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FEZÂİL Skip to content Amellerin, vakitlerin, şahısların, şehir, ülke ve milletlerin faziletini anlatan bir kitap türü.
“Artmak, fazlalaşmak, üstün olmak” anlamındaki fazl kökünden türeyen fazîlet in çoğulu olan fezâil kelimesi, İslâmî literatürde “bir şeyi veya bir kimseyi üstün kılan özellikler” anlamıyla amellerin, zamanların, şahısların, kabilelerin, milletlerin, yer ve şehirlerin benzerlerinden üstünlüğünü anlatmak için kullanılmış ve bunların her birine dair pek çok eser kaleme alınmıştır. Bunlar arasında Kur’an’ın (bk. FEZÂİLÜ’l-KUR’ÂN ), Hz. Peygamber’in (bk. HASÂİSÜ’n-NEBÎ ) ve ashabın (bk. FEZÂİLÜ’s-SAHÂBE ) faziletleriyle ilgili olanlar önemli bir yer tutar.
Amellerin Fazileti. Fezâil kelimesi, “yapılmasını dinin tavsiye ettiği güzel iş ve hareketler” anlamıyla bazı hadislerde geçmektedir. “İyi işlerin en değerlisi, seninle ilgisini kesen akrabayı ziyaret etmen, senden esirgeyene vermen, sana hakaret edeni bağışlamandır” (Müsned , II, 438) meâlindeki hadis bunlardan biridir. Allah katında değerli olan davranışları belirtmek maksadıyla Resûl-i Ekrem’in “en üstün, en faziletli” anlamındaki efdal kelimesiyle, “en hayırlı” anlamındaki hayr kelimesini çok kullandığı görülmektedir. “En sevgili” (ehabbü), “en mükemmel” (ekmel), “en iyi” (ahsen), “en değerli” (ekrem), “en güzel” (atyeb) kelimeleri de aynı anlamda hadislerde sıkça yer almaktadır. Resûlullah’ın en faziletli diye zikrettiği şeylerin başında iman, Kur’an okuma ve ilim öğrenme gelmekte, namaz, zekât, oruç, hac, cihad, hicret, zikir, tövbe, dua gibi ibadetler de özellikle tavsiye edilmektedir. Birer fezâil sayılan ahlâkî davranışlar arasında insanlarla iyi geçinmek, eliyle ve diliyle kimseye zarar vermemek, selâmlaşmak, başkalarının iyiliğini istemek, doğru sözlü olmak, elinin emeğiyle geçinip kimseden bir şey istememek gibi hususlar ön planda gelmektedir.
Fezâilü’l-a‘mâle dair eser veren ilk müellifin İbn Zencûye (ö. 251/865) olduğu tahmin edilmekte (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1274), bu çalışmalardan günümüze gelen en eski eserin ise İbnü’s-Sünnî’nin (ö. 364/974) Feżâʾilü’l-aʿmâl ’i (Ezher Ktp., Hadis, nr. 4146, 149 varak) olduğu sanılmaktadır. Hadis hâfızı Ziyâeddin el-Makdisî’nin (ö. 643/1245), benzerleri arasında önemli bir yeri bulunan ve titiz bir çalışma sonucunda yayımlanan Feżâʾilü’l-aʿmâl ’i (nşr. Gassân Îsâ Muhammed Hermâs, Beyrut 1407/1987) bu tür kitapların muhtevası hakkında bir fikir vermektedir. Abdestin faziletine dair hadislerle başlayan eser ezan, namaz, zikir, cenaze, oruç, zekât, hac, cihad, nikâh, Kur’an, ilim ve ahlâk gibi konularda 778 hadis ihtiva etmektedir. Kitapta hadislerin senedleri zikredilmemiş, sadece sahâbî olan râvilerin adları verilmiştir. Daha sonraki müelliflerden Ebü’l-Berekât en-Nesefî