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EBÜ’l-HÜZEYL el-ALLÂF Skip to content Ebü’l-Hüzeyl Muhammed b. el-Hüzeyl b. Abdillâh el-Allâf el-Abdî el-Basrî (ö. 235/849-50 [?])
Basra ekolünün kurucusu Mu‘tezilî âlim.
Tercih edilen görüşe göre 135 (752) yılı civarında Basra’da doğdu. Hayatı hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur. Hayvan yemi satmakla uğraştığı veya bu işi yapanların bulunduğu mahallede oturduğu için “Allâf” diye tanınır. Abdî künyesinin, İran’ın güney bölgesinde yaşadığı bilinen Abdülkays kabilesinin mevâlîsinden Fars asıllı biri olduğuna işaret ettiği kabul edilir. Hayatının büyük bir kısmını geçirdiği Basra’da Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın öğrencisi Osman b. Hâlid et-Tavîl’den tahsil gördü. Bişr b. Saîd ve Ebû Osman ez-Za‘ferânî de hocaları arasında zikredilir. On beş yaşında iken Basra’daki ilmî tartışmalara katıldı ve bu vesile ile Dırâr b. Amr gibi bazı ileri gelen Mu‘tezile âlimlerinden faydalandı; daha sonra da onların bazı görüşlerini eleştirdi. Kız kardeşiyle evlendiği Amr b. Ubeyd’in pek çok risâlesine muttali olup onlardan istifade etti. Arapça’ya tercüme edilen felsefe kitaplarını okudu ve bu alanda da kendini yetiştirdi. Yahudi, hıristiyan ve Mecûsî dinlerine mensup pek çok kimseyle başarılı münazaralar yaparak bir kısmının müslüman olmasına vesile oldu. Allah’ın sınırlı bir varlık olmadığını ispatlamak amacıyla Şiî âlimlerinden Hişâm b. Hakem ile Mekke’de tartışmalarda bulundu. Uzun süre Bağdat’ta kalan Ebü’l-Hüzeyl, burada Hârûnürreşîd’in ünlü veziri Yahyâ b. Hâlid el-Bermekî’nin, daha sonra da Halife Me’mûn’un huzurunda akdedilen ilim meclislerinde birçok âlimle tanıştı. Bunlarla yaptığı tartışmalar sonunda Me’mûn nezdinde itibar kazandı. Bu arada Beytülhikme’nin reisi Sehl b. Hârûn ile dostluk kurdu. Daha sonra Sâmerrâ’ya gitti ve hayatının geri kalan kısmını orada geçirdi. 100 yıla yaklaşan ömrünün son dönemlerinde gözlerini kaybetmesine rağmen zihnî fonksiyonlarını yitirmedi. Kaynaklarda farklı tarihler verilmekle birlikte tercih edilen görüşe göre 235 (849-50) yılında Sâmerrâ’da vefat etti; cenaze namazı, Vezir İbn Ebû Duâd tarafından imâmet meselesinde sempati duyduğu Şîa mezhebine uygun olarak kıldırıldı.
