu iki âyeti birlikte değerlendirip 2. âyeti bir öncekinin devamı ve açıklaması sayanlar da vardır. Hz. Ömer’in kanaatine meyleden Taberî ikinci görüşte olanları kınayıp “mütefakkihe” olarak nitelemekte, muhtemelen bununla Şâfiîler’i kastetmektedir. Taberî, 6. âyetin hükmüne göre barışla ele geçenlerin Hz. Peygamber’e ait olduğunu ve başka kimseye pay ayrılmadığını söylemektedir (Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XXVII, 24-26). Savaşla ele geçirilenler ise Hz. Ömer’in ictihadıyla ikiye ayrılmış, taşınabilir mallar ganimet kabul edilerek Enfâl sûresinin 41. âyetinin hükmüne göre 1/5 devlet payı çıkarılıp kalanı savaşanlara dağıtılmış; toprak, nehir, bunların geliri, haraç ve gayri müslimlerin ödediği cizye ise fey kabul edilerek Haşr sûresinin 7-10. âyetlerinin hükmüne göre işleme tâbi tutulmuştur. Bu âyetlerde söz konusu edilen kimseler de 7. âyette sayılan zümrelerle 8. âyette sayılan muhacirler, 9. âyette zikredilen ensar ve 10. âyetin hükmüyle onları takip eden müslümanlar, yani sonradan gelen bütün ümmettir.
Hz. Peygamber’in uygulaması ile Hz. Ömer’in uygulamaları arasında esas itibariyle bir farklılık mevcut değildir. Hz. Peygamber, Bedir Gazvesi’nde elde edilen ganimetlerin beşte birini ayırıp kalanını savaşanlara dağıtmıştı. Savaş olmaksızın ele geçirilen Benî Nadîr topraklarını ise daha çok özel masraflarına ayırmış, istisnaî olarak da bir iki müslümana buradan mal vermiştir. Hayber’de kendisine ait olan topraklardan gelenlerle Fedek arazilerinin yarısından gelen yıllık gelirin bir kısmını aile masraflarına harcamış, bir kısmını da müslümanların yararı için ayırmıştır. Bedir Gazvesi’nde ganimet olarak sadece menkul mallar ele geçirilmiş olup gayri menkuller söz konusu değildir. Hz. Ömer iki uygulama arasındaki farklılığı bununla açıklamakta ve daha sonra inmiş bulunan Haşr sûresinin 7-10. âyetlerinin daha önce nâzil olan Enfâl sûresinin 41. âyetinin hükmünün kapsamını daralttığını ve sadece taşınır mallara has kıldığını söylemektedir. Benî Nadîr toprakları ise barış yoluyla ele geçtiği için ayrı bir statüye, fey hükümlerine tâbidir. Hayber ve Fedek toprakları da Hz. Ömer’in daha sonraki uygulamalarına ışık tutacak tarzda genel olarak müslümanların yararına tahsis edilmiştir.
Fey kavramı Hz. Ömer devrinde daha netleşmiş ve kurumlaşmış bulunmakla birlikte, gayri müslimlerden elde edilen malların Câhiliye dönemindeki ganimet anlayışından farklı bir muameleye tâbi tutulması Hz. Peygamber devrinden itibaren başlamıştır. Düşmandan ele geçirilen malların Câhiliye döneminde olduğu gibi zengin ve güçlülerin tekeline geçme uygulamasının kaldırılarak daha çok ihtiyaç esasına göre ümmete dağıtılması bu dönemde benimsenmiştir. Hz. Ömer’in yaptığı iş, yeni şartlar ve ihtiyaçlar ışığında bu uygulamayı daha belirgin ve sistemli hale getirmekten ibarettir. Gerçi Lokkegard ve Schmucker bu uygulamanın Hz. Ömer döneminin işi olmadığını, Emevîler devrinde ortaya çıktığını söylemektedirler (Ziaul Haque, s. 129 vd.). Onlara göre, İran imparatorluk sülâlesine ait olanlar dışında kalan Irak toprakları Hz. Ömer döneminde gazilere dağıtılmıştır. Bütün müslümanların yararına kullanılmak üzere alıkonup dağıtılmayanlar imparatorluk ailesinin (savâfî) mülkleri iken Emevîler kendi tasarruflarında olan toprakları genişletme düşüncesiyle fey kavramını oluşturarak şahıslara dağıtılmış toprakları da devlet kontrolüne geçirmiş ve bunu Hz. Ömer’in uygulaması olarak göstermişlerdir. Lokkegard, bu uygulamanın Ömer b. Abdülazîz tarafından İslâm hukukuna sokulduğu kanaatindedir. Ancak tarihî kaynaklar onların bu iddiasını doğrulamamaktadır. Fey kavramının ve uygulamasının İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinden geldiği, bu döneme ait tarihî malzemelerde bu kurum ve uygulamayla ilgili bilgilerden anlaşılmaktadır. Sadece İslâm hukukçuları değil İbn İshak, Belâzürî, Taberî gibi tarihçiler ve müfessirler de Hz. Ömer’in Sevâd arazisini vakıf haline getirdiğini ve bu uygulamasını Haşr sûresinin 6-10. âyetlerine dayandırdığını söylemektedirler. Emevîler’in ve Abbâsîler’in fey kurumunu kendi lehlerine çalıştırdıkları ileri sürülebilirse de bu kurumun ilk defa Emevîler döneminde ortaya konup fukahanın bu uygulamayı geçmişe mal ederek meşrulaştırdığı söylenemez.
