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HACI İVAZ PAŞA Skip to content (ö. 831/1428)
Osmanlı veziri ve mimarı.
1/2 Müellif: ABDÜLKADİR ÖZCAN Bölüme Git
Tokat’ın Kazova (Kazâbâd) nahiyesinde doğdu. Ahî Bayezid b. İvaz Hüseyin’in oğlu olup künyesi İmâdüddin’dir. Çelebi Mehmed’in Amasya sancak beyliği za…
2/2 Müellif: ZEKİ SÖNMEZ Bölüme Git
MİMARİ. Hacı İvaz Paşa, siyasî şöhretinin yanında Osmanlı sanatına mimar-mühendis olarak da büyük emeği geçmiş önemli bir şahsiyettir. Çelebi Sultan M…
Tokat’ın Kazova (Kazâbâd) nahiyesinde doğdu. Ahî Bayezid b. İvaz Hüseyin’in oğlu olup künyesi İmâdüddin’dir. Çelebi Mehmed’in Amasya sancak beyliği zamanında ona intisap etti ve timarlı sipahilerinden oldu. 1402’de Ankara Savaşı’na katıldı. Timur tarafından esir alınan Yıldırım Bayezid’in ölümünden sonra şehzadeleri arasında başlayan taht mücadelelerinde Çelebi Mehmed’i destekledi. Bir ara Kazâbâd subaşılığı yaptı (1411-1412). Çelebi Mehmed’in Rumeli’de kardeşi Mûsâ ile mücadelesi sırasında Bursa subaşısı, bazı kaynaklara göre ise muhafızı oldu. Bu esnada Bursa Kalesi’ni kuşatan, hatta bir rivayete göre Yıldırım Bayezid’in mezarını açtırıp cesedini yaktıran (Dukas, s. 174), fakat Çelebi Mehmed’in Şehzade Mûsâ meselesini hallettiğini duyunca şehri ateşe vererek kaçan Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey’e karşı Bursa Kalesi’ni savundu (1414). Müdafaadaki başarısından dolayı önce Bursa valiliğine getirildi, ardından da vezirlik rütbesiyle taltif edilerek merkeze alındı.
Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın önemli bir hizmeti de Çelebi Sultan Mehmed’in ölümü üzerine, Amasya’da bulunan büyük oğlu Murad’ın (II. Murad) Edirne’ye gelinceye kadar geçen kırk günlük sürede bu padişahın ölümünün gizlenmesi sırasında oldu. Nitekim padişahın ağzından bir rivayete göre Karamanoğlu Mehmed, diğer bir rivayete göre ise İzmiroğlu Cüneyd üzerine sefer yapılacağını, bunun için ordunun Biga’da toplanması gerektiğini bildiren bir ferman yazdırmak suretiyle karışıklığı önledi (Âşıkpaşazâde, s. 94).
II. Murad’ın hükümdarlığı zamanında da vezir olarak devlet merkezinde bulunan İvaz Paşa, özellikle “Düzmece” lakabıyla anılan Şehzade Mustafa kuvvetlerini bölmek için önemli hizmetler gördü. Sultan Murad ile amcası Şehzade Mustafa kuvvetlerinin Ulubat nehrinin iki yakasında karşı karşıya geldiği esnada buradaki köprüyü yıktırıp emrindeki askerlerle Gölbaşı mevkiini tutmak suretiyle bu kuvvetlerin Bursa’ya girmesini önledi. Fakat İvaz Paşa’nın bu sıradaki faaliyetleri daha ziyade siyasî ağırlıklı oldu. Nitekim Şehzade Mustafa’ya yazdığı bir mektupta ona olan sadakatinden bahsederek Rumeli beylerinin ve İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey’in kendisini terketmek üzere olduklarını bildirmek suretiyle onu tereddüde düşürürken Cüneyd Bey’e yazdığı diğer bir mektupta da soyu belirsiz birine vezir olmasının kendisine yakışmadığını, ondan ayrıldığı takdirde Aydın civarında hâkim olduğu eski yerlerin tekrar kendisine verileceğini vaad etti; bu arada eski beyliğinin yenilendiğine dair bir de berat gönderdi. Bu mektuplar bir yandan Şehzade Mustafa’yı telâşa düşürürken bir yandan da Cüneyd Bey’in ondan ayrılarak adamlarıyla birlikte Aydın iline kaçmasına sebep oldu (Emecen, s. 122). Diğer taraftan eski akıncı beylerinden olan ve bir süreden beri Tokat’ta mahpus bulunan Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey’in serbest bırakılarak bir gece Şehzade Mustafa ordusundaki Evrenos, Gümlü ve Turahan oğulları gibi ünlü akıncı beylerine Mustafa’nın düzmece olduğunu söylemesi, bu akıncı beylerinin topluca II. Murad tarafına geçmesine ve Mustafa’nın kaçmasına yol açtı. O sırada II. Murad tarafına geçen, fakat ihanetleri yüzünden ikinci vezir Çandarlı İbrâhim Paşa tarafından öldürtülmek istenen Rumeli beylerinin ve maiyetindeki akıncıların affedilmesini de İvaz Paşa sağladı.
