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EBÜ’s-SALT ed-DÂNÎ Skip to content Ebü’s-Salt Ümeyye b. Abdil‘azîz b. Ebi’s-Salt ed-Dânî el-İşbîlî el-Endelüsî (ö. 529/1134)
Endülüslü filozof, şair, müzisyen, tabip, tarihçi, astrolog ve mühendis.
460 (1068) yılında Endülüs’ün doğusundaki Dâniye’de (Denia) doğdu. İlk tahsilini memleketinde Dâniye Kadısı Ebü’l-Velîd el-Vakkāşî’den yaptıktan sonra İşbîliye’ye (Sevilla) gitti; orada birçok âlimden edebiyat, felsefe, tıp, matematik, geometri, fizik, astronomi, botanik ve mûsiki dersleri aldı. Ebü’s-Salt’ı İspanya’nın en muteber tabiplerinden biri olarak tanıtan M. Meyerhof, onun tıp bilgini İbn Zühr’ün (ö. 525/1131) akrabası, kabiliyetli bir şair, müzisyen ve matematikçi olmakla kalmayıp Ahmed el-Gāfikī gibi bir tabiat âliminin yanında görüldüğünden bahseder (Studies in Medieval Arabic Medicine , s. 54). Yirmi yaşında iken maddî imkânlar ve ilim yönünden kendi ülkesine göre daha iyi durumda olan Mısır’a gitmek niyetiyle İşbîliye’den yola çıkmışsa da ancak 489 (1096) yılının kurban bayramı günü annesiyle birlikte İskenderiye’ye vardığını İbn Hallikân kaydetmektedir (Vefeyât , I, 246). Önce İskenderiye’de bir süre kalarak bilgilerini geliştirmeye çalışan Ebü’s-Salt, daha sonra Halife Âmir-Biahkâmillâh devrinde (1101-1130) Kahire’ye giderek oraya yerleşti. Vezir Efdal b. Bedr el-Cemâlî’nin yakın dostlarından olan hazinedar Tâcülmeâlî Muhtâr onu himayesine aldı. Bir süre kendisine tıp ve astronomi alanlarında başarılı hizmetler veren Ebü’s-Salt’ı Efdal b. Bedr’e tanıtarak zamanının kâtiplerinden üstün olduğu hususunda âlimlerin ittifak ettiklerini söyledi. Ebü’s-Salt böylece Efdal b. Bedr’in kâtibi olduysa da bir müddet sonra Tâcülmeâlî’nin gözden düşmesi ve hapsedilmesi üzerine eski kâtip Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Ca‘fer b. Nûn’un gayretleriyle o da görevinden alındı ve Kahire’deki büyük sarayın bitişiğinde bulunan Hizânetü’l-bünûd’da hapsedildi. Üç yıl kadar sonra 1111’de serbest bırakılınca tekrar İskenderiye’ye döndü; ardından da Mehdiye (Tunus) Emîri Ebû Tâhir Yahyâ b. Temîm’in yanına gitmek üzere 506 (1112) yılında Mısır’dan ayrıldı.
İyi bir tabip ve filozofun tabiat ve matematik ilimlerine, özellikle astroloji ve mûsiki gibi yan disiplinlere muhtaç olduğunu söyleyen Ebü’s-Salt Mısır’da iken Galen ve Hipokrat’ın eserlerini inceledi ve tesbit ettiği bazı karmaşık problemlere dikkat çekti. Bunları çözümleyecek bir âlim bulamadığından dolayı daha sonra yazdığı er-Risâletü’l-Mıṣriyye adlı eserinde (s. 31-32) Mısırlılar’ı eleştirdi. Astronomiyle uğraşmış ve bu konuda eser yazmış olan Ebü’s-Salt’ın, Makkarî’nin naklettiği bir şiirinde (Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , I, 498; II, 110) Kahire dışında Karâfe yakınlarındaki bir vadide bulunan rasathâneyi tanıtıp övmesi dikkate alınırsa rasat işiyle de yakından ilgilendiği söylenebilir. Kaynaklardan onun Mısır’da çok sayıda öğrenci yetiştirdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Yâkūt el-Hamevî’nin bildirdiğine göre Süleyman b. Feyyâz el-İskenderânî ve astrolog Ebû Abdullah eş-Şâmî onun öğrencileri idiler (Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , VII, 67-68, 69).
