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GÜL Skip to content Doğu edebiyatlarında özellikle güzelliği bakımından sözü edilen çiçek.
Türkler tarafından eski devirlerden beri bilinmekte olup edebiyatta çokça kullanılan motiflerden biridir. Farsça’daki genel anlamı “çiçek” olan gül, Türk edebiyatında da “gül-i bâdâm” (badem çiçeği), “gül-i yâsemen” (yasemin çiçeği) gibi ifadelerde aynı mânada kullanılmıştır (İran edebiyatında gerek “çiçek”, gerekse “gül” anlamında kullanılışıyla ilgili olarak Ali Ekber Dihhudâ’nın Luġatnâme ’sinde geniş bilgi bulunmaktadır).
Gül, çeşitli vasıflarıyla daha çok sevgilinin sembolü olarak kabul edildiğinden şairlerin ilham kaynağı, çiçeklerin de sultanıdır. Bu husus “şeh-i ezhâr, sultân-ı gül, hüsrev-i gül, dâver-i ezhâr” gibi sözlerle ifade edilir. Divan edebiyatında en çok sözü edilen kırmızı güldür. Zaman zaman beyaz gülden ve âşığın yüzünü hatırlatması bakımından sarı gülden de bahsedilir. Bunların dışında “gül-i sad-berk” (yüz yapraklı gül, katmerli bir çeşit iri gül), “gül-i ter” (taze, taravetli gül), “gül-i ra‘nâ” (içi kırmızı, dışı sarı gül), “gül-i sûrî” (gül yağı çıkarılan Edirne gülü) ifadelerine de sıkça rastlanmaktadır. “Yakayım hicr oduna gül tenimi kül edeyim / Ol nihâl-i gül-i ra‘nâya gerek hâkister” (Necâtî Bey) beytinde geçen gül-i ra‘nâ tamlaması “güzel, şuh, iki yüzlü, hafifmeşrep” anlamlarında kullanılmıştır. Eskiden serviye sarmaşık veya yediveren gülü aşılanır ve bu güller serviyi görünmeyecek şekilde sarardı. Buna “peyvend”, böyle güllere de “serv-i gül-endâm, serv-i gül-fürûş, serv-i semen” adları verilirdi.
Gonca, gülün açılmamışı yani “halvet” halidir. “Yakası dar, teng-dil, yüzünü dürmüş, uykuya varmış” gibi sözlerle de ifade edilen gonca “mahzen-i esrâr”dır; dudaklarla “hem-râz”dır. Gonca sırrını sakladığı halde gül açılıp saçılarak sırrını âleme fâş eylemektedir. “Sırr-ı aşkı gonca gibi dilde mektûm eyle kim / Hânumânı yele verdi açtığıyçun râz gül” (Hayâlî) beytinde gonca ile gülün bu durumu dile getirilmektedir. Gülün açılması “çâk-i girîbân eylemek, yakasını yırtmak, dâmenini çâk çâk etmek, eteğini açmak, tebessüm eylemek” tabirleriyle anlatılır. “Goncanın bâd-ı sabâ çâk etti zeyl-i ismetin / Bülbülân yâkūt-ı eşk-i terle tazmin ettiler” (Re’fet) beytinde, sabâ rüzgârının zoruyla açılan goncanın durumundan söz edilmektedir. Bu özellikleriyle gonca el değmemiş, iffetli, “pâk-dâmen”; gül ise katıla katıla gülen, her şeyi ortada, hafifmeşrep, güzellik pazarında satılan bir metâ, elden ele gezen bir “şâhid-i bâzâr”dır.
Baharın bir adının “gül mevsimi” oluşu güle verilen önemden kaynaklanmaktadır. Güller bu mevsimde açtığından bahar için “vakt-i gül, mevsim-i gül, devr-i gül” ifadeleri de kullanılır. “Gülzar, gülşen, gülistan” gülün bulunduğu mahallerin adıdır. Gül seher vakti sabâ yelinin esmesiyle açılır. Gül açılması baharın geldiğini haber verdiği için bir neşe ve sevinç kaynağı olduğu gibi işret meclislerinin kurulma zamanını da gösterir.
