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EBÛ NUAYM el-İSFAHÂNÎ Skip to content Ebû Nuaym Ahmed b. Abdillâh b. İshâk el-İsfahânî (ö. 430/1038)
Ḥilyetü’l-evliyâʾ müellifi, hadis, kelâm, tasavvuf âlimi ve tarihçi.
Receb 336’da (Ocak-Şubat 948) İsfahan’da doğdu. Bazı kaynaklarda 330 (941-42) veya 334’te (945-46) doğduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Fars asıllı bir aileye mensuptur. Dedelerinden Mihrân, Ca‘fer b. Ebû Tâlib’in torunu Abdullah b. Muâviye’nin (ö. 129/746-47) teşvikiyle İslâmiyet’i kabul etmiştir. Babasının anne tarafından dedesi olup Arûsü’z-zühhâd diye meşhur olan Muhammed b. Yûsuf b. Ma‘dân (ö. 184/800) İsfahan’ın meşhur sûfîlerindendir. Ebû Nuaym zamanında onun zühd mektebi hâlâ faaliyetini sürdürmekteydi. Babası Ebû Muhammed Abdullah (ö. 365/976), hadis toplamak üzere Suriye ve Irak’a seyahatler yapan bir hadis hâfızıdır.
Devrin önemli ilim merkezlerinden İsfahan’da yaşayan Ebû Nuaym, sekiz yaşından itibaren Ebü’ş-Şeyh ve İbnü’l-Mukrî el-İsfahânî gibi hadis âlimlerinden ders almaya başladı. Diğer taraftan babası İsfahan dışındaki birçok âlimden onun adına icâzet aldı. Bunlar arasında Suriyeli muhaddis Hayseme b. Süleyman, Nîşâburlu Ebü’l-Abbas el-Esam, Basralı İbn Dâse zikredilebilir. Ebû Nuaym 356 (967) yılında çıktığı ilmî seyahati sırasında Askerimükrem, Tüster, Ahvaz, Basra, Vâsıt, Kûfe, Bağdat, Mekke ve Eyle gibi ilim merkezlerine giderek buralardaki hadis âlimlerinden rivayette bulundu. Assâl, Ebû Bekir el-Ciâbî, Taberânî ve Ebû Bekir el-Katîî gibi muhaddislerden faydalandı. Suriye’ye gitme arzusuna rağmen Fâtımîler’in sebep olduğu karışıklıklar yüzünden buna muvaffak olamadı. Muhtemelen ikinci bir seyahatinde Cürcân ve Horasan bölgelerine giderek Esterâbâd, Cürcân ve Nîşâbur’daki âlimlerden hadis öğrendi. Ebû Nuaym, yegâne râvisi olduğu pek çok âlimden hadis nakletti ve hocalarına dair Muʿcemü’ş-şüyûḫ adlı bir eser kaleme aldı. Kendisinden rivayette bulunan birçok muhaddis arasında Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, Ebû Sâlih el-Müezzin, Ebû Ali el-Vahşî ve Ebû Nuaym’ın hemen bütün eserlerini rivayet eden muhaddis ve kıraat âlimi Ebû Ali el-Haddâd gibi tanınmış âlimler vardır. Uzun ömrü boyunca topladığı birçok hadisin âlî isnadına sahip olması sebebiyle muhaddisler ondan hadis öğrenmek için İsfahan’a akın etmişlerdir.
Ebû Nuaym 20 Muharrem 430 (22 Ekim 1038) tarihinde İsfahan’da vefat etti. Kaynaklar onun büyük bir sûfî, meşhur bir muhaddis ve tarihçi olduğu hususunda birleşirler. Ancak Ebû Nuaym, bir sûfî olmaktan çok zühd ve takvâsıyla tanınan bir tasavvuf tarihçisi kabul edilmelidir. Nitekim sûfî tabakat kitaplarında kendisine yer verilmemesi de bunu gösterir.
Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin, Ebû Nuaym’ı bazı hadis terimlerini yerli yerinde kullanmamakla itham etmesini doğru bulmayan Zehebî (Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , I, 111) onun hadis ilimlerini iyi bildiğini, ancak mevzû hadisleri mevzû olduğunu belirtmeksizin eserlerine almakla hata ettiğini söylemiştir. Çağdaşı ve hemşerisi Hanbelî Ebû Abdullah İbn Mende, o devirde Hanbelîler’le Eş‘arîler (Şâfiîler) arasında ileri seviyede olan mezhep taassubu sebebiyle Ebû Nuaym’ı ağır ifadelerle suçlamış, Ebû Nuaym da ona karşılık vermiştir. Bu iki âlimin birbiri hakkında kullandığı ifadeler, Zehebî gibi kendilerini takdir edenlerce de hoş karşılanmamıştır. Hanbelî âlimlerinin Ebû Nuaym’ı suçlamasında, onun kelâm ilmiyle uğraşmasının ve özellikle Eş‘ariyye taraftarı olmasının rolü büyüktür. Hanbelîler’in Ebû Nuaym hakkındaki ithamları İbnü’n-Neccâr, Bağdâdî, Zehebî ve Sübkî gibi Şâfiî âlimleri tarafından cevaplandırılmıştır. Sübkî onun fıkıhla tasavvufu uzlaştırdığını, hıfz ve zabtta, rivayet ve dirayette en yüksek mertebeye çıktığını söyleyerek kendisini mübalağalı şekilde över (Ṭabaḳāt , IV, 18).
Ebû Nuaym ile İbn Mende arasındaki tartışma, İsfahan’daki Şâfiî ve Hanbelî hadisçilerini karşı karşıya getirmiştir. Ebû Nuaym’ın Hanbelîler’i, Kur’an ve hadislerdeki teşbihe dair ifadeleri lugat mânalarıyla anlamalarından dolayı tenkit etmesine karşılık İbn Mende Ebû Nuaym’ı dinî geleneklere bağlı olmayan bir akîdeye sahip olmakla suçlamıştır. Bu tartışma yüzünden Hanbelî mezhebine mensup talebeleri onunla ilişkilerini kesmişler ve kendisini İsfahan’daki büyük camiye sokmamışlardır. Abdülvehhâb eş-Şa‘rânî onun İsfahan’dan da çıkarıldığını ve muhaliflerince öldürüldüğünü söyler. 420’de (1029) Gazneli Mahmud’un oğlu Mesud’un İsfahan’da adı geçen camide yaptığı katliam sırasında Ebû Nuaym’ın camide bulunmaması taraftarlarınca onun bir kerameti olarak değerlendirilmiştir.
Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî’nin el-Muʿteḳad (el-İʿtiḳād ), eṣ-Ṣıfât , Tes̱bîtü’l-imâme , Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve , Ṣıfatü’l-cenne , el-Fiten , Ẕikrü’l-Mehdî ve nüʿûtüh , er-Red ʿale’l-Lafẓıyye ve’l-Ḥulûliyye gibi eserlerinin bir kısmı doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak kelâmla ilgilidir. Bunlardan bazıları günümüze ulaşmıştır. İncelenebilen eserlerinden, onun kelâmla ilgili özgün görüşlere sahip olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Eserlerine aldığı rivayetler konusunda titizlik göstermemesi sebebiyle çeşitli itikadî mezhep mensupları bu eserlerde Ebû Nuaym’ın kendi görüşlerine meylettiğini gösteren örnekler bulabilmişlerdir. Nitekim Zehebî, Sübkî ve İbnü’n-Neccâr gibi Eş‘arî âlimleri onu kendi mezheplerinden saydıkları için Şiî ve Hanbelî müelliflerin ithamlarına karşı savunmuşlardır. Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir Ebû Nuaym’ı Eş‘arî tabakatı içinde sayarken (Tebyînü keẕibi’l-müfterî , s. 246) Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî de Eş‘arîliğe meyli olduğunu kaydeder (el-Muntaẓam , XV, 268; XVI, 134). Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye ise Ebû Nuaym’ın İbn Mende ile yaptığı Kur’an’ın lafzı konusundaki tartışmada tilâvetin mahlûk olduğu görüşünü savunduğunu ve bu hususta er-Red ʿale’l-Lafẓıyye ve’l-Ḥulûliyye adlı eseri yazarak Selef’e ve selefî görüşleri savunan İbn Mende’ye karşı çıktığını belirtir (Muvâfaḳatü ṣaḥîḥi’l-menḳūl , I, 160).