Ebü’l-Hüzeyl, Vâsıl b. Atâ ve Amr b. Ubeyd’den sonra Mu‘tezile’nin itikadî mezhep haline gelmesinde oldukça önemli rol oynayan bir âlim ve düşünürdür. Yetiştirdiği öğrenciler Mu‘tezile’nin gelişmesine ve güçlenmesine katkıda bulundular. Yeğeni Nazzâm, Ebû Ya‘kūb eş-Şahhâm, Ali el-Esvârî, Ebû Bekir el-Esam, Sümâme b. Eşres, Ca‘fer b. Mübeşşir ve Ca‘fer b. Harb onun öğrencilerinden bazılarıdır. Cedel ilminin kurucusu kabul edilen Allâf kelâm ilminde önemli bir mevkiye sahiptir. Cedel ilmindeki muvaffakiyetinde ve yaptığı münazaralarda başarılı olmasında Arap dilini iyi bilmesinin payı büyüktür. Aynı zamanda Arap edipleri arasında zikredilen Ebü’l-Hüzeyl’in münazaralarda eski Arap şiirleriyle istişhâd ettiği belirtilir. Ebü’l-Hüzeyl hadis rivayetleriyle de dikkati çekmesine rağmen İbn Kuteybe, onun rivayetlerine ehl-i bid‘attan olduğu gerekçesiyle güvenilemeyeceğini ileri sürer. Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf tabiat felsefesi, ilâhî sıfatlar, nübüvvet, âhiret ve insanın fiilleri gibi temel kelâm konuları üzerinde durmuş, bu konulara dair çeşitli eserler yazmıştır. Eserleri günümüze ulaşmadığından görüşlerinin bir kısmını Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî, Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî ve Şehristânî gibi Sünnî müelliflerin tenkitlerinin yanı sıra Ebü’l-Hüseyin Hayyât ve Kādî Abdülcebbâr gibi Mu‘tezilî âlimlerce yapılan nakillerden öğrenmek mümkündür. Onun görüşleri şöylece özetlenebilir:
1. Bilgi Problemi. Duyuların dışında insanın bilgi kaynağı önce akıl, sonra da doğru haberdir. Duyular ve aklın bedîhî ilkeleriyle elde edilen bilgiler zarûrî, istidlâl yoluyla elde edilenler ise iktisabîdir. Haberin doğru bilgi ifade edebilmesi için aralarında cennet ehlinden (âsi olmayan müminlerden) en az birinin bulunduğu yirmi kişi tarafından nakledilmesi gerekir. Tevâtür derecesine ulaşsa bile kâfirler ve fâsıklarca nakledilen haberler delil olarak kullanılamaz.
2. Tabiat Felsefesi. Fizik âlem atomlardan (cüz’ lâ-yetecezzâ) oluşur ve sürekli değişikliğe uğrar. Maddenin bölünemeyen en küçük parçaları olan atomlar boyutsuz cevher (geometrik nokta) olup bunlar birbiriyle bitişerek cisimleri meydana getirirler. Kendi kendilerine hareket ve sükûn kabiliyeti bulunmayan cevherlerde bu özellikleri yaratan Allah’tır. Cevherler arasındaki ilişkiler kendiliğinden gerçekleşmediği gibi zorunlu da değildir. İlâhî irade taalluk etmediği takdirde ateş pamuğu yakmaz (Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, I, 481). Cevherlerin birleşmesiyle oluş (kevn), ayrılmasıyla da bozuluş (fesad) vuku bulur. Atomlar sonlu, sınırlı ve dolayısıyla hâdis olduğuna göre âlem de sonlu, sınırlı ve hâdistir.
3. Ulûhiyyet. Her insan Allah’ın varlığına ilişkin zarûrî bilgilere doğuştan sahiptir. Temyiz çağına giren çocuklar dahi herhangi bir öğrenim görmeden ve naklî bilgilere ihtiyaç duymadan Allah’ın varlığına inanmakla yükümlüdürler. İlâhî sıfatlar O’nun zâtının aynıdır. Allah hayatla hay, ilimle âlim, kudretle kādirdir; fakat hayat, ilim ve kudret O’nun zâtından ibaret olup sıfatlarıyla zâtı arasında gayriyet söz konusu değildir. Bununla birlikte hayat, ilim ve kudret zâtın üç tezahürünü teşkil eder. Naslarda Allah’a atfedilen vech, azamet, kibriyâ gibi kavramlar “zât” mânasına, yed “nimet”, ayn ise “ilim” anlamına gelir.