Gül rengi, şekli ve kokusu bakımından da çeşitli benzetmelere konu teşkil etmiştir. Bunların başında onun her yönüyle Hz. Peygamber’e benzetilişi gelmektedir. Yûnus Emre’nin, “Çiçek eydür ey derviş gül Muhammed teridir” mısraında ifade ettiği gibi gülün kokusunu Resûl-i Ekrem’in terinden aldığına inanılır. Halk arasında, “Gül koklamak sevaptır” sözü de daha çok bu çiçeğin Hz. Peygamber’in sembolü olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Gül koklandığında, gül yağı veya gül suyu ikram edildiğinde salâtüselâm getirilmesi, bu inanışın müslümanlar arasında köklü bir geleneğe sahip olduğunu gösterir. Mevlid törenlerinde gül suyu serpmek, bunun için yapılmış sanat eseri niteliği taşıyan gülâbdanların ortaya çıkmasına vesile olmuştur. Tasavvufî sembolizmde gül ilâhî güzelliği ifade ettiği gibi Allah’ın mahbûbu Hz. Muhammed’i de temsil eder. Bundan dolayı “verd-i Muhammedî” veya “gül-i Muhammedî” adı verilen gül şeklinde hilye-i şerifler yapılmıştır. Öte yandan tasavvufta servi vahdeti, gül de kesreti temsil ettiği için “serv-i gül endâm” gibi sözlerle kesret altında gizlenen vahdet anlatılmak istenmiştir.
Bütün klasik Doğu edebiyatlarında olduğu gibi divan edebiyatında da gül bülbülle birlikte âşığı ve sevgiliyi temsil eder (bk. BÜLBÜL ). Aşk macerası, bu ikisi arasında cereyan eden büyük bir hadise gibi bütün safhalarıyla anlatılır. “Gül ile bülbülü sordum o gonca güldü dedi / Benim gibi sana gül yok sen gibi hezâr bana” (Kırımlı Âlî); “Berg-i gülle andelîb-i zârı tekfîn ettiler / Bir Gülistân beytini üstünde telkîn ettiler” (İzzet Molla); “Güllerle içli dışlı olup aldı goncayı / Gülzâra etti oğlunu dâmâd andelîb” (İzzet Molla) beyitlerinde gül-bülbül arasındaki bu tür ilişkiler dile getirilmiştir.
Gül, bahar gibi ömrün kısalığıyla hayatın geçiciliğini de ifade etmektedir. “Ben yârime gül demem / Gülün ömrü az olur” mısraları bu anlayışın halk şiirine yansımış şeklidir.
Klasik Türk edebiyatında gül sevgili tipinin bütün özelliklerini taşır. Hatta çok defa sevgiliyle gül güzellik yönünden karşılaştırılır: “Gülşende şehâ gül de olur gonca da ammâ / Bir sencileyin şûh gül ü gonca-fem olmaz” (Şeyhülislâm Yahyâ). Nedîm’in sevgilisine, “Gülüm şöyle gülüm böyle demektir yâre mu‘tâdım / Seni ey gül sever cânım ki cânâna hitâbımsın” demesi bu anlayıştan kaynaklanır. Gül nazlıdır, naz libası giyer ve naz uykusuna yatar. Vefasız ve zâlimdir. Efsaneye göre başlangıçta rengi kırmızı olmayan gül bülbüle hiç yüz vermez. Gülün bu ilgisizliğine dayanamayan bülbül bir gün her şeye rağmen gidip gülün üzerine konar. Dikenler bülbülün gövdesine batarak kanatırlar. Gülün dibine dökülen bu kanlar onun kökünden damarlarına doğru yayılır ve gül o günden sonra kan rengine bürünür. Fuzûlî’nin “Su Kasidesi”ndeki, “İçmek ister bülbülün kanın meğer bir reng ile / Gül budağının mizâcına gire kurtara su” beyti bu inanışa telmihtir. Bu olaydan hareketle gülün bülbülün kanını döktüğüne, içtiğine ve allık olarak yüzüne sürdüğüne inanılır. Gül bülbülün sesine kulak vermez, açılıp yüzünü göstermez, daima dikenle (rakip) iş birliği yaparak onun bağrını yaralar. Ancak dünyada dikensiz gül bulmak mümkün olmadığından bülbül de, “Gülü seven dikenine katlanır” diyerek teselli bulur. Gülün dikeni âşığın rakibidir. Bunun dışında gül ile diken iyilik ve kötülük, kolay ile zor, dost ile düşman zıtlıklarını da ifade eder. Gülün şekli yapraklarından hareketle kitaba, kâğıda, deftere, mecmuaya benzetilir. Sabah rüzgârında tatlı tatlı sallanışı ise “bâd-ı subh ile gülüp oynamak” şeklinde dile getirilir. Tazelik, incelik, narinlik, nazlılık hem gülün hem de dalının, yaprağının ve fidanının özellikleridir. Bunlar aynı zamanda sevgilinin boyunu, yanağını, yüzünü ifade ederler. Gül renginden dolayı kana, ateşe ve şaraba benzetilir. Rengi ve kokusuyla işret meclislerinin değişmez süsüdür. Genel olarak gül, bazan da yabani gül veya ağustos gülü de denilen nesrin, kırmızılığı sebebiyle sevgilinin yüzü ve yanağı için kendisine benzetilen (müşebbehün bih) olur. Nesteren ise beyazlığından dolayı kefene teşbih edilir. Sevgili-gül benzetmesinde zülüf, ben, ayva tüyü, boy ve dudak sırasıyla sümbül ve menekşe, fülfül, çemen, servi ve gonca şeklinde düşünülerek bahçe unsurları bir araya getirilip tenâsüp sanatı yapılır.