Öte yandan bazı Selefî müellifler Ebû Nuaym’ın Selef yanlısı olduğunu savunmuşlardır. Meselâ İbn Teymiyye, Muvâfaḳat ’taki görüşünün aksine Mecmûʿu fetâvâ ’sında onun Ahmed b. Hanbel taraftarı olduğunu, “Bizim yolumuz kitap, sünnet ve icmâ-ı ümmete tâbi olan Selef yoludur” dediğini, sıfatlar konusunda Selef’in görüşlerine benzer düşünceler taşıdığını nakleder. Ebû Nuaym’ın lafız konusunda söylediklerinin İmam Ahmed’in görüşlerine ters düşmediğini belirten İbn Teymiyye onun kitabının er-Red ʿale’l-Ḥurûfiyyeti’l-Ḥulûliyye , İbn Mende’nin eserinin ise er-Red ʿale’l-Lafẓıyye adını taşıdığını, her ikisinin de sıfatları inkâr edenleri hedef aldıklarını belirtir (Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , V, 190; XII, 209). İbn Mende’nin Kitâbü’l-Îmân ’ını neşreden Ali b. Muhammed el-Fakīhî, Ebû Nuaym ile İbn Mende arasındaki ihtilâfı benzer bir yaklaşımla açıklar. Ona göre İbn Mende tilâvet ile metlûvvü (Kur’an) kasteder ve onu yaratılmamış kabul eder. Ebû Nuaym’ın ise tilâvetten, okuyan kişiden çıkan sesi kastettiğini ve bu sesi mahlûk saydığını, böylece aslında her ikisinin de aynı görüşü savunduklarını ve Selef’e bağlı kaldıklarını söyler (Kitâbü’l-Îmân , I, 47-48).
Ṣıfatü’l-cenne gibi eserlerinde konulara yaklaşım biçimiyle Zehebî ve Süyûtî’nin onun el-İʿtiḳād ve eṣ-Ṣıfât adlı eserlerinden yaptıkları iktibaslar dikkate alınarak Ebû Nuaym’ın Selefî bir eğilim taşıdığını söylemek mümkündür. Onun Şiî olduğunu söyleyen Mirza Muhammed Bâkır el-İsfahânî ve İbn Şehrâşûb gibi Şiî müellifleri ise iddialarına delil olarak bazı eserlerinde, özellikle Ḥilyetü’l-evliyâʾ da Hz. Ali hakkında yer alan rivayetlerle Mâ nezele mine’l-Ḳurʾân fî Emîri’l-müʾminîn ʿAlî b. Ebî Ṭâlib , Kitâbü Menḳıbeti’l-muṭahharîn , Ẕikrü’l-Mehdî ve nüʿûtüh gibi eserlerini göstermektedirler. Ancak bunlar onun Şîa’ya nisbeti için yeterli sebepler değildir. Zira Ebû Nuaym’ın Ḥilyetü’l-evliyâʾ da, duyduğu bütün rivayetleri naklettiğini ve bunlar arasında pek çok zayıf, hatta uydurma rivayetlerin bulunduğunu Sünnî âlimlerin yanı sıra Şiî âlimler de kabul ederler (İbn Teymiyye, Minhâcü’s-sünne , VII, 52). Ebû Nuaym Tes̱bîtü’l-imâme , Maʿrifetü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe gibi eserlerinde Hilye’dekinin aksine haberleri ayıklamaya çalışmıştır. Ayrıca Tes̱bîtü’l-imâme adlı kitabında (s. 45-53) ashaba ta‘neden Şîa’yı tenkit etmiştir. Ebû Nuaym’a ait olduğu söylenen Mâ nezele mine’l-Ḳurʾân fî Emîri’l-müʾminîn ʿAlî b. Ebî Ṭâlib adlı eser ise sadece Şiî yazarlarca ona nisbet edilmekte olup Şîa dışındaki kaynaklarda onun böyle bir eser yazdığından söz edilmemektedir. Bu sebeple söz konusu eserin Ebû Nuaym’a ait olması ve dolayısıyla onun Şîa’ya nisbeti mümkün görünmemektedir (Zerrinkûb, s. 186).