Vezîriâzam Bayezid Paşa’nın Düzmece Mustafa tarafından öldürülmesinden sonra Çandarlı İbrâhim’in vezîriâzamlığa getirilmesi üzerine (1421) İvaz Paşa da ikinci vezir oldu. Ancak nüfuz rekabeti sebebiyle Çandarlı ile arası açıldı. Devrin ünlü âlimi Molla Fenârî de Çandarlı tarafını tutuyordu (Mecdî, s. 51). Bir suikasta uğramaktan korkan Hacı İvaz Paşa kaftanının altında sürekli zırh bulundurmaya başladı. Divan toplantılarına bile zırhlı olarak gelmesi muhalifleri tarafından ordu ile gizli ilişkiler içinde bulunduğu, padişaha suikast yapacağı ve tahtı gasbedeceği şeklinde dedikodulara yol açtı. Bunun üzerine II. Murad İvaz Paşa’yı önce vezirlikten azletti, daha sonra da gözlerine mil çektirerek Edirne’den uzaklaştırdı (1424). Bursa’da mecburi ikamete tâbi tutulan Hacı İvaz Paşa, bir veba salgını sırasında kardeşleri Hacı Şerefeddin Çırak ve Hacı Hayreddin Hızır ile birlikte 9 Zilkade 831 (20 Ağustos 1428) tarihinde vefat etti. Mezarı Bursa’da Pınarbaşı Kabristanı’nın Kuzgunluk tarafındadır.
Değerli bir devlet adamı olan Hacı İvaz Paşa aynı zamanda büyük bir mimardı. Diğer ülkelerden sanat ehlini Osmanlı ülkesine davet ederek özellikle çiniciliğin gelişmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Âşıkpaşazâde “Âl-i Osman kapısında paşalarda çinilerle şölen onundur” demektedir (Târih , s. 190). İvaz Paşa’nın mimar olarak Çelebi Sultan Mehmed adına imzasını attığı eserler arasında Bursa’daki Yeşilcami Külliyesi ile Dimetoka’daki camisinden başka Ulubat nehri üzerinde yeniden yaptırılan köprü ve Edirne’de Acemi Oğlanları Kışlası olarak kullanılan saray zikredilebilir (Gökbilgin, s. 119). İvaz Paşa ayrıca Tunca nehrinden Edirne’ye su nakletmeyi planlayarak bunun için Deliklikaya mevkiinde kuyular açtırmışsa da bu çabası bir sonuç vermemiştir (Sehî, s. 58).
Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın Kazzâziye (İmâdiye) adıyla bilinen Bursa’daki medresesi XVI. yüzyıl boyunca 40 akçelik medreselerden olmuş, daha sonra 50’liye yükselmiştir. Bursa-İnegöl arasında hanı ve çeşmesi, İnegöl’de mektebi, Derekızık köyünde de camisi olan İvaz Paşa’nın ayrıca Tokat’ta da camisi, medresesi ve mahallesi; Kazova’da mescidi, medresesi, zâviyesi ve hamamı bulunmaktadır. Bu medrese XVI. yüzyılda Sahn-ı Semân derecesinde idi. Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın bunlardan başka muhtemelen Edirne’de camisi, mahallesi ve sarayı vardı (Gökbilgin, s. 28, 119). İvaz Paşa inşa ettirdiği eserleri için dört vakfiye tertip ettirmiştir. Bunlardan ilk üçü Tokat’taki tesislerine, 1 Cemâziyelevvel 830 (28 Şubat 1427) tarihli dördüncü vakfiyesi ise Bursa ve civarındaki tesislerine aittir. Ayrıca her yıl Mekke ve Medine fakirlerine dağıtılmak üzere para da tahsis etmişti (Âşıkpaşazâde, s. 190).
Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın Bâlî, Bekir, Mehmed, Mahmud ve Ahî Çelebi adlarında beş oğlu oldu. Bazı kaynaklarda Vesîletü’n-necât müellifi Süleyman Çelebi de İvaz Paşa’nın oğulları arasında zikredilmekteyse de (Latîfî, s. 245) bunun sağlam bir mesnedi yoktur. Oğullarından Ahî Çelebi’nin (ö. 1437) Atâî mahlasıyla şiirler yazdığı, Anadolu’da Türkçe gazellerle atasözü söyleme âdetini onun başlattığı kaynaklarda zikredilmektedir (Sehî, s. 58).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
VGMA, nr. 591, s. 191-195.
İstanbul’un Fethinden Önce Yazılmış Tarihî Takvimler (nşr. Osman Turan), Ankara 1984, s. 25.
Dukas, Bizans Tarihi (trc. Vl. Mirmiroğlu), İstanbul 1956, s. 174.
Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih , s. 85, 94, 97-98, 103, 190.
Oruç b. Âdil, Târih (nşr. Atsız), İstanbul, ts., s. 72, 77, 79, 82.
Neşrî, Cihannümâ (Unat) , s. 519-523, 551, 557, 559-563, 576.
Sehî, Tezkire , s. 58.
Lutfi Paşa, Târih (nşr. Âlî Bey), İstanbul 1341, s. 68.
Latîfî, Tezkire , s. 245-246.
Mecdî, Şekāik Tercümesi , s. 51.
Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh , I, 319, 346.
Atâî, Zeyl-i Şekāik , tür.yer.
Solakzâde, Târih , s. 125, 144, 150.
Belîğ, Güldeste , s. 64-65.
Şeyhî, Vekāyiu’l-fuzalâ , I-III, tür.yer.
Hüseyin, Bedâyiu’l-vekāyi‘ (nşr. A. S. Tveritinovoy), Moskva 1961, vr. 144a-b , 160a-b , 162b , 170a , 191a .
Ayvansarâyî, Vefeyât-ı Selâtîn , s. 156.
Hammer (Atâ Bey) , II, 175, 176.
Sicill-i Osmânî , III, 606.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , I, 277, 350, 374, 383-385, 397-398, 566-568.
a.mlf., “Hacı İvaz Paşa’ya Dâir”, TD , X/14 (1959), s. 25-58.
Gökbilgin, Edirne ve Paşa Livâsı , s. 28-29, 37, 119, 265.
Baltacı, Osmanlı Medreseleri , s. 263-265, 566-567.
Mustafa Bilge, İlk Osmanlı Medreseleri , İstanbul 1984, s. 123-127, 198.
Yılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve Hanedanlar , Ankara 1989, II, 663.
Hasan Fehmi, “Sanat Tarihimize Ait Bazı Notlar”, TM , II (1928), s. 398-401.
Halim Baki Kunter, “Kitâbelerimiz”, VD , II (1974), s. 439-441.
Feridun Emecen, “Cüneyd Bey”, DİA , VIII, 122.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 485-486 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
MİMARİ. Hacı İvaz Paşa, siyasî şöhretinin yanında Osmanlı sanatına mimar-mühendis olarak da büyük emeği geçmiş önemli bir şahsiyettir. Çelebi Sultan Mehmed devri ve kısmen de II. Murad dönemindeki imar faaliyetlerinin büyük bir bölümünü mütevelli sıfatıyla organize etmiş, birçok esere de imzasını atmıştır; ayrıca bazı eserlerin hem bânisi hem de mimarı olmuştur.
Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın bânisi, aynı zamanda mimarı olduğu anlaşılan ilk eser, onun Bursa’ya gelerek Osmanlı sarayının hizmetine girmeden önce Ankara’da bulunduğu yıllarda inşa ettiği Samanpazarı semtindeki mesciddir. Bu yapı İvaz Paşa’nın mimarlık alanındaki kabiliyetini ortaya koyduğu ilk örnek olduğu gibi, son cemaat mahallinde yer alan çiçek ve yaprak motifleriyle mescidin içinde duvarlara gömülü çini kâse ve tabaklar, sanatçının dekorasyona ve süslemeciliğe olan ilgisinin de ilk örnekleri sayılmaktadır (bk. HACI İVAZ MESCİDİ ).
İvaz Paşa’nın Türk mimarlık tarihine geçen asıl faaliyetleri, 1402 yılından sonra ve özellikle Çelebi Sultan Mehmed dönemi eserlerinde kendini gösterir. Nitekim Bursa’yı kuşatan Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey şehri ele geçirememesine rağmen büyük tahribata sebep olmuş, bu esnada Bursa muhafızı bulunan Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın şehri savunmada gösterdiği büyük gayretin yanı sıra daha sonra Bursa’nın imarı konusunda da etkin görev üstlenmiş, Çelebi Sultan Mehmed’in Bursa’daki imar faaliyetlerinde onun en büyük yardımcısı olmuştur. İvaz Paşa, devrin en önemli eseri olan Yeşilcami Külliyesi’nin hem inşaat mütevellisi hem de başmimarı olarak görünmektedir. Onun mimari ve dekorasyon yönünden tam bir şaheser olarak tasarladığı bu yapılar topluluğunun gerçekleştirilmesi sırasında yalnız Osmanlı topraklarından değil İran’dan da kendi sahalarında en mahir sanatçı gruplarını Bursa’ya topladığı anlaşılmaktadır. Hacı İvaz Paşa, Yeşilcami’ye eklediği hünkâr mahfiliyle Osmanlı cami mimarisinde ancak XVII. yüzyılda ele alınacak olan hünkâr mahfili fikrinin de öncüsü olmuştur. Caminin mimari özelliklerinin yanında ona asıl şöhretini sağlayan çini kaplamaları, bir mimar olarak Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın dekorasyonla ileri seviyedeki ilgisini gösterir. Çinici ustalarının ve nakkaşların ortaya çıkardığı bu eserin asıl planlayıcısı Hacı İvaz Paşa’dır. Bu hususu, Yeşilcami’nin taç kapısının iki yanındaki nişlerin üzerinde yer alan kitâbeye “râkımühû ve nâzımühû ve mukanninü kavânînihî” şeklinde kaydettirmiştir. Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın bu külliye bünyesinde inşa ettiği ikinci yapı, Osmanlı türbe mimarisinin bir şaheseri olarak tanınan Çelebi Sultan Mehmed’e ait Yeşiltürbe’dir. Yapının zengin süslemeli ve geometrik geçmeli kapı kanatlarının üstünde yer alan beş satırlık kitâbedeki “bi-işâreti vezîri sâhibi’t-tedbîr Hacı İvâz İbn Ahî Bâyezîd” ibaresi, yapının paşanın planlaması doğrultusunda inşa edildiğini göstermektedir (geniş bilgi için bk. YEŞİLCAMİ KÜLLİYESİ [Bursa]).
Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın inşa ettiği önemli bir yapı da büyük bir avlu etrafında iki katlı ve seksen bir odalı İpek Hanı’dır. Ayrıca kendi mülkü olan bir arazi üzerinde, yapım masraflarını bizzat karşılayarak Bursa’nın Demirkapı semtinde Geyve Hanı’nı inşa etmiş ve Yeşilcami Külliyesi’nin vakfı olarak hükümdara hediye etmiştir. Onun tarafından yapıldığı kesin olarak bilinen bir diğer önemli eser, günümüzde Yunanistan sınırları içinde bulunan Dimetoka’daki Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Camii’dir (bk. DİA , VIII, 262-263). Bu cami Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın 1419’da tasarımını yaptığı, aynı yıllarda Yeşilcami Külliyesi’nin yapımı devam ettiği için başında bizzat bulunamaması sebebiyle inşaatın yürütülmesini Togan b. Abdullah adlı bir mimar vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirdiği bir yapıdır. Ancak yine de kendisini, caminin kuzey kapısı üzerinde yer alan üç satırlık kitâbede “sanatında mahir bir üstat, mühendislerin iftihar ettikleri, mimarların seçkini” şeklinde takdim etmekten geri durmamıştır.