Sıfatlar, Allah’ın zıtlarıyla nitelendirilebileceği zâtî, nitelendirilemeyeceği fiilî sıfatlar olmak üzere iki grupta toplanır. Allah sonsuz bir varlık olan zâtını bildiğinden ilmi de sonsuzdur. Ancak mahiyetleri itibariyle sonlu ve sınırlı olduklarından yaratıkları hakkındaki ilmi ve kudreti de sınırlıdır. Allah herhangi bir mahalde bulunmayan irade sıfatı ile mürîddir. Bir şeyi yaratmayı dilemesi onu yaratması olup bu bir mahalde bulunmayan “ol” (kün) emriyle gerçekleşir. Şu halde ilâhî kelâm, bir mahalle ihtiyaç duymayan ve duyan olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılır. Yaratmayı gerçekleştiren “kün” kelâmı bir mahalle muhtaç olmayıp yaratma ile aynıdır ve yaratılmamıştır. Bunun dışında kalan emir, nehiy ve haber türündeki kelâm mahalle muhtaç olup mahlûktur ve levh-i mahfûzda yazılmıştır (Eş‘arî, s. 663; Abdurrahman Bedevî, I, 162-168). Kullarına zulmetmeye gücü yetmekle birlikte bunu fiilen yapması muhaldir; insanlar için faydalı olanı (aslah) terketmesi câiz değildir. Çünkü Allah kullarını nimetlerinden faydalanmaları için yaratmıştır. İnsanlardaki bilgi ve idrak yeteneğini yaratan Allah olduğu gibi ihtiyarî fiillerinin gerçekleşmesi için lüzumlu olan irade ve kudreti fiilden önce kendilerine veren de O’dur. Buna göre zulümden münezzeh olan Allah’ın kulların fiillerini yaratması söz konusu değildir. Bütün insanların belirli bir eceli vardır. Buna göre maktul de kendi eceliyle ölür, eğer öldürülmeseydi yine aynı anda ölmesi muhakkaktı (Eş‘arî, s. 257).
4. Nübüvvet. Hz. Muhammed’in en büyük mûcizesi olan Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in muhtevası birbiriyle çelişmeyen doğru bilgilerden oluşmuştur. Eğer âyetler çelişkili olsaydı Hz. Peygamber’in nübüvvetini yalanlamak ve onu fikren mağlûp etmek amacıyla her çareye başvuran Mekkeli müşrikler Kur’an’a da bu açıdan itiraz eder ve böylece emellerine ulaşırlardı. Onun nübüvveti Tevrat’ta müjdelenmiştir. Bugün ellerde dolaşan Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in bu hususu zikretmemesi tahrife uğramış bulunmasındandır. Zira Kur’an bu gerçeği haber vermektedir (İbnü’l-Murtazâ, s. 45; Cemîl Salîbâ, XXI/3-4, s. 108-109).
5. Âhiret ve Sem‘iyyât Konuları. İnsanlar dünya hayatında, sorumluluklarını yerine getirmelerini sağlayacak olan fiil yapma irade ve gücüne sahip kılınmalarına karşılık âhirette böyle bir güce ihtiyaç duymayacaklardır. Zira âhiret imtihan yeri değil mükâfat ve ceza yeridir. Bundan dolayı cennetlikler cennette, cehennemlikler de cehennemde hareketsiz kalacak ve dâimî bir sükûn içinde bulunacaklardır (Eş‘arî, s. 475). Eğer insanlar cennette ihtiyarî fiiller yapacak olsalardı sorumlu tutulmaları gerekirdi, halbuki âhiret sorumluluk yeri değildir.
Nefis, ruh ve hayat farklı mânalar ihtiva eden kavramlardır. Hayat bir arazdır. Uyuyan insanda hayat vardır, fakat ruh ve nefis ondan ayrılmıştır. Nitekim Kur’an’da da bu hususa işaret edilir (ez-Zümer 39/42).