Eserleri. 1. Ḥilyetü’l-evliyâʾ ve ṭabaḳātü’l-asfiyâʾ . 800 kadar sûfî ve zâhidin biyografisini büyük ölçüde kronolojik sırayla, zaman zaman da faziletlerine göre ele almaktadır. Aşere-i mübeşşere ile başlayan eser diğer zâhid sahâbîler, ehl-i Suffe, tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiîn nesilleriyle müellifin zamanına kadar yaşayan zâhidleri ihtiva etmektedir (I-X, Kahire 1351-1357/1932-1938).
2. Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve . Hz. Peygamber’in nübüvvetini ispat etmek maksadıyla yazılan ve bu konuda delil sayılabilecek hârikulâde olaylarla ilgili rivayetleri bir araya getiren eser ilk olarak Haydarâbâd’da (1320), daha sonra da Halep’te (1397/1977) yayımlanmıştır.
3. Ẕikru aḫbâri İṣbahân . Târîḫu İṣbahân adıyla da tanınan eser, İsfahan’a dair daha sonra yazılan kitaplara kaynak teşkil etmiştir. Eserin giriş kısmında, Arap olmayan milletlerin ve bilhassa İranlılar’ın faziletleri hakkında hadis diye rivayet edilen çeşitli sözlerle İsfahan’ın kuruluşuna, fethine ve özelliklerine dair bilgiler verilmekte, ardından başta muhaddisler olmak üzere bu şehre mensup din âlimleri alfabetik sırayla ele alınmaktadır. Bir âlimin hangi tarihte İsfahan’a geldiği, oradan ne zaman ayrıldığı, ne zaman vefat ettiği gibi bilgiler özellikle kaydedilmektedir. Eser iki cilt halinde önce Sven Dedering (Leiden 1931-1934), daha sonra da Seyyid Kisrevî Hasan (Beyrut 1990) tarafından neşredilmiştir.
4. Maʿrifetü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe . Giriş mahiyetinde olmak üzere bazı sahâbe grupları ve sahâbenin değeri hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra aşere-i mübeşşere ve adı Muhammed olan ashapla esere başlanmakta, ardından diğer sahâbîlerin biyografileri alfabetik sırayla verilmektedir. Eserin tamamı Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde iki cilt halinde mevcuttur (III. Ahmed, nr. 497, I. cilt 353 varak, II. cilt 367 varak). Son kısmının Millet Kütüphanesi’nde (Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 1527) bulunduğuna dair bilgi ise yanlış olup bu numarada müellifin Ḥilyetü’l-evliyâʾ sı kayıtlıdır. Cemmâîlî diye tanınan Abdülganî el-Makdisî, bu eseri tenkit etmek için Tebyînü’l-iṣâbe li-evhâmin ḥaṣalet li-Ebî Nuʿaym fî Maʿrifeti’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe adlı bir eser kaleme almıştır. Maʿrifetü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe , Topkapı nüshası ile diğer bazı eksik nüshaları esas alınarak Muhammed Râdî b. Hâc Osman tarafından yayımlanmıştır (I-III, Medine-Riyad 1408/1988).