Ebü’s-Salt 506’da (1112) Sanhâcîler’in başşehri Mehdiye’ye gittiğinde Emîr Ebû Tâhir Yahyâ b. Temîm tarafından karşılandı ve kendisine iyi bir mevki verildi. Bu sebeple Mehdiye’ye yerleşti ve burada kaleme aldığı er-Risâletü’l-Mıṣriyye adlı eserini Emîr Ebû Tâhir’e takdim etti. Daha sonra Sanhâcîler tarafından, 510 (1116) yılı civarında Mısır’a Fâtımî Halifesi Âmir-Biahkâmillâh’a elçi olarak gönderildi (İbn Saîd el-Mağribî, el-Muġrib , I, 257; Makkarî, II, 105). Ebü’s-Salt’ın Sanhâcîler nezdindeki hayatını bilmeyen İbn Ebû Usaybia (II, 53) onun Mısır’dan ayrıldıktan sonra Endülüs’e döndüğünü zannetmiştir. Fakat Ebü’s-Salt’ın Mısır’a elçi olarak gönderildiği tarihi ve İskenderiye’de ikinci defa hapsedilmesine sebep olan olayı tesbit eden de yalnız İbn Ebû Usaybia olmuştur. Onun anlattığına göre Ebü’s-Salt Efdal b. Bedr’e, masraflarını karşılaması halinde İskenderiye Limanı’na yakın bir yerde batan bakır yüklü bir gemiyi çıkarabileceğini söylemiş ve kendi bulduğu özel bir teknikle gemiyi kurtarmaya koyulmuştu. Batık gemiden daha büyük bir gemi yaparak gerekli makinelerle donatmış, sarkıttığı ibrişim halatlarla gemiyi su yüzüne çıkarmaya çalışmıştı. Ancak son anda halatların kopması üzerine gemi tekrar sulara gömülünce Ebü’s-Salt vezir tarafından hapsedilmişti (ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , II, 53).
Ebü’s-Salt ikinci defa geldiği Mısır’da resmî görevini tamamladıktan sonra belki de Vezir Efdal’ın ilgisini çekmek, mühendislikteki başarısını göstererek yeniden onun dostluğunu kazanmak ümidiyle giriştiği bu iş sonunda yine hapse düşünce bu defa bir kütüphaneye kapatıldığından birtakım şiirleri başta olmak üzere bazı eserlerini kaleme alma fırsatını bulmuştur. Yâkūt el-Hamevî onun Aristo’ya nisbet edilen kütüphanede hapsedildiğini kaydeder (Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , VII, 67-68). Bir müddet hapiste kaldıktan sonra Mısırlı dostlarının aracılığı ile serbest bırakıldı. Hapisten kurtulması için çalışanlardan biri de dostu olduğu anlaşılan İbnü’s-Sayrafî idi (İbn Ebû Usaybia, II, 53-54). Muhtemelen bir kasidesinin yazılış tarihi olan 1120 yılı sonlarında (İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî, IV/1, s. 227) veya Efdal b. Bedr’in şehid edildiği 1121 yılı Ramazanından önce serbest bırakılan Ebü’s-Salt Mehdiye’ye döndü. Ömrünün sonuna kadar orada yaşadı. 1 Muharrem 529 (22 Ekim 1134) tarihinde vefat etti ve Mehdiye yakınındaki Münestîr’de defnedildi.
Sanhâcîler’in son üç emîri tarafından itibar gördüğü için onların hizmetinde çalışan Ebü’s-Salt her üç emîri de şiirleriyle övmüştür. Kendisini ilk kabul eden Ebû Tâhir Yahyâ el-Murtazâ’ya, daha sonra oğlu Ali’ye ve torunu Hasan’a edebiyat, felsefe, güzel sanatlar, astronomi, sosyal ve riyâzî ilimler ve mühendislik alanlarında başarılı hizmetlerde bulundu. Mehdiye’de Sanhâcîler’e ait bir tersane ile kimya meraklısı Ebû Tâhir Yahyâ tarafından kurulmuş bir kimya mühendishânesinin bulunduğu bilinmektedir (İbn İzârî, I, 303, 305). Buna göre Ebü’s-Salt’ın özellikle bu iki kurumda çalışmış olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir.
