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HACI MURAD Skip to content (1812-1852)
Kuzey Kafkasya’da Ruslar’a karşı istiklâl mücadelesi veren Şeyh Şâmil’in en meşhur nâibi.
Kuzey Kafkasya’da (Dağıstan) Avar Hanlığı’nın merkezi Hunzak (Hunzah) şehri yakınlarındaki Zai köyünde doğdu. Babası Hitinav Mahomat (Küçük Muhammed), annesi Fadimat’tır. Avar hanlarının çocuklarına sütanneliği yapan ve bu yüzden kocası ile anlaşamayıp Avar sarayına sığınan annesi tarafından götürülen Murad burada akranı Avar prensiyle beraber büyüdü. On dört yaşında evlendi. İlk ciddi savaş tecrübesini, Şubat 1830’da Kafkaslar’da Ruslar’a karşı cihad eden Şeyh Gazi Muhammed’in Hunzak’a saldırısı sırasında yaşadı. Avar hanının ölümünden sonra idareyi ele alan karısı Bahu Bike’nin Ruslar’la iyi geçinmek istemesi üzerine, büyük bölümünü ele geçirdiği Hunzak’ı almak için harekete geçen Gazi Muhammed şiddetli bir direnişle karşılaştı; birçok ölü ve yaralı bırakarak geri çekilmek zorunda kaldı. Bu çarpışmada Bahu Bike’nin yanında yer alan Murad, Avarlar’ın Ruslar’a bağlılığını göstermek için Gazi Muhammed’in müridlerinin savaş alanında bıraktıkları bayrak ve flamaları toplayarak Tiflis’e gönderdi. Gazi Muhammed’in Ruslar tarafından öldürülmesinden sonra (29 Ekim 1832) onun yerine geçen Hamzat, 25 Ağustos 1834’te Hunzak’ı ele geçirip Bahu Bike’yi ve oğullarını öldürttü. Hacı Murad, Avar prenslerini ortadan kaldırdıktan sonra ülkede tütün ve içki yasağı koyan, tütün içtikleri için kendilerine de hakaret eden Hamzat’ı ağabeyi Osman’la birlikte öldürmeye karar verdi. Hamzat’ı öldüren Osman aynı anda yakalanıp katledildi (1 Ekim 1834). Hamzat’ın öldürülmesinden cesaret alan Hunzak halkı Hacı Murad’ın etrafında toplandı. Hacı Murad Hamzat’ın müridlerini kılıçtan geçirerek Hunzak’ta duruma hâkim oldu.
Daha sonra Avar hanlığına Mehtule Hanı Ahmed Han’ın getirilmesi Hacı Murad’ın hoşuna gitmedi. Hacı Murad Ruslar’ın Ahmed Han’a gösterdiği itibarı kıskanırken Ahmed Han da cesaretiyle şöhret kazanan Hacı Murad’ı kıskanıyordu. Öte yandan Hamzat’ın yerine geçen Şeyh Şâmil’in gücü gittikçe artıyordu. Ahmed Han Ruslar’a, Şâmil tehlikesine karşı Hunzak’a bir askerî garnizonun yerleştirilmesini teklif etti. Bunun üzerine Ruslar 1837 yılı yazında Avaristan’a bir sefer düzenlediler. Ahmed Han bu fırsattan istifade ederek Hacı Murad’ın gizlice Şeyh Şâmil’le ilişkide bulunduğuna dair Ruslar’a şikâyette bulununca Rus garnizonu kumandanı Lazeryef Hacı Murad’ı tutukladı (13 Kasım 1840). Rus Generali Glegenau, Hacı Murad’ın sorgulanmak üzere Temirhanşura’ya getirilmesini emretti. Hunzak’ta on gün kadar bir topa zincirlenmiş halde kaldıktan sonra Temirhanşura’ya doğru yola çıkarılan Hacı Murad Bustro köyü civarında kaçmayı başardı ve Hunzak yakınlarındaki Tselmes’e yerleşti. Kısa bir müddet sonra Hamzat’a karşı giriştiği hareketlerden dolayı affedilmesi için Şeyh Şâmil’e bir mektup gönderdi. Şeyh Şâmil isteğini kabul ederek kendisini Avaristan’a nâib tayin etti (Ocak 1841). Bu arada General Klegenau Hacı Murad’ı kazanmaya çalıştıysa da başarılı olamadı. Bunun üzerine 2000 kişilik bir Rus birliği Hunzak’tan Tselmes’e yürüdü (17 Şubat 1841). Rus kumandan General Bakunin’in ağır yaralandığı çarpışmalarda Ruslar geri çekilmek zorunda kaldılar. Hacı Murad babasıyla iki kardeşinin öldüğü, kendisinin de yaralandığı bu savaştan sonra Tioh’a giderek faaliyetlerine orada devam etti. 29 Kasım 1841’de Şeyh Şâmil’in Avaristan seferine katıldı ve Ruslar’a karşı girişilen mücadelede onun yanında yer aldı. Hunzak hariç Avaristan’daki bütün Rus kaleleri ele geçirildi. 