ile İstanbullu Mehmed Hıfzî Efendi’nin (TSMK, Mehmed Reşad, nr. 193, 170 varak) aynı adı taşıyan eserleri de burada zikredilmelidir. Ak Baba diye bilinen İzmitli Ak Ali Efendi, 1168 (1755) yılında akaide ve vaaza dair Feżâʾil adlı bir eser kaleme almıştır (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1325, 255 varak). Ebü’ş-Şeyh’in S̱evâbü’l-aʿmâl ’i, Abdülmü’min b. Halef ed-Dimyâtî’nin ilim, temizlik, namaz, oruç, sadaka, hac, cihad, iyilik, akraba ziyareti, edep ve zühde dair 2129 hadisi topladığı el-Metcerü’r-râbiḥ fî s̱evâbi’l-ʿameli’ṣ-ṣâliḥ ’i (nşr. Muhammed Hüsâm Beyzûn, Beyrut 1410/1990) ve Edirneli Sarı Hıfzî Mehmed Efendi’nin A‘mâl-i Sâlihât ’ı da (Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 139) bu konuya dair eserlerden bazılarıdır. Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî’nin Câmiʿu’l-feżâʾil ve ḳāmiʿu’r-rezâʾil adlı eseriyle (trc. Hasan Kâmil Yılmaz, İlim Amel ve Seyr ü Sülûk , İstanbul 1988) Mehmed Emin oğlu Rifat’ın Fezâil-i Ahlâk ’ı ise (İstanbul 1311) sadece faziletli amelleri değil aynı zamanda ilmî ve ahlâkî faziletleri de konu alan eserlere örnek olarak zikredilebilir. Celâl Yıldırım, çoğunu Kütüb-i Sitte ’den seçtiği faziletli amellere dair 400 hadisi tercüme ederek Hadîs-i Şeriflere Göre Amellerin Faziletleri adıyla yayımlamıştır (İstanbul 1967).
Faziletli amellerden sadece birini konu edinen kitaplar, pek çok fezâili bir arada ele alan eserlere nisbetle daha çoktur. İbn Bükeyr diye bilinen Bağdatlı hadis hâfızı Hüseyin b. Ahmed b. Abdullah es-Sayrafî’nin (ö. 388/998) Feżâʾilü’t-tesmiye bi-Aḥmed ve Muḥammed ’i (nşr. Ebû Meryem Mecdî Fethî es-Seyyid, Tanta 1411/1990; eser Feżâʾilü men ismühû Aḥmed ev Muḥammed olarak da bilinmektedir; bk. Sezgin, I, 212), İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî’nin Fażlü’l-ʿilm ’i (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1279), Osmanlı müelliflerinden Hatibzâde Muhyiddin Efendi’nin Feżâʾilü’l-cihâd ’ı (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 1984, 1988, 1989), Veysî’nin Fezâil-i Kelime-i Tevhîd ’i (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 3247) bu tür eserlerdendir. Ayrıca namazın, namazda ilk safta bulunmanın, orucun, Allah’ı zikretmenin, esir âzat etmenin, çocuğunun ölümüne sabretmenin, hat ve kitâbetin, ok atmanın vb. işlerin faziletine dair pek çok kitap ve risâle yazılmıştır. Hz. Peygamber’in günlük dua ve zikirlerine dair eserler de (bk. AMELÜ’l-YEVM ve’l-LEYLE ) burada hatırlanmalıdır.
Faziletli ameller daha çok zayıf rivayetlere dayanmakta olup bunlarla amel edilip edilemeyeceği tartışılmıştır (bk. ZAYIF ). Usul kitaplarında ele alınan bu konuyu müstakil bir eserde inceleyen çalışmalara örnek olarak Eşref b. Saîd’in Ḥükmü’l-ʿamel bi’l-ḥadîs̱i’ż-żaʿîf fî feżâʾili’l-aʿmâl (Kahire 1412/1992) adlı eseri zikredilebilir.