Ebü’s-Salt’ın çok iyi mûsiki bildiği, güzel ud çaldığı ve lirik şiirler yazan ince ruhlu bir şair olduğu kaynaklarda özellikle belirtilmektedir (İbn Ebû Usaybia, II, 52-53). Ayrıca mûsiki alanında eserler kaleme almış, birçok anonim Kuzey Afrika şiirini bestelemiştir; bu bestelerin yüzyıllar boyu yaşadığı haber verilmektedir (İbn Saîd el-Mağribî, el-Muġrib , I, 257; Makkarî, II, 106; L. Leclerc, II, 74). Çağdaş yazar H. G. Farmer, Ebü’s-Salt’ın besteci olarak Kuzey Afrika mûsikisi üzerinde küçümsenemeyecek bir etkisinin bulunduğunu tesbit etmiştir (A History of Arabian Music , s. 222).
Eserleri. 1. el-ʿAmel bi’l-usṭurlâb . Astronomi aletlerinden usturlap ve kullanılışı hakkında doksan babdan oluşan bir eserdir. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi (III. Ahmed, nr. 3482/4, vr. 52b -93b ), Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi (Esad Efendi, nr. 2021; Lâleli, nr. 2726/4), İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı (Muallim Cevdet, nr. K. 537) ve Bağdat’ta el-Methafü’l-Irâkī (nr. 1248), Dublin’de Chester Beatty’de (nr. 3183) yazma nüshaları vardır (diğer nüshaları için bk. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 641; Suppl. , I, 889). Kıftî ayrıca onun usturlap hakkında bir şiirini nakleder (İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ , s. 58).
2. el-Edviyetü’l-müfrede . İlâçlara dair bir eser olup insan vücudunun organlarına göre düzenlenmiştir. Bu eserin aslını bulamayan L. Leclerc ve M. Meyerhof gibi Batılı bilim tarihçileri, onun kaybolduğunu sanarak daha sonra aynı konuda bir eser kaleme alan İbnü’l-Baytâr’ın kitabında yirmiden fazla yerde Ebü’s-Salt’tan nakiller yapıldığını tesbit etmişlerse de (Histoire de la médicine Arabe , II, 74; Studies in Medieval Arabic Medicine , s. 16) bunun eserin gerçek değerini takdire yetmediğini itiraf etmişlerdir. XII. Yüzyılda Batı’da müsbet ilmin yükselişinin temelinde, müslümanların ilmî eserlerinin Latince’ye tercüme edilerek fikrî zenginliklerinin hıristiyan dünyasına aktarılmasının bulunduğunu kabul eden M. Meyerhof, “Tıp bu konuda en önde gelir; fakat İspanya yarımadası eczacılığı kifayetsiz bir şekilde tercüme edilmiştir. Bunlardan biri de Ebü’s-Salt Ümeyye’nin eseri olmuştur” der (Studies in Medieval Arabic Medicine , s. 38-39). Eserin başlıca nüshaları Manisa İl Halk Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 1815/1, 1-49 varak; bk. Ateş, s. 31; Şeşen, s. 123-124), Rabat’ta el-Hizânetü’l-âmme li’l-kütüb ve’l-vesâik’te (Mecmua, nr. 281 K; bk. Ziriklî, II, 23) bulunmaktadır (diğer nüshaları için bk. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 641; Suppl. , I, 889). el-Edviyetü’l-müfrede , XIII. yüzyılda meşhur fizikçi Arnold de Vilanova tarafından Latince’ye, XIV. yüzyılda Yehûda b. Salamon Nathan tarafından İbrânîce’ye çevrilmiştir (EI2 [İng.] , I, 149). İkinci tercümenin bilinen tek nüshası Oxford’da bulunmaktadır (M. Meyerhof, Studies in Medieval Arabic Medicine , s. 39). Doğu’da ve Batı’da aynı konudaki birçok ünlü kitaba kaynak olduğu tesbit edilen bu eser münasebetiyle XII. yüzyıl İspanya müslümanlarında eczacılık ve nebatat tarihinin Ebü’s-Salt’tan itibaren başlatılması gerektiği ileri sürülmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 16).