1846’da Kabartay bölgesine yönelik akınlara da katılan Hacı Murad, Terek ırmağı kıyısında büyük bir Rus ordusunu bozguna uğrattıktan sonra Dağıstan’a döndü. Gimri’den hareketle Dağıstan’ın merkezi Temirhanşura’yı bastı, Rus garnizonunda yirmi askeri öldürdü. Ardından Mehtule Hanlığı’nın merkezi Cengutay’a baskın düzenleyerek eski düşmanı Ahmed Han’ın dul karısını kaçırdı (Aralık 1846). Gergebil köyünde bulunduğu sırada Rus ordusunun saldırısına uğradı (Haziran 1848); yoğun top ateşi altında 1000 kadar kayıp verdikten sonra geri çekilmek zorunda kaldı.
Hacı Murad’ın 1849’da küçük bir süvari birliğiyle Temirhanşura’yı yeniden basması onun Kafkasya’daki ününü daha da arttırdı. Ocak-Şubat 1850’de, Şâmil’in otoritesini kabul ettirmek için Said Abdullah ile birlikte Aşağı Çeçenistan’ın Yukarı Sunca bölgesine iki defa akın yaptıysa da beklenen sonucu alamadı. Aynı yıl içinde Doğu Gürcistan’a da bir akın düzenleyerek küçük Babaratminskaya Kalesi’ni ele geçirdi. Temmuz 1851’de Şeyh Şâmil tarafından Hazar kıyılarındaki Kaytak ve Tabasaran halkını Ruslar’a karşı ayaklandırmakla görevlendirildi. 500 adamıyla Çoha’dan (Chokha) hareket ederek 14 Temmuz’da Derbend ile Temirhanşura arasındaki Boynak’a (Buynak/Buinaki) girdi. Ertesi gün Karakaytak’ı geçerek Tabasaran’a ulaştı. Tarku Şemhali’nin kardeşi Şahveli’yi öldürüp karısıyla çocuklarını kaçırması bölge halkının tepkisine yol açtı ve Şâmil’e kadar ulaşan şikâyetlere sebep oldu. Ruslar 29 Temmuz 1851’de Kuyurih (Kuiarykh) yakınlarında Hacı Murad kuvvetlerine saldırdılar; bu saldırıdan Hacı Murad ve adamları kaçarak kurtulabildiler. Hacı Murad, General Argutinsky’nin Kuşni’ye (Ghozhni/Khoshni) hücumu üzerine Avaristan’a çekildi (6 Ağustos 1851). Onun Avaristan’a dönmesinin hemen ardından Tabasaran’dan gelen bir heyet Şeyh Şâmil’e, Hacı Murad’ın bu bölgedeki hareketlerinden şikâyetçi olduklarını bildirdi. Bu olay Şâmil ile Hacı Murad’ın arasının açılmasına sebep oldu. Hacı Murad, oğlu Gazi Muhammed’i halef seçmesi dolayısıyla Şâmil’i eleştirmeye başladı. Şeyh Şâmil’in birçok zaferini kendisine borçlu olduğunu söyleyince Şeyh Şâmil muhaliflerinin de etkisiyle onu nâiblikten azlederek yerine Avar hânedanının uzak bir akrabası olan Feth Ali’yi getirdi. Ayrıca mallarının müsadere edilmesini emretti. Hacı Murad çeşitli akınlarda ele geçirdiği ganimeti teslim ederken kendi malını vermek istemedi. Durum silâhlı çatışma noktasına gelmek üzere iken geçici bir uzlaşmaya varıldı. Ancak bu arada Hacı Murad’ın elindekilerin hepsini kılıçla kazandığını, Şâmil’in bunları kılıçla geri alabileceğini söylediği şeklinde rivayetler yayılmaya başladı. Bunun üzerine Şeyh Şâmil Çeçenistan’ın Avturi (Avtiri/Avtur) köyünde nâibleriyle gizli bir toplantı yaparak Hacı Murad’ı hiyanetle suçladı, nâibler meclisi de daha sonra gıyabında onu ölüme mahkûm etti. Hacı Murad, bir söylentiye göre toplantıya katılan bir nâibin uyarısı üzerine Vodveezhenskoye (Chakheri) Kalesi’ne giderek Ruslar’a sığındı (25 Kasım 1851). Kale kumandanı Prens Vorontsof onu derhal Tiflis’e gönderdi. Bir rivayete göre ise Hacı Murad, karısının doğum yeri olan Aşağı Çeçenistan’daki Gehi köyüne giderken Şâmil’in emriyle Feth Ali’nin adamlarının sürekli ateş tâcizi altında girdiği ormanlık alanda yolunu kaybederek Rus askerlerinin eline düşmüş, bir esir muamelesi görmemek için de gönüllü olarak Ruslar’a teslim olduğunu söylemişti. Hacı Murad’ın Şeyh Şâmil ile danışıklı bir şekilde Ruslar’a teslim olduğuna dair bazı görüşler de vardır.