Gül ateşi hatırlattığı için “âteş-mizâc”dır. “Gül âteş gülbün âteş gülşen âteş cûybâr âteş / Semender-tıynetân-ı aşka bestir lâlezâr âteş” (Şeyh Galib) beyti gül-ateş benzerliğini dile getirmektedir. Sevgilinin bulunmadığı bahçe âşığa cehennem ve bu bahçedeki güller ateş gibi görünür. Gül “âteş-i Tûr” şeklinde tasavvur edilince bülbül de “kelîm” sıfatıyla anılır. Gül aynı zamanda cennet çiçeğidir. Hz. İbrâhim Nemrud tarafından ateşe atılınca ateş ona gül bahçesi olmuştur. “Yandım belâ-yı hicr ile Nemrûd nârında yeter / Gel ey Halîlim bir kadem tâze gülistân et beni” (Ahmed Paşa) beytinde buna işaret edilmektedir.
Gül şekil olarak kulağa benzetilir. Sabâ rüzgârının gülü hareket ettirmesi ve gülün açılmasında rol oynaması sebebiyle onun kulağına âşıktan haber fısıldaması “kulağını bükmek” gibi ifadelerle anlatılır.
Zulmüne, istiğnasına ve vefasızlığına rağmen âşık güle benzeyen sevgiliyi daima baş üstünde tutar. Bununla başa veya sarığa gül takma âdetine de işaret edilmiş olur.
Tasavvufî sembolizmde gonca halindeki gülün vahdeti, açılmış gülün kesreti ifade etmesine karşılık gülşen gönül açıklığını yahut kirinden, pasından temizlenerek ilâhî güzelliğin yansımasına hazır hale gelmiş kalbi ifade eder. Rivayete göre Hz. Ali son nefesini vermeden önce Selmân-ı Fârisî’den bir deste gül istemiş ve getirilen bu gülleri kokladıktan sonra ruhunu Hakk’a teslim etmiştir. Bundan dolayı Bektaşîlik’te gül önemli bir semboldür.
Gül tek beyitlerde ele alındığı gibi “gül” redifli gazel ve kasidelere, ayrıca Gül ü Bülbül (Kara Fazlî, Rifâî, Bekāyî, II. Gazi Giray, Acem Molla Niyâzî), Gül ü Nevrûz (Lutfî, Muîdî, Sâbir), Gül ü Hüsrev (Tutmacı), Gül ü Sabâ (Necâtî), Gül ü Mül (Râsih) gibi müstakil eserlere de konu olmuştur. Divan şiirinde, aralarında Necâtî ve Nev‘î’nin de bulunduğu “gül” redifli kaside yazan şairler arasında Fuzûlî’nin Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman için kaleme aldığı kasidesi, altmış iki beyit boyunca gülün hemen her kullanılışında ayrı bir mazmuna işaret eden zengin imaj dünyasıyla şiir sanatı bakımından en güzel örneklerden biridir.
Divan edebiyatı yanında Türk halk ve tekke edebiyatlarının hemen bütün ürünlerinde de güle yer verilmiştir. Gülün çeşitli özellikleriyle ele alındığı mâni, türkü, atasözü, deyim, ninni, ağıt, ilâhi, halk hikâyesi ve kıssalar bugün de Türk halkı arasında canlı olarak yaşamaktadır.