3. el-İntiṣâr li-Ḥuneyn b. İsḥâḳ ʿalâ ʿAlî b. Rıḍvân fî reddihî li-Mesâʾili Ḥuneyn . Mısırlı meşhur tabip Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Rıdvân’ın (ö. 453/1061), Huneyn b. İshak’ın (ö. 260/873) el-Mesâʾil fî uṣûli’ṭ-ṭıb adlı eserine yaptığı tenkitlere karşı yazılmıştır. Eserin adı el-Vâfî bi’l-vefeyât ’ta (IX, 403) el-İntiṣâr fî uṣûli’ṭ-ṭıb ; Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân (I, 247), Mirʾâtü’l-cenân (III, 253), Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn (I, 173) ve Süllemü’l-vüṣûl ’de (vr. 56a ) el-İntiṣâr fi’r-red ʿalâ ʿAlî b. Rıḍvân fî reddihî ʿalâ Ḥuneyn b. İsḥâḳ fî Mesâʾilih olarak geçmektedir. L. Leclerc, eserin bir nüshasının Escurial Library’de bulunduğunu kaydetmektedir (Histoire de la médicine Arabe , II, 75).
4. Taḳvîmü’ẕ-ẕihn fi’l-manṭıḳ . Aristo mantığına dair küçük bir risâledir. Yazma nüshası Escurial Library’de mevcut olan eser (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 641), İspanyolca çevirisiyle birlikte A. G. Palencia tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Madrid 1915).
5. el-Vecîz fî ʿilmi’l-heyʾe . Efdal b. Bedr için hapishanede iken yazdığı bu eser kullanışlı bir astronomi el kitabıdır. Eser kendisine takdim edilince Efdal kitabı astrologu Ebû Abdullah el-Halebî’ye göstermiş, o da, “Bu kitaptan öğrenciler faydalanamaz, astronomi bilgisi olup bunu görmeyen de mahrum sayılır” demiştir (İbn Hallikân, I, 247; Yâfiî, III, 253-254). Escurial Library’de mevcut astronomiyle ilgili bir kitapta bulunan bazı kısımların (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 641) bu eserden alınmış olması muhtemeldir.
6. el-İḳtiṣâr fi’l-hendese . Bu eserin adını kaydeden İbn Haldûn Öklid geometrisinin bir özeti olduğunu belirtir (Muḳaddime , III, 1131-1132); ayrıca eseri Batlamyus’un el-Mecisṭî ’sinin özetleri arasında da zikreder (a.g.e. , III, 1135). İbn Ebû Usaybia (ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , II, 62) ve Kâtib Çelebî (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 147; Süllemü’l-vüṣûl , vr. 56a ) bu eseri Kitâb fi’l-Hendese adıyla zikretmişlerdir.
7. Dîvânü’r-resâʾil . Tabiat felsefesi kapsamında kendisine sorulan astronomi, matematik, kozmografya ve fizik konularındaki altı soruya verdiği cevapları ihtiva eder. Escurial Library’de (nr. 643/2) bir nüshası vardır (Suter, nr. 272; EI2 [İng.] , I, 149 [Mesâil adıyla]).