Tiflis’te Ruslar’ın gözetimi altında yaşamaya başlayan Hacı Murad, bir ara ailesini kurtarmak amacıyla Grozni’ye gittiyse de daha sonra Tiflis’e geri döndü. General Dolgurukov’un Dağıstan’daki birliklerine katılmasına izin verilinceye kadar Nuha’ya (Nuka) gönderilmesini istedi. Bir süre Nuha’da kaldı. Dağ hayatına ve ailesine duyduğu özlemin artması üzerine kaçmaya karar verdi ve atla yaptığı bir akşam gezintisinde dört arkadaşıyla birlikte kaçtı. Ancak Nuha’daki Rus kuvvetleri kumandanı Albay Korganof’un takibi sonucunda kıstırılarak arkadaşlarıyla birlikte öldürüldü (5 Mayıs 1852). Cesedi Nuha’ya getirilip halka gösterildi. Bir rivayete göre İlisu’da veya Kuzey Azerbaycan’daki Kıpçak köyünde toprağa verildi. Kesik başı, Tiflis’te bulunan Kafkasya genel valisi Prens Vorontsof’a gönderildi. Prens Vorontsof’un Hacı Murad’ın kesik başını görünce, “Yaşadığı gibi cesurca öldü” dediği, Şeyh Şâmil’in de onun ölümünden sonra imzasını sol eliyle atmaya başladığı, sebebi sorulduğunda “Sağ kolum kırıldı” cevabını verdiği kaydedilir.
Hacı Murad’ın kızından olma torunu 1914 yılında Azerbaycan’a gelerek dedesinin defnedildiği yeri tahmini olarak belirledi ve üzerine bir mezar taşı koydu. Bu mezar taşı günümüzde Azerbaycan Tarih Müzesi’ndedir. Âzerî bilim adamları, 1957’de onun Tengit köyü yakınlarındaki kabrinin yerini kesin olarak tesbit ettiler. Hacı Murad’ın sefer nişanı, bayrağı, seccadesi, testisi, sefer yemek takımı ve ölümünden bir süre önce çekilmiş bir fotoğrafı Dağıstan Müzesi’nde korunmaktadır. Ünlü Rus yazarı L. N. Tolstoy, Hacı Murad (trc. Cüneyd Emiroğlu, İstanbul 1972) adlı eserinde onun hayatını romanlaştırmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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J. F. Baddeley, Rusya’nın Kafkasya’yı İstilası ve Şeyh Şamil (trc. Sedat Özden), İstanbul 1989, s. 247, 272, 277, 282, 334-348, 398-401, 408-419.
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Ahmet Canbek Havjoko, “Hacı Murad”, Birleşik Kafkasya Dergisi , sy. 5, İstanbul 1965, s. 16-21.
M. Rasih Savaş, “Efsaneleşen Kahraman Hacı Murad Yazısı Üzerine”, Kuzey Kafkasya Dergisi , I/7, İstanbul 1971, s. 1921.
Ğunokue C. Özbay, “Hacı Murad”, a.e. , sy. 58 (1980), s. 8-13.
“Hacı Murad”, TA , XVIII, 280.
“Hacı Murad”, Azerbaycan Sovet Ensiklopediyası , Bakü 1987, X, 145.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 490-491 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.