Barış yoluyla ele geçen malların ister taşınır ister taşınmaz olsun fey teşkil ettiği konusunda hukukçular arasında genelde görüş ayrılığı yoktur. Savaşla ele geçirilen taşınır malların ganimet sayılıp bunun hükümlerine tâbi olduğu da tartışmasız bir husustur. Görüş ayrılığı savaş yoluyla ele geçen taşınmaz mallardadır. Hanefîler, savaş yoluyla elde edilen taşınmazlar konusundaki görüşlerini esas itibariyle Hz. Ömer’in uygulamasına dayandırmaktadırlar. Buna göre savaşla alınan yerlerde ele geçen taşınmazlarda devlet başkanının bir seçim hakkı vardır; dilerse toprağı gazilere taksim eder, dilerse eski sakinlerinde bırakarak onlara haraç yükler. Bu görüş, düşmandan savaş yoluyla ele geçirilen malları taşınır-taşınmaz esasına göre ayırmakta ve taşınmazlarda devlet başkanına geniş bir takdir hakkı tanımaktadır. İmam Mâlik’e göre savaş yoluyla ele geçirilen arazi esas itibariyle dağıtılmaz; bu topraklar bütün müslümanlar için ortak bir vakıftır. Geliri ümmetin yararına sarfedilir. Ancak ümmetin menfaati taksimi gerektiriyorsa devlet başkanı bu tür toprakların taksimine de karar verebilir. İmam Şâfiî ve ondan sonra gelen Şâfiî hukukçuları ise düşmandan elde edilen malları sadece barış veya savaş yoluyla elde edilmesine göre bir ayırıma tâbi tutarlar. Şâfiî’ye göre ganimet savaşla elde edilen, fey ise barış yoluyla ele geçendir. İmam Şâfiî bu görüşünü Enfâl sûresinin 41 ve Haşr sûresinin 6 ve 7. âyetlerine dayandırmaktadır. Şâfiî, savaşla elde edilmesi durumunda toprağı da ganimet kabul etmekte ve savaşanlara dağıtılmasını öngörmektedir. Hz. Peygamber’in Hayber arazisini savaşanlar arasında paylaştırdığını söylemekte ve bunu kendi görüşüne delil getirmektedir. Hz. Ömer’in Irak topraklarıyla ilgili uygulaması da ona göre Resûl-i Ekrem’in Hevâzin kabilesinden ele geçirilen esirlerle ilgili uygulamasında olduğu gibi gazilerin rızâsı alınarak yapılmıştır. Ahmed b. Hanbel de Hz. Ömer’in Irak toprakları uygulamasını bu şekilde izah etmektedir. Diğer hukukçular ise Resûl-i Ekrem’in Hayber uygulamasını onun takdirini bu yolda kullanmasıyla açıklamaktadır. Kaldı ki Hayber’in nasıl ele geçtiği ve hangi statüye bağlandığı hususunda İslâm âlimleri arasında farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Ganimet ve feyin kapsamı konusunda İslâm hukukçuları arasındaki bu farklı görüşlere rağmen genel olarak hukukçuların zekât ve ganimet dışındaki devlet gelirlerini fey kapsamına sokma eğiliminde olduklarını söylemek mümkündür. Meselâ İmam Şâfiî, mirasçısız ölen kimselerin beytülmâle intikal eden terekelerini fey olarak kabul ettiği gibi (el-Üm , IV, 77), Hanefîler gayri müslim devletler tarafından İslâm devlet başkanına verilen hediyeleri de fey kapsamında değerlendirirler (Mergīnânî, II, 452).