Gül, Tanzimat devrinden başlayarak günümüze kadar uzanan Batılılaşma ve değişme süreci şiirinde önemli bir motif olarak varlığını devam ettirmiştir. Bu devamın büyük bir kısmında, gerek divan gerekse halk şiirinde mevcut gül-bülbül-gonca gibi klasik mazmun ilişkileri veya gülşen, gülzar, gül yüzlü, gül yanaklı, gül dudaklı gibi fazla karmaşık olmayan terkip ve deyimler hâkimdir. Bunun dışında edebiyatın hemen her tema ve konusunda olduğu gibi gül imajı da gelenekten uzaklaşıp öncekilerden farklı alegorik ve sembolik değerler kazanarak yeni kullanma alanlarına açılır.
Divan şiirindeki dünyevî veya tasavvufî sevgiliyi vatan ve millet motiflerine kaydıran Nâmık Kemal’in şiirlerinden “Vaveylâ”da gül dildeki bu yeni tasarrufun ilk örneklerindendir: “Feminin rengi aksedip tenine / Yeni açmış güle misâl olmuş.” Süleyman Nazif’in, “İşte gülzâr-ı vatan mahvoldu istibdâd ile” mısraı da aynı kategoride bir başka örnektir. Abdülhak Hâmid, bir şairin hayal gücünü tasvir ettiği, “Bir haşrdır gözünde onun inkişâf-ı gül” mısraında gülün açılmasıyla mahşer arasında orijinal bir çağrışım yapar. Ahmed Hâşim’in sembolist-empresyonist şiirlerinde daha da şaşırtıcı imajlar görülür: “Eğilmiş arza kanar, muttasıl kanar güller”; “Yorgun gözümün halkalarında / Güller gibi fecr oldu nümâyan / Güller gibi sonsuz iri güller / Güller ki kamıştan daha nâlân.”
Birçok şiirinde güle değişik semboller yükleyen Yahya Kemal, “Zil, şal ve gül bu bahçede raksın bütün hızı” mısraında gülü egzotik ve erotik bir unsur olarak kullanırken, “Bir kanlı gül ağzında ve mey kâsesi elde” mısraıyla aşk ıstırabının, “Hâfız’ın kabri olan bahçede bir gül varmış / Yeniden her gün açarmış kanayan rengiyle” mısralarıyla da onu ebedî hayatın sembolü yapar.
Cumhuriyet’ten sonraki şiirin sosyal gerçekçi, siyasî-ideolojik yönünde gül hemen hiç yer almazken hissî ve mistik karakterli şiirlerde zenginleşen mâna, imaj ve sembol değerleriyle devam eder. Necip Fazıl’ın, “Gül yetiştirenlere mahsus hevesle / Renk renk dertlerimi gözünde besle” mısralarında aşk acısını sembolize eden gül, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’ın şiirlerinde her biri ayrı bir çağrışımın ürünü olan zengin hayallere açılır: “Bir gül bu karanlıklarda / Sükûta kendini mercan / Bir kadeh gibi sunmakta / Zamanın aralığından”; “Belki rüyalarındır bu taze açmış güller”; “Bugünün rüzgârında yıkanan mâzi gülü”; “Gül, ey bir âna sığınmış ebediyet rüyası.” Behçet Necatigil bir şiirinde, “Solgun bir gül oluyor dokununca” mısraını duygu yüklü laytmotif olarak kullanır.
Şiir kitaplarından birinin adı Gül Muştusu olan Sezai Karakoç’ta gül çok defa İslâm’ın “ba‘sü ba‘delmevt”inin, dirilişin sembolüdür: “Kıyamet demek gülün geri gelişi demek / Gül peygamber muştusu, peygamber sesi.” Beşir Ayvazoğlu’nun da, “Dönsün yine dönsün açılan tennûre / Ses gülleri iliştirsin güzelliğine” gibi klasik form ve mazmunlardan hareketle imajları genişleyen şiirlerini ihtiva eden Gülnâme adlı bir kitabı vardır.
Gül Ortaçağ Batı edebiyatında da önemli bir yer tutar. Kara Fazlî’nin Gül ü Bülbül ’üne benzeyen Le Roman de la Rose , Fransız edebiyatının Ortaçağ sonlarında çok sevilen alegorik eserlerinden biri olmuştur. Gül ayrıca Doğu-İslâm şairleriyle Batı şairlerinin işlediği ortak önemli sembollerden biridir.