Vakitlerin Fazileti. Bazı zamanların Allah katında daha değerli olduğu Kur’an ve hadislerde belirtilmiştir. Kadir gecesinin, receb, şâban, ramazan ve şevval aylarının, arefe ve cuma günlerinin ve diğer bazı zamanların faziletinden bahseden âyet ve hadislerin bulunması bazı âlimleri bu konuda eser yazmaya sevketmiştir. Ancak bu kitapların çoğunda yer alan rivayetler genellikle zayıf, hatta bir kısmı asılsızdır. Belli aylarda yapılan ibadetlerin faziletini konu alan eserler arasında, İbn Şâhîn’in (ö. 385/995) çoğu birbirinin aynı ve genellikle zayıf olan otuz altı rivayeti senedleriyle birlikte naklettiği Feżâʾilü şehri ramażân ’ı (nşr. Semîr b. Emîn ez-Züheyrî, Ürdün 1408/1988), Hasan b. Muhammed b. Hasan el-Hallâl’in Feżâʾilü şehri receb ’i (nşr. Amr Abdülmün‘im, Tanta 1412/1992), Ali el-Kārî’nin el-Edeb fî receb ’i ile (nşr. Amr Abdülmün‘im, Tanta 1412/1992) Fetḥu’r-raḥmân bi-feżâʾili şaʿbân ’ı (Bulak 1307) sayılabilir. Vakitlerin faziletine dair rivayetleri bir araya getiren eserlerin en genişi Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī’nin Feżâʾilü’l-evḳāt ’ıdır (nşr. Adnan Abdurrahman Mecîd el-Kaysî, Mekke 1410/1990). Kitapta receb, şâban, ramazan, şevval, zilhicce ve muharrem ayları ile cuma ve pazartesi günlerinin fazileti gibi konulara dair 307 hadis toplanmıştır. İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin en-Nûr fî feżâʾili’l-eyyâm ve’ş-şühûr ’u, İbn Dihye el-Kelbî’nin el-ʿAlemü’l-meşhûr fî feżâʾili’l-eyyâm ve’ş-şühûr ’u, İbn Receb el-Hanbelî’nin Leṭâʾifü’l-maʿârif fîmâ li-mevâsimi’l-ʿâm mine’l-veẓâʾif ’i (Beyrut 1924) ve Abdülganî en-Nablusî’nin Feżâʾilü’ş-şühûr ve’l-eyyâm ’ı da (nşr. Mustafa Abdülkādir Atâ, Beyrut 1406/1986) bu tür eserlerdendir.
Şahısların Fazileti. Hz. Peygamber ile ashabın faziletine dair eserler dışında Resûl-i Ekrem’in diliyle övülmüş olan tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiîn nesillerine mensup bazı tanınmış kimselerle mezhep imamları, velîler, âlimler ve tarihî şahsiyetler hakkında da çeşitli monografiler kaleme alınmıştır. Saîd b. Esed b. Mûsâ’nın iki ciltlik Feżâʾilü’t-tâbiʿîn ’i (Sezgin, I, 355), İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin birer menâkıb kitabı mahiyetindeki Feżâʾilü’l-Ḥasani’l-Baṣrî (Kahire 1350) ve Feżâʾilü Bişri’l-Ḥâfî ’si (Brockelmann, I, 662; Sezgin, I, 638) burada zikredilebilir. Yûsuf b. Yahyâ el-Megāmî’nin (ö. 288/901) Feżâʾilü Mâlik b. Enes ’i (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 197), Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin Feżâʾilü’ş-Şâfiʿî ’si (Köprülü Ktp., nr. 1127, 134 varak, nr. 1128, 105 varak; eser Ahmed Hicâzî es-Sekkā tarafından Menâḳıbü’l-İmâm eş-Şâfiʿî adıyla yayımlanmıştır [Beyrut 1986]), Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hanefî ile Muhammed b. Müsâfir b. Osman el-Hanefî’nin Feżâʾilü’l-İmâm Ebî Ḥanîfe adlı eserleri (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 195) mezhep imamlarının faziletine dair kitaplara örnek teşkil eder. Mezhep imamlarından bazılarının faziletlerini bir arada ele alan eserler de yazılmış olup İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî’nin Ebû Hanîfe, Mâlik ve Şâfiî’nin faziletlerine dair el-İntiḳāʾ fî feżâʾili’s̱-s̱elâs̱eti’l-eʾimmeti’l-fuḳahâʾ adlı eseri bunlardan biridir (nşr. Hüsâmeddin el-Kudsî, Kahire 1350).