İslâm hukukçuları arasında tartışılan bir diğer konu da fey gelirlerinin kimlere, nasıl paylaştırılacağıdır. Şâfiî’nin dışındaki hukukçular, fey gelirlerinin ganimette olduğu gibi beytülmâl için 1/5 ayırımı yapılmadan Haşr sûresinin 7-10. âyetlerinde zikredilen kimselere dağıtılacağı görüşündedirler. Ebû Yûsuf, “Allah bilir ama fey bunlarla beraber bunlardan sonra kıyamete kadar gelecek müminlere aittir” diyerek Hz. Ömer’in uygulamasını esas almıştır (el-Ḫarâc , I, 189-191). Bu konuda farklı ictihadlarıyla dikkati çeken Şâfiî ise feyin de ganimette olduğu gibi beşe bölünüp beşte birin ganimetin beşte birinin dağıtıldığı zümreye dağıtılacağını, kalan beşte dördün ise yalnız Hz. Peygamber’in hakkı olduğunu, onun da bunu Allah’ın kendisine gösterdiği yerlere harcayacağını ifade eder. Ahmed b. Hanbel’in bir görüşü de bu yöndedir. Fey âyetinde beşte birin (humus) ayrılmasından bahsedilmemekle birlikte ganimetin beşte birinin dağıtılacağı zümrelerle feyin dağıtılacağı kimselerin aynı olması ve bu malların aynı kaynaktan yani gayri müslimlerden elde edilmesi Şâfiî’yi böyle bir kanaate yöneltmiştir. Yine Şâfiî’ye göre Hz. Peygamber’den sonra feyin onun kullanımına bırakılan beşte dördü ergenlik çağına ulaşmış mücahidlere, onların bu çağa gelmemiş çocuklarına, kadınlara, yıllık yiyecek ve giyecek ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak bir nafaka ve atıyye olarak verilir. Zekât alabilen kimselere, meselâ bedevîlere (a‘râbî) ve kölelere feyden pay verilmez (el-Üm , IV, 63-65, 77-78).
Hz. Peygamber zamanında fey gelirlerinin miktarı çok azdı ve Medine’deki müslümanlara dağıtılıyordu. Kaynaklar, Resûl-i Ekrem’in kendisine gelen fey ve humusu vakit geçirmeden evli olanlara iki, bekârlara bir hisse şeklinde dağıttığını belirtmektedir (Ebû Ubeyd, s. 353-355). Hz. Ebû Bekir’in hilâfeti sırasında da aynı uygulamanın devam ettiği, hatta gelen malların hemen dağıtılmasından dolayı beytülmâle muhafız konulmasına gerek kalmadığı bilinmektedir. Öte yandan Hz. Ebû Bekir, Resûl-i Ekrem’in kendilerine mal vermeyi vaad ettiği kimseler dışındaki Medine’de yaşayan bütün müslümanlara büyük küçük, hür köle, kadın erkek farkı gözetmeksizin fey gelirlerini eşit miktarda hilâfetinin ilk yılında 9, ikinci yılında 10 dirhem olarak dağıtmıştır (Ebû Yûsuf, I, 307-310). Hz. Ömer’in bu uygulamaya divan teşkilâtını kuruncaya kadar devam ettiği bilinmektedir (a.g.e. , I, 333-335). Fetihler sonucu İslâm ülkelerinin genişlemesi ve fey gelirlerinin artması üzerine Hz. Ömer yeni bir düzenlemeye gitme zorunluluğu hissetmiş ve divan kurumu ilk defa bu maksatla ortaya çıkmıştır (bk. DİVAN ).
Hz. Ömer fey gelirlerini müslümanlara, biri yılda bir defa atâ veya atıyye adı altında para, diğeri her ay erzak adı altında yiyecek olmak üzere iki şekilde dağıtmıştır. Bunun için kurduğu divan teşkilâtında müslümanların atıyyelerini farklı miktarlarda tesbit etmiş ve hak sahiplerinin isimlerini kabile esasına göre, Kureyş kabilesinin Hz. Peygamber’in mensup olduğu Benî Hâşim kolundan başlayarak divan defterlerine kaydettirmiştir. Böylece Medine’ye her vergi gelişte bunun müslümanlara dağıtılması şeklindeki eski uygulama kalkmış, daha düzenli ve kurumlaşmış bir uygulama devreye girmiştir. Hz. Ömer’in halktan vergi toplamak için değil devlet gelirlerinden onları faydalandırmak için kurduğu divan teşkilâtı özellikle bu yönüyle dikkati çekmekte ve dönemine göre bir orijinallik arzetmektedir. Hz. Ömer atâ miktarlarının farklı tesbitinde İslâmiyet’i erken veya geç kabul etme, dine hizmetteki gayret gibi kriterleri ölçü almıştır. Bununla beraber kadın erkek, çoluk çocuk herkese, bu arada mevâlîye de fey gelirlerinden atâ bağlamıştır. Sadece mülkiyet hakları bulunmadığı ve kazandıkları sahiplerine ait olduğu için kölelere, başta bedevîler olmak üzere çeşitli bölgelerde yaşayıp hicret etmemiş veya cihada katılmamış olanlarla bunların eşlerine ve çocuklarına feyden pay vermemiştir. Ebû Ubeyd, atıyye ve yiyeceklerden pay alabilmek için İslâmiyet’i savunma ve yerleşik bir hayat sürmenin gerekli olduğunu, diğer kimselerin kıtlık, kan davaları sonunda meydana gelen savaşlar, düşman tecavüzüne mâruz kalma gibi zaruret halleri olmadıkça feyden pay alamayacaklarını söylemektedir (el-Emvâl , s. 324-326). Böylece Hz. Ömer devlet başkanına fey gelirlerini hak sahiplerine dağıtma konusunda bir takdir hakkı tanımış oldu. Hz. Osman’ın da aynı uygulamayı benimsediği bilinmektedir. Hz. Ali ise Ebû Bekir gibi feyi hak sahiplerine eşit olarak dağıtma taraftarı olmuş ve uygulamayı bu şekilde sürdürmüştür (İbn Kudâme, VII, 309).