5. Kitâbü’ḍ-Ḍuʿafâʾ . İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin dediği gibi müellif bu kitabı el-Müsnedü’l-müstaḫrec ʿalâ Ṣaḥîḥi Müslim adlı eserine mukaddime olarak yazmış, orada geçen ve muhtelif âlimler tarafından tenkit edilen 289 zayıf râvinin durumunu belirtmiştir. Eser Fârûk Hamâde tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Dârülbeyzâ 1405/1984).
6. Ṣıfatü’l-cenne . Cennet ve cennet hayatıyla ilgili 454 hadisin bir araya getirildiği eseri Ali Rızâ Abdullah tahkik ederek iki cilt halinde neşretmiştir (Dımaşk 1407-1408/1987-1988; Beyrut 1988).
7. Fażîletü’l-ʿâdilîn . Adaletle ve âdil kimselerle ilgili sahih, zayıf ve mevzû otuz yedi hadisi ihtiva eden bu risâledeki rivayetler Muhammed b. Abdurrahman es-Sehâvî tarafından Taḫrîcü eḥâdîs̱i’l-ʿâdilîn adıyla değerlendirilmiş, eseri Meşhûr Hasan Mahmûd Selmân tahkik ederek yayımlamıştır (Amman 1408/1988). Neşre esas alınan nüshanın sonunda bulunan ve Ebû Nuaym’ın rivayeti olmayan aynı konudaki sekiz hadis de risâle ile birlikte basılmıştır.
8. el-Müsnedü’l-müstaḫrec ʿalâ Ṣaḥîḥi Müslim . Türkiye (Bursa), Mısır, Suriye ve İngiltere’de nüshaları bulunmaktadır (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 446; Suppl. , I, 617). Ebû Nuaym’ın ayrıca Buhârî ve Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’leri ve İbn Huzeyme’nin et-Tevḥîd ’i üzerine de müstahrecleri bulunduğu kaynaklarda zikredilmektedir.
9. Kitâbü Ṭıbbi’n-nebî . Hz. Peygamber’in tıpla ilgili tavsiye ve uygulamalarına dair rivayetleri ihtiva eden eserin Antalya (Akseki Yeğen Mehmet Paşa, nr. 200, 198 varak) ve Adana (İl Halk, nr. 1156, 35 varak) kütüphanelerinde birer nüshası, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde de (Kadızâde Mehmed, nr. 349, 107 varak) bir Türkçe tercümesi bulunmaktadır (eserin diğer nüshaları ve muhtasarları için bk. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 445-446; Suppl. , I, 617).
10. Tes̱bîtü’l-imâme ve tertîbü’l-ḫilâfe . el-İmâme ve el-İmâme ve’r-red ʿale’r-Râfiża adlarıyla da anılmaktadır. Ebû Nuaym, çeşitli fırkaların imâmet konusundaki siyasî tercihlerine delil olmak üzere en faziletli sahâbîyi tesbite çalışırken ihtilâfa düştüklerini, kendisinin bu ihtilâfı gidermek maksadıyla bu eseri kaleme aldığını söyler. Ashabın faziletine dair âyetleri zikrettikten sonra başta dört halife olmak üzere çeşitli sahâbîlerin faziletlerine dair hadisleri nakleder. 225 rivayetin yer aldığı eseri İbrâhim Ali et-Tihâmî, Köprülü Kütüphanesi’ndeki (Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa, nr. 1617, 48 varak) yegâne nüshasına dayanarak neşretmiştir (Beyrut 1497/1986).
11. Kitâbü’l-Erbaʿîn ʿalâ meẕhebi’l-mütehaḳḳıḳīn mine’ṣ-Ṣûfiyye . Tasavvuf ehlinin ahlâk ve davranışlarına esas teşkil eden kırk hadisi içeren eser Bedr Abdullah el-Bedr tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1414/1993).
12. Feżâʾilü’l-ḫulefâʾi’l-erbaʿa ve ġayrihim . Köprülü Kütüphanesi’nde bir nüshası bulunmaktadır (Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa, nr. 40, vr. 233-251).
13. Câmiʿu edʿiyyeti’n-nebî . Eserin bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Çorlulu Ali Paşa, nr. 284/2, vr. 62-133).