Şehirlerin ve Ülkelerin Fazileti. Tarihî mahiyetleri itibariyle bazı ülke ve şehirlerin Kur’an ve hadislerde anılması, ashap ve tâbiîn sözlerinde zikredilmesi, bazı peygamberlerin veya sahâbîlerin buralarda yaşaması, ayrıca bazı önemli şahsiyetlerin bu yerlerde yetişmiş olması bu şehirlerin faziletine dair eserler yazılmasına yol açmış, İslâm tarihindeki önemli yerleri sebebiyle en çok Mekke, Medine ve Kudüs’ün faziletleri hakkında kitaplar kaleme alınmıştır. Bilindiği kadarıyla şehirlerin faziletine dair eserlerin ilki Hasan-ı Basrî’ye (ö. 110/728) nisbet edilen Feżâʾilü Mekke ’dir (Köprülü, Ktp., nr. 1603, vr. 1-10; Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 1828, 23 varak; ayrıca bk. Sezgin, I, 592). Yetmiş sekiz rivayeti senedleriyle birlikte bir araya getiren Mufaddal b. Muhammed el-Cenedî’nin (ö. 308/920) Feżâʾilü’l-Medîne (nşr. Muhammed Mutî‘ el-Hâfız – Gazve Büdeyr, Dımaşk 1407/1987) ve Feżâʾilü Mekke (bir bölümü için bk. Zâhiriyye Ktp., Hadis, nr. 330, vr. 45-52) adlı eserleri de bu çalışmalar arasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Günümüzde Medine ile ilgili olarak yazılan eserler arasında Sâlih b. Hâmid b. Saîd er-Rifâî’nin Medine ve Mescid-i Nebevî’ye, ayrıca şehrin çeşitli yerlerine dair 375 hadisi derleyip tahkik ettiği el-Eḥâdîs̱ü’l-vâride fî feżâʾili’l-Medîne adlı doktora çalışması (Medine 1413/1992), Kudüs’ün fazileti hakkında yazılan kitaplara örnek olarak da Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳuds ’ü (nşr. Cebrâîl Süleyman Cebbûr, Beyrut 1979) zikredilebilir. Kudüs’e değer kazandıran Mescid-i Aksâ ve onun fazileti hakkında yazılan eserlerden faydalanmak suretiyle Minhâcî (ö. 880/1475-76) İtḥâfü’l-aḫiṣṣâ bi-feżâʾili Mescidi’l-Aḳṣâ adlı bir eser kaleme almıştır (nşr. Ahmed Ramazan Ahmed, I-II, Kahire 1982). Bu üç şehrin faziletini bir arada ele alan çalışmalar arasında Muhammed el-Yemenî’nin Türkçe olarak kaleme aldığı Fezâil-i Mekke Medîne ve Kudüs adlı eseri (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6802, 150 varak) burada kaydedilmelidir. Bu üç şehri Dımaşk, Kûfe, Bağdat, Basra, Belh, Endülüs ve Yemen takip etmektedir. Hakkında en çok kitap yazılan ülke ise Suriye olup ikinci sırada Mısır yer almaktadır. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid şehirlerin faziletine dair önemli eserlerden yetmiş dördünü tesbit etmiştir (İbn Hazm, nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. he-mim).
Öte yandan Mekke, Medine ve Kudüs gibi şehirlerin Hz. Peygamber’in hadislerinde methedildiğini gören ve Basra ile Kûfe, Mekke ile Medine, Dımaşk ile Bağdat veya Kahire arasında bir rekabet havası meydana getiren bazı aşırı milliyetçiler ve siyasîler bulunduğu gibi, doğup büyüdükleri şehirler Resûl-i Ekrem zamanında henüz kurulmamış olsa bile buraların onun diliyle övülmesini arzu eden ve bu maksatla hadis uyduranlar da olmuştur. II. (VIII.) yüzyılda kurulan Bağdat’ın lehinde ve aleyhinde Hz. Peygamber’e isnat edilen hadisler bu tür rivayetlerdendir (Hatîb, I, 24-25, 27-44). Methine veya zemmine dair uydurma rivayetlerin bulunduğu şehirlere örnek olarak İskenderiye, Dimyat, Basra, Bağdat, Kazvin, Ürdün, Abadan, Cidde, Askalân, Nusaybin, Antakya, Horasan, Tâlekān, Şâş, Merv, Buhara, Semerkant, Tûs, Cürcân, Herat, Kayrevan, Sebte ve Fas zikredilebilir (Kandemir, s. 50, 170).