Türk süsleme sanatlarının vazgeçilmez motiflerinden biri de güldür. Tavan göbekleriyle taş oymacılığında, çini, seramik, duvar resimleri ve kumaşlarda, kitap cilt ve tezhiplerinde, mezar taşlarında stilize edilmiş güller önemli bir yer tutar. Kapılarda tokmağın geçmesi için ortasında bir delik bulunan yuvarlak pul şeklindeki süslü madenî veya tahta levhaya “ağızlık gülü” denmektedir. Yazma Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’lerde sayfaların kenarına ve gerekli yerlere tezhiple yapılan gül şeklindeki motiflerden aşr-ı şerifleri gösterenlere “aşır gülü”, cüz başlarını gösterenlere “cüz gülü”, genellikle her cüzün 1/4’ünü belirtmek için konanlara “hizip gülü”, secde âyetlerini işaret edenlere de “secde gülü” denir.
Kādirî tarikatı alâmeti olarak arakıyenin tepesine çuhadan dikilen daire şeklindeki parçaya da gül adı verilmiştir; havuzlu, kafesli gül veya Bağdat gülü, kız gülü gibi çeşitleri vardır. Bu konuda derviş İbrâhim el-Eşrefî el-Kādirî’nin yazdığı “Gül Risâlesi” (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 270), Mustafa Kara tarafından yayımlanmıştır (UÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , V/5 [1993], Bursa 1995, s. 11-23). Rifâîler’in zikir esnasında ateşte kızdırıp yaladıkları demire gül, bu işe de “gül yalamak” adı verilir. Osmanlı sanatında XVIII. yüzyıldan sonra gül natüralist üslûpta en çok resmedilen çiçektir.
Gül, Osmanlılar’dan başlayarak günümüze kadar Türkler’in günlük hayatlarında önemli bir yer tutar. Erkek ve özellikle kadın kıyafetinde ve ziynet eşyasında yaygın bir motif olarak kullanılmıştır. Türk mutfağına özel gül reçeli ve gül şurubundan başka parfümeri sanayiinde de gül suyu ve gül esansı eskiden beri bilinmektedir. Türkçe eserlere ad verme geleneğine bağlı olarak gül kelimesiyle başlayan birçok mesnevi, tarih, tezkire ve terâcim-i ahvâl kitabı bulunmaktadır. Kız çocuklarına gül ve içinde bu kelimenin yer aldığı çeşitli adlar verilmesi de günümüze kadar gelen yaygın bir gelenektir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mehmed Çavuşoğlu, Necâti Bey Dîvânı’nın Tahlili , İstanbul 1971, s. 276-279.
a.mlf., Dîvanlar Arasında , Ankara 1981, s. 6-13.
Levend, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 111, 112, 135, 139, 170.
Harun Tolasa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası , Ankara 1973, s. 506-511.
E. Kemal Eyüboğlu, Şiirde ve Halk Dilinde Atasözleri ve Deyimler , İstanbul 1973-75, I, 112-113; II, 227-228.
Nihad Sâmi Banarlı, Şiir ve Edebiyat Sohbetleri , İstanbul 1976, I, 56-70.
Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı, Tasavvuftan Dilimize Geçen Deyimler ve Atasözleri , İstanbul 1977, s. 140.
Ali Nihad Tarlan, Edebiyat Meseleleri , İstanbul 1981, s. 100.
Yıldız Demiriz, Osmanlı Kitap Sanatında Natüralist Üslupta Çiçekler , İstanbul 1986.
Cemal Kurnaz, Hayâlî Bey Dîvânı (Tahlili) , Ankara 1987, s. 530-534.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1989, I, 366-368.
M. Nejat Sefercioğlu, Nev’î Divânı’nın Tahlîli , Ankara 1990, s. 404-408.
Beşir Ayvazoğlu, Güller Kitabı , İstanbul 1992, s. 93-96, 100.
Ahmet Talât Onay, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mazmunlar (haz. Cemal Kurnaz), Ankara 1992, s. 82-84.
Tunca Kortantamer, Eski Türk Edebiyatı: Makaleler , Ankara 1993, s. 413-435.
Muhsin Macit, Gelenekten Geleceğe , Ankara 1996, s. 16-17.
“Gül”, SA , II, 664-665.
Pakalın , I, 683.
Afif Obay, “Gül”, TA , XVIII, 133-136.
J. Rypka, “Gul”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 1133.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , XIII, 341-347.
Timur Kocaoğlu, “Gül”, ML , V, 412-414.
Mustafa Kutlu, “Gül”, TDEA , III, 382-387.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 219-222 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.