İman bütün ilâhî buyruklara uymaktan ibarettir. Büyük günahlardan kaçınanların küçük günahları, hak edilmiş bir netice olarak değil ilâhî lutuf olarak affedilir. Bu sebeple küçük günahlar hakkında vaîd bulunabilir. Namaz ve oruç gibi farzları terketmek fısktır (a.g.e. , s. 267, 272). Allah’ı yaratıklarına benzetenler, ilâhî hükümleri zulümle niteleyenler, ilâhî haberleri yalanlayanlar ve müslümanların üzerinde icmâ ettiği bir hususu reddedenler tekfir edilir (Abdurrahman Bedevî, I, 174).
Yeryüzü, günah işlemekten korunmuş (mâsum) olan velîlerden hiçbir zaman mahrum kalmaz. Mütevâtir haberden önce bu velîlerin söylediklerine itibar edilir. Hz. Ali Hz. Osman’dan daha faziletlidir. Hz. Ali ile onun karşısında yer alan Âişe, Talha b. Ubeydullah ve Zübeyr b. Avvâm’dan bir grup hatalı olmakla birlikte hiçbirinden teberrî edilemez (Eş‘arî, s. 455-457; Şehristânî, I, 53).
Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf, tercüme faaliyetleri neticesinde oluşan felsefî kültürden de faydalanmış ve atomcu bir tabiat felsefesi geliştirerek âlemin kıdemi fikrine karşı hâdis oluşuna ilişkin deliller ortaya koyabilen ilk İslâm düşünürü mevkiini kazanmıştır. Atomcu nazariyeyi Yunan felsefesinden almakla birlikte ona İslâmî bir muhteva kazandırmayı başarmış ve atomculuğa, mekanizme dayanan materyalist anlayıştan daha tutarlı bir yorum getirmiştir. Allâf’ın bu konudaki görüşleri daha sonra Nazzâm, İbn Keysân, Esam, Hişâm b. Hakem, İbn Hazm gibi bazı kelâmcıların dışında Mu‘tezilî, Sünnî ve Şiî hemen hemen bütün kelâmcılarca benimsenmiştir. Ebü’l-Hüzeyl, kendi fizik sistemiyle âhiret hayatının dâimî bir sükûna kavuşacağına ilişkin görüşü arasında da irtibat kurmuş, başlangıcı olan her hareketin sona ereceğini düşünmüştür; ancak Cehm b. Safvân’a yaklaşan bu görüşünden dolayı çeşitli âlimlerce eleştirilmiştir. İlâhî sıfatları zâtın aynı kabul eden Muattıla ile bunları zâtın ötesinde bir mâna olarak ispat etmeye çalışan Sıfâtiyye arasında mutavassıt bir sıfat teorisi geliştirmeye çalışmışsa da ortaya koyduğu görüşler Mu‘tezile adına bir yenilik getirmemiştir. Zira Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın da belirttiği gibi (Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 183), zâtın aynı olan bir ilimle âlim olmak ile zâttan dolayı âlim olmak arasında lafız değişikliğinin ötesinde bir fark yoktur. Ebü’l-Hüzeyl’in ilim, kudret ve hayat sıfatlarını ilâhî zâtın üç tezahürü olarak görmesi, teslîs akîdesine ve Yeni Eflâtuncu anlayışa benzetilerek reddedilmiştir. Kadîm varlıkların çokluğu (taaddüd-i kudemâ) tehlikesinden korunmak amacıyla sıfatları nefyeden Ebü’l-Hüzeyl’in çeşitli unsurlardan oluşan bir ilâhî zât anlayışından kurtulamadığı kabul edilir. Hiçbir mahalde olmayan bir irade sıfatı görüşü ona ait orijinal fikirlerdendir. Kendisine nisbet edilen mâsum velî fikri Şîa’daki imâm-ı ma‘sûm inancına yakın bir anlayış olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ebü’l-Hüzeyl’in görüşlerini benimseyenlere Hüzeyliyye veya Hüzeliyye adı verilmiştir.
Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf’ın fikirlerini Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî, Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî ve Şehristânî gibi Sünnî âlimlerin yanı sıra İbnü’r-Râvendî ve bazı Mu‘tezilî âlimler de eleştirmiştir. Öğrencilerinden Ca‘fer b. Harb’in Tevbîḫu Ebi’l-Hüẕeyl ve el-Mesâʾil fi’n-naʿîm ’i, Bişr b. Mu‘temir’in er-Red ʿalâ Ebi’l-Hüẕeyl ’i, Hişâm b. Amr el-Fuvatî’nin Kitâb ʿalâ Ebi’l-Hüẕeyl fi’n-naʿîm ’i, Ebû Ali el-Cübbâî’nin Kitâb fi’r-red ʿalâ Ebi’l-Hüẕeyl fi’l-maḫlûḳ ’u ve Îsâ b. Sabîh el-Murdâr’ın (el-Mirdâr) Feḍâʾiḥu Ebi’l-Hüẕeyl ’i onu tenkit etmek için yazılmış olan eserlerdendir.
Eserleri. Altmıştan fazla eser yazdığı kaydedilen (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 204) Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf’ın günümüze ulaşan hiçbir kitabı bilinmemektedir. Bazı kaynaklarda, Münâẓaratü Ebi’l-Hüẕeyl ve mecnûni’d-deyr adını taşıyan bir risâle ona nisbet edilerek nüshaları zikredilmektedir (meselâ bk. Sezgin, I, 618; risâlenin bir nüshası için bk. İSAM Ktp., nr. 24374). Ancak bu risâlede, cedel ilminin kurucuları arasında yer alan ve kelâm tarihinde başarılı bir münazaracı olarak bilinen Ebü’l-Hüzeyl’in, mevhum bir Şiî âlimle Hz. Ali’nin imâmetini tartışırken yenilgiye uğramış olarak gösterilmesi onun apokrif bir eser olması ihtimalini kuvvetlendirmektedir. Ebü’l-Hüzeyl’e nisbet edilen eserleri üç gruba ayırmak mümkündür.
A) Kelâm problemleriyle ilgili olanlar: el-Uṣûlü’l-ḫamse , Ṣıfatullāh bi’l-ʿadl ve nefyü’l-ḳabîḥ , Kitâb fî ṣıfati’l-ġaḍab ve’r-rıżâ mine’llāh celle s̱enâʾüh , Kitâbü’s-Saḫat ve’r-rıżâ , Kitâbü’l-İnsân mâ-hüve , Kitâbü Tes̱bîti’l-aʿrâż , Kitâbü’l-Cevâhir ve’l-aʿrâż , Kitâbü’s-Semʿ ve’l-baṣar , Kitâbü’l-Vaʿd ve’l-vaʿîd , Mesâʾil fi’l-ḥarekât ve ġayrihâ , Kitâbü’l-Ḥücce , Kitâbü’l-İstiṭâʿa , Kitâbü’l-Ḥarekât , Kitâb fî ḫalḳı’ş-şeyʾ ʿani’ş-şeyʾ , Kitâbü’t-Tefehhüm ve ḥarekâti ehli’l-cenne , Kitâbü’l-Ḥavż ve’ş-şefâʿa ve ʿaẕâbi’l-ḳabr , Kitâbü ʿAlâmâti ṣıdḳı’r-Resûl .