Feye hak kazanan kimselerin fakir olmalarının gerekli olup olmadığı İslâm hukukçuları tarafından tartışılmıştır. Hukukçuların önemli bir kısmı feye hak kazanmak için mutlaka fakir olmanın gerekmediği, zengin ve fakirin feyde müşterek olduğu görüşündedir. İmam Mâlik ise feyden ancak fakirlerin faydalanabileceğini söyler.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “fyʾe” md.
Fîrûzâbâdî, el-Ḳāmûsü’l-muḥîṭ , “fyʾe” md.
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “fyʾe” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , II, 1103.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “fyʾe” md.
Ebû Yûsuf, el-Ḫarâc (Abdülazîz b. Muhammed er-Rahbî, Fıḳhü’l-mülûk ve miftâḥu’r-retâc içinde, nşr. Ahmed Abîd el-Kübeysî), Bağdad 1973-75, I, 146, 189-194, 202, 208-213, 307-312, 318-319, 330-335, 415; II, 112-114, 197-203.
Şâfiî, el-Üm , IV, 63-65, 77-82.
Sahnûn, el-Müdevvene , II, 26-29.
Ebû Ubeyd, el-Emvâl , s. 17-18, 23-25, 77 vd., 210 vd., 303-385, 580-581.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , III, 193, 213, 282-283, 296-305, 336.
Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, el-Ḫarâc (Zebîdî) , s. 204.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XXVII, 24-26.
Mâverdî, el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye , Kahire 1298, s. 121 vd.
İbn Hazm, el-Muḥallâ , VII, 341-345.
Şîrâzî, et-Tenbîh fi’l-fıḳh ʿalâ meẕhebi’l-İmâmi’ş-Şâfiʿî (nşr. Th. W. Juynboll), Leiden 1879, s. 292, 294.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , VII, 116-119.
Mergīnânî, el-Hidâye , İstanbul 1290, II, 452.
İbn Rüşd, Bidâyetü’l-müctehid , I, 341-343.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî , VI, 309.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , IX, 32.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , VI, 4820-4821, 4839 vd.
M. Ziyâeddin er-Reyyîs, el-Ḫarâc ve’n-nüẓumü’l-mâliyye li’d-devleti’l-İslâmiyye , Kahire 1957, s. 8-10, 101-112.
Ziaul Haque, Landlord and Peasant in Early Islam , Delhi 1985, s. 117-150, 181-230.
Mustafa Fayda, Hz. Ömer Zamanında Gayr-ı Müslimler , İstanbul 1989, s. 91-107.
a.mlf., “Hz. Ömer’in Divan Teşkilâtı”, Doğuştan Günümüze Büyük İslâm Tarihi , İstanbul 1986, II, 133-176.
a.mlf., “Hz. Ömer ve Fey”, İslâm İlimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi , V, Ankara 1982, s. 193-202.
a.mlf., “Atâ”, DİA , IV, 33-34.
Muhammed b. İbrâhim er-Rebî‘, el-Feyʾ ve’l-ġanîme ve maṣârifühümâ , [baskı yeri yok] 1413/1992, s. 169-185.
Paul G. Forand, “The Status of the Land and Inhabitants of the Sawād During the First two Centuries of Islam”, JESHO , XIV/1 (1971), s. 25-37.
Th. W. Juynboll, “Fey”, İA , IV, 584-585.
F. Lokkegaard, “Fayʾ”, EI2 (Fr.) , II, 889-890.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 511-513 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.