Milletlerin Fazileti. Bazı milletlerin anılmaya değer özelliklerine dair başka milletlere mensup yazarlar tarafından kaleme alınmış eserlerin bulunması bu nevi kitaplarda her zaman tarafgir davranılmadığını göstermektedir. Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ’ya (ö. 209/824 [?]) nisbet edilen Kitâbü Feżâʾili’l-Fürs ile (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 59) Câhiz’in Feżâʾilü’l-Etrâk ’i (trc. Ramazan Şeşen, Hilâfet Ordusunun Menkıbeleri ve Türklerin Fazîletleri , Ankara 1967), Ebü’l-Abbas Abdullah b. Ca‘fer b. Hasan el-Kummî ve Sa‘d b. İbrâhim el-Kummî’nin Fażlü’l-ʿArab (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 198) adlı eserleri bunlar arasında sayılabilir. Zeynüddin el-Irâkī’nin de Meḥaccetü’l-ḳurab fî feżâʾili’l-ʿArab (Süleymaniye Ktp., Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 2151, vr. 57-74) adlı bir risâlesi bulunmaktadır. İmam Şâfiî ve Medâinî’ye nisbet edilen Kitâbü Feżâʾili Ḳureyş (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 114, 264), Allân el-Verrâk’a nisbet edilen Kitâbü Feżâʾili Kinâne ve Kitâbü Feżâʾili Rebîʿa (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 119) gibi eserler de bu tür çalışmalardandır. Bazı şahıs, kabile veya milletleri yermek maksadıyla yazılan kitaplar ise genellikle “mesâlib” adıyla anılmaktadır (Sezgin, II, 60-61).
Kitapların faziletine dair eserler de kaleme alınmıştır. Ebü’l-Kāsım Ubeyd b. Muhammed es-Siirdî’nin (ö. 692/1293) Feżâʾilü’l-Kitâbi’l-Câmiʿ li-Ebî ʿÎsâ et-Tirmiẕî (nşr. Subhî es-Sâmerrâî, Beyrut 1409/1989) adlı eseri bunlardan biridir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “fżl” md.
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “fżl” md.
Müsned , III, 438.
Câhiz, Hilâfet Ordusunun Menkıbeleri ve Türklerin Fazîletleri (trc. Ramazan Şeşen), Ankara 1967.
Mufaddal b. Muhammed el-Cenedî, Feżâʾilü’l-Medîne (nşr. Muhammed Mutî‘ el-Hâfız – Gazve Büdeyr), Dımaşk 1407/1987.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 59, 114, 119, 264, ayrıca bk. İndeks.
İbn Şâhîn, Feżâʾilü şehri ramażân (nşr. Semîr b. Emîn ez-Züheyrî), Ürdün 1408/1988.
İbn Hazm, Feżâʾilü’l-Endelüs ve ehlihâ (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid), Beyrut 1387/1968, nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. elif-mim.
Beyhakī, Feżâʾilü’l-evḳāt (nşr. Adnan Abdurrahman Mecîd el-Kaysî), Mekke 1410/1990.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , I, 24-25, 27-44.
Ziyâeddin el-Makdisî, Feżâʾilü’l-aʿmâl (nşr. Gassân Îsâ Muhammed Hermâs), Beyrut 1407/1987.
Ebü’l-Kāsım Ubeyd b. Muhammed b. Abbas es-Siirdî, Feżâʾilü’l-Kitâbi’l-Câmiʿ (nşr. Subhî es-Sâmerrâî), Beyrut 1409/1989.
Abdülmü’min b. Halef ed-Dimyâtî, el-Metcerü’r-râbiḥ fî s̱evâbi’l-ʿameli’ṣ-ṣâliḥ (nşr. Muhammed Hüsâm Beyzûn), Beyrut 1410/1990.
Minhâcî, İtḥâfü’l-aḫiṣṣâ bi-feżâʾili’l-Mescidi’l-Aḳṣâ (nşr. Ahmed Ramazan Ahmed), Kahire 1982, I-II.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1274-1280.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 280.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 195-199.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 662.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 212, 340-341, 355, 592; II, 60-61.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, Mevzû Hadisler , Ankara 1975, s. 50, 170.
Eşref b. Saîd, Ḥükmü’l-ʿamel bi’l-ḥadîs̱i’ż-żaʿîf fî feżâʾili’l-aʿmâl , Kahire 1412/1992.
Sâlih b. Hâmid b. Saîd er-Rifâî, el-Eḥâdîs̱ü’l-vâride fî feżâʾili’l-Medîne , Medine 1413/1992.
R. Sellheim, “Faḍīla”, EI2 (Fr.) , II, 747-748.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 529-531 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.