B) Kelâmcılara karşı yazdığı reddiyeler: Kitâb ʿalâ men ḳāle bi-taʿẕîbi’l-eṭfâl , Kitâb ʿalâ Ebî Şemr fi’l-ircâʾ , Kitâbü’l-Maḫlûḳ ʿalâ Ḥafṣ el-Ferd , Kitâbü’r-Red ʿale’l-Ġaylâniyye fi’l-ircâʾ , Kitâb ʿalâ Ḍırâr ve Cehm ve Ebî Ḥanîfe ve Ḥafṣ fi’l-maḫlûḳ , Kitâb ʿalâ Ḥafṣ el-Ferd fî feʿale ve yefʿalü , Kitâb ʿale’n-Naẓẓâm fî tecvîzi’l-ḳudreti ʿale’ẓ-ẓulm , Kitâb ʿale’n-Naẓẓâm fî ḫalḳı’ş-şeyʾ , Kitâb ʿale’n-Naẓẓâm fi’l-insân , Kitâbü’ẓ-Ẓafer ʿalâ İbrâhîm , Kitâbü’r-Red ʿale’l-Ḳaderiyye ve’l-Mücbire , Kitâb ʿalâ aṣḥâbi’l-ḥadîs̱ fi’t-teşbîh , Kitâbü’t-Tevlîd ʿale’n-Naẓẓâm , Kitâb ʿalâ Ḍırâr , Kitâbü’l-İmâme ʿale’l-Hişâm , Kitâbü’l-Ḥad ʿalâ İbrâhîm .
C) Gayri müslimlere karşı yazdığı reddiyeler: Kitâbü Mîlâs , Kitâb ʿale’l-Mecûs , Kitâb ʿale’l-yehûd , Kitâb ʿale’s-Sûfesṭâʾiyye , Kitâbü’l-Ḥücce ʿale’l-mülḥidîn , Kitâb ʿale’n-naṣârâ , Kitâb ʿalâ ʿAmmâr en-Naṣrânî fi’r-red ʿale’n-naṣârâ , Kitâbü’r-Red ʿalâ ehli’l-edyân , Kitâb ʿale’s̱-S̱eneviyye .
Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf’ın hayatı ve görüşlerine dair müstakil çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Ali Mustafa el-Gurâbî’nin Ebü’l-Hüẕeyl el-ʿAllâf (Kahire 1949) ve müsteşrik Richard M. Frank’ın The Metaphysics of Created Being According to Abu’l-Hudayl al-Allaf (Leiden-İstanbul 1966) adlı eserleri bunlar arasında zikredilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., Fażlü’l-iʿtizâl ve Ṭabaḳātü’l-Muʿtezile (nşr. Fuâd Seyyid), Tunus 1393/1974, s. 164-165, 251, 254-263.
a.mlf., Müteşâbihü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Adnân M. Zerzûr), Kahire 1969, s. 131-132, 165, 321, 379.
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Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, Neşʾetü’l-fikri’l-felsefî fi’l-İslâm , Kahire 1977, I, 443-483.
R. M. Frank, The Metaphysics of Created Being According to Abû’l-Hudhayl al-‘Allâf. A Philosophical Study of the Earliest Kalâm , Nederland 1966.
a.mlf., “The Divine Attributes according to the Teaching of Abu’l-Hudhayl al-‘Allâf”, Le Muséon , LXXXII/3-4 (1969), s. 451-506.
J. R. T. M. Peters, God’s Created Speech: A Study in the Speculative Theology of the Muʿtazilî Qâḍî l-Quḍât Abû l-Ḥasan ʿAbd al-Jabbâr bn Aḥmad al-Hamaḏânî , Leiden 1976, s. 113, 128-130, 226, 251-252.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, Meẕâhibü’l-İslâmiyyîn , Beyrut 1979, I, 121-197.
Cemîl Salîbâ, “Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-ʿAllâf”, MMİADm. , XXI/3-4 (1946), s. 107-117; XXI/5-6 (1946), s. 205-217.
J. Van Ess, “Abu’l-Hudhayl in Contact: The Genesis of an Anecdote”, Islamic Theology and Philosophy: Studies in Honor of George F. Hourani (ed. Michael E. Marmura), Albany 1984, s. 13-30, 280-285.
Carra de Vaux, “Ebülhüzeyl”, İA , IV, 85-86.
H. S. Nyberg, “Abu’l-Hud̲h̲ayl al-ʿAllāf”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 127-129.
J. van Ess, “Abu’l-Hoḏayl al-ʿAllāf”, EIr. , I, 318-322.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 330-332 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.