Bu yapılar dışında Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın doğrudan bânisi ve mimarı olduğu başka eserler de mevcuttur. Bursa’nın İmadiye semtinde 1420 yılı dolaylarında inşa ettiği bilinen mescid, medrese ve mektep orta ölçülerde bir külliye oluşturuyordu. Paşa ayrıca bu yapılara gelir sağlamak amacıyla bir hanla bir çarşı yaptırmıştır. İmadiye’deki Hacı İvaz Paşa Külliyesi’nin İmadiye (Tavukpazarı) Camii olarak da anılan cami bölümü, hemen yakınındaki Hacı İvaz Paşa (Sandıkçı) Hanı ile birlikte 1957 yılında temellerine kadar yanmış ve daha sonraki yıllarda yeniden inşa edilmiştir. Külliyenin diğer parçalarından medrese ve mektep ise daha önce yıkılmıştı. Aynı şekilde 1957 yangınından etkilenen ve seksen dükkândan oluştuğu bilinen Hacı İvaz Paşa (İmadiye) Çarşısı da halen mevcut değildir.
Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın hayatının son yıllarında yapımıyla ilgilendiği öne sürülen bir başka mimari eser, Türkiye’nin en uzun kâgir köprüsü sayılan Trakya’da Ergene nehri üzerindeki Uzunköprü’dür. İnşasına II. Murad’ın emriyle başlanan ve ancak 1444 yılında tamamlanabilen köprünün yapımına karar verildiği yıllarda Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın vezirliğinin devam ettiği ve köprünün kurulacağı sahayı tesbit edip ana plan şemasını belirlediği sanılmaktadır. Ancak inşaatın başlamasından bir süre önce vezirlikten azledilmiş ve köprünün yapımında katkısı sadece fikrî düzeyde kalmıştır. Köprünün korkuluk taşlarından birinin üzerinde bulunan, Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın adının teşhis edilmeye çalışıldığı kitâbeyi yüzyıllardan beri çok aşınmış olduğundan doğru şekilde okumak mümkün değildir.
Bazı araştırmacılar, Hacı İvaz Paşa’nın II. Murad nezdinde siyasî itibarını kaybedip görevden uzaklaştırılmasında, siyasî sebeplerin yanı sıra inşa ettiği eserlerde sultanın adından çok kendi adını ön plana çıkarmasının ve kitâbelere kapıkulu hiyerarşisi sınırlarını aşarak kendi adını methiyelerle yazdırmasının da rolü olabileceğini kaydederler. Hacı İvaz Paşa, bir mimar olarak Osmanlı mimarisinin erken dönemine damgasını vurmuş bir şahsiyettir ve inşa ettiği eserlerle Türk sanatı tarihinde özel bir yere sahiptir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
A. Memduh Turgut Koyunluoğlu, İznik ve Bursa Tarihi , Bursa 1935, s. 93-96, 123, 146, 175.
Kâzım Baykal, Bursa ve Anıtları , Bursa 1950, s. 75-76, 106, 137-140.
Süheyl Ünver, Yeşil Türbesi Mihrâbı , İstanbul 1951, s. 7-11.
L. A. Mayer, Islamic Architects and Their Works , Genève 1956, s. 75.
İsmail Hakkı Balkas, Tarihte Ergene ve Uzunköprü , İstanbul 1958, s. 27-35.
Ayverdi, Osmanlı Mi‘mârîsi II , s. 46-124, 244-245, 289, 353.
a.mlf., “Dimetoka’da Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Camii”, VD , III (1956), s. 13-16.
Cevdet Çulpan, Türk Taş Köprüleri , Ankara 1975, s. 98-105.
Zeki Sönmez, Başlangıçtan 16. Yüzyıla Kadar Anadolu Türk-İslâm Mimarisinde Sanatçılar , Ankara 1989, s. 423-451.
Fr. Taeschner, “Preliminary Materials for a Dictionary of Islamic Artists”, AI , V (1938), Suppl. I , s. 5-8.
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Hacı İvaz Paşa’ya Dair”, TD , X/14 (1959), s. 25-58.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 486-487 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.