14. el-Emâlî . İki mecliste imlâ ettiği bazı rivayetlerini ihtiva eden eser Köprülü Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa, nr. 252, vr. 9-10, 83-86).
15. el-Münteḫab min Kitâbi’ş-Şuʿarâʾ . Abdülazîz b. Nâsır el-Mâni‘ tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Riyad 1982).
16. Cüzʾ min kitâbi Riyâżeti’l-ebdân . Günümüze ulaşmayan Riyâżetü’l-ebdân adlı kendi eserinin bir bölümü olup basılmıştır (Riyad 1408/1988).
17. en-Nûrü’l-müşteʿal min kitâbi Mâ nezele mine’l-Ḳurʾân fî ʿAlî ʿaleyhi’s-selâm . Ebû Nuaym’a nisbet edilen Mâ nezele mine’l-Ḳurʾân adlı eserden Muhammed Bâkır el-Mahmûdî tarafından toplanıp tertip edilmiştir (Tahran 1406/1986).
Kaynaklarda Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî’nin şu kitaplarından da söz edilmektedir: Muʿcemü’ş-şüyûḫ , Kitâb fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Tesmiyetü aṣḥâbi ʿAlî ve’bni Mesʿûd , Riyâżetü’l-müteʿallimîn , el-Muʿteḳad , el-Mesâcid , Ẕikrü’l-Mehdî ve nüʿûtüh , eṣ-Ṣıfât , Ḳurbânü’l-müttaḳīn fî enne’ṣ-ṣalâte ḳurretü ʿayni’l-ʿâbidîn , Erbaʿûne ḥadîs̱en ʿalâ meẕhebi Ehli’s-sünne ve’l-cemâʿa , el-Evâʾil , ʿAmelü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle , es-Suʾâl , Menâḳıbü’ş-Şâfiʿî , Tes̱bîtü’r-rüʾyâ , el-Müselselât , Müsnedü ʿAbdillâh b. Dînâr el-ʿAdevî , Cüzʾ fî men yüknâ bi-Ebî Rebîʿa , el-Muḥibbîn maʿa’l-maḥbûbîn . Brockelmann, Ebû Nuaym’a nisbet edilen Kitâbü’l-Emvâl ’in (Kahire 1337) ona aidiyetinin şüpheli olduğunu söylemektedir (GAL Suppl. , I, 617).
Ebû Nuaym’ın biyografisini Ebû Tâhir es-Silefî Aḫbâru Ebî Nuʿaym (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XVII, 458), Abdülhafîz Ali el-Karenî de el-Ḥâfıẓ Ebû Nuʿaym el-İṣfahânî el-faḳīh el-muḥaddis̱ eṣ-ṣûfî el-müverriḫ (Kahire 1987) adlı eserlerinde kaleme almışlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., Tes̱bîtü’l-imâme , Beyrut 1986, s. 45-53.
İbn Mende, Kitâbü’l-Îmân (nşr. Ali b. Muhammed el-Fakīhî), Beyrut 1406/1985, nâşirin mukaddimesi, I, 47-48.
İbn Asâkir, Tebyînü keẕibi’l-müfterî , s. 246-247.
İbn Şehrâşûb, Meʿâlimü’l-ʿulemâʾ (nşr. Abbas İkbâl), Tahran 1355/1936, s. 21.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam (Atâ) , XV, 268; XVI, 134.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , I, 91-92.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , V, 190; XII, 209.
a.mlf., Minhâcü’s-sünne (nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim), Riyad 1406/1986; VII, 52.
a.mlf., Muvâfaḳatü ṣaḥîḥi’l-menḳūl (Minhâcü’s-sünne kenarında), Kahire 1321, I, 160.
Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , I, 111.
a.mlf., Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , III, 175-179.
a.mlf., Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , IX, 125-126; XVI, 281-282; XVII, 32, 453-464.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , VII, 81-84.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt , IV, 18-25.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , XII, 45.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 201-204 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.