8. er-Risâletü’l-Mıṣriyye . Mehdiye’ye gidince daha önce Mısır’da gördüğü insanlarla tabiat ve kültür varlıkları hakkında yazdığı bu eseri Emîr Ebû Tâhir Yahyâ’ya ithaf etmiştir. Son derece önemli bilgiler ihtiva eden kitapta Mısır ve Nil coğrafyası, iklimi, Mısır’da Firavunlar devrinden İslâm’a kadar yaşayan halkların sosyolojik yapıları, dünya görüşleri, ahlâk ve inançları, piramitler, heykeller, Mısır’ın eski ve yeni başşehirleri, ilk ve Helenistik dönem filozof ve bilginleri, Mısır’da görüştüğü tabipler, astrologlar, meşhur edipler, şairler ve diğer aydınlar hakkında mâlûmat verir ve onların şiirlerinden örnekler kaydeder. Bilim tarihine ışık tutan eser bugün de coğrafyacı, tarihçi, arkeolog, sosyolog, filozof, tabip, astrolog ve edebiyatçıların başvurduğu önemli bir kaynak kabul edilmektedir. Kitaptan alıntı yapan pek çok yazar arasında Yâkūt el-Hamevî, İmâdüddin Kâtib el-İsfahânî, Kıftî, İbn Ebû Usaybia, Es‘ad b. Memmâtî, İbn Tağrîberdî, Makkarî, Makrîzî, Ca‘fer b. Sa‘leb el-Üdfüvî ve Süyûtî gibi âlimler yer almaktadır. Abdüsselâm Hârûn eseri, Kahire’de bulduğu yazmaları (Dârü’l-kütüb, Edeb, nr. 601; Tarih, nr. 354) esas alarak Nevâdirü’l-maḫṭûṭât içinde yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1370/1951, 1392/1972). Ebü’s-Salt’ın ayrıca, Kuzey Afrika’da devlet kuran Sanhâce kabilesiyle ilgili olarak tarihî, sosyolojik, filolojik ve folklorik bilgiler ihtiva eden ed-Dîbâce fî mefâḫiri Ṣanhâce ile ʿAmelü’ṣ-ṣafîḥati’l-câmiʿa adlı eserlerinin bulunduğu kaynaklarda zikredilmektedir.
9. Risâle fi’l-mûsiḳī . Aslı kayıp olmakla birlikte İbrânîce’ye yapılmış anonim bir tercümesi Bibliothèque Nationale’in İbrânîce yazmalar kısmında bulunmaktadır (nr. 1036). G. Sarton’a göre eser ayrıca Villanovalı Arnaldo tarafından Simplicia adıyla Latince’ye çevrilmiştir (Introduction , II/1, s. 230; geniş bilgi için bk. Farmer, s. 221-222).
10. eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿalâ Târîḫi’l-Ḳayrevân . İbn Rakīk’ın (ö. 417/1026’dan sonra) Kayrevan tarihine dair eserinin zeylidir. Son Sanhâcî emîri Hasan için kaleme alınan eser İbn Rakīk’ın bıraktığı yerden devam etmekte ve olayları Sicilya Kralı Roger’in Ahâsî adasına saldırıp Emîr Hasan tarafından hezimete uğratıldığı 517 (1123) yılına kadar getirdikten sonra bu deniz savaşını anlatarak sona ermektedir (İbn İzârî, I, 309; Ticânî, s. 125). Ebü’s-Salt bu eseriyle tarihçiler arasında da önemli bir yer kazanmıştır. Onun bu kitabından İbn İzârî el-Beyânü’l-muġrib ’inde, Ticânî er-Riḥle ’sinde ve Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb el-İḥâṭa ’sında alıntılarda bulunmuştur.
11. Ḥadîḳatü’l-edeb . İbn Ebû Usaybia’nın bu adla zikrettiği eser (ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , II, 62), Ebü’s-Salt’ın kendi zamanında yaşayan Arap şairleri hakkında bilgi verip şiirlerinden derlemeler yaptığı bir çalışmadır. Kitap, Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî’nin (ö. 429/1038) Yetîmetü’d-dehr ’i üslûbunda ve onun bir zeyli gibi telif edilmiştir. Çeşitli kaynaklarda el-Ḥadîḳa fî muḫtâri eşʿâri’l-muḥdes̱în , el-Ḥadîḳa fî muḫtârin min eşʿâri’l-muḥdes̱în , el-Ḥadîḳa fî şuʿarâʾi Endelüs ve Kitâbü’l-Ḥadîḳa fî şuʿarâʾi’l-ʿaṣr adlarıyla zikredilen eserden pek çok müellif faydalanmış ve alıntı yapmıştır.
12. el-Müleḥu’l-ʿaṣriyye min şuʿarâʾi ehli’l-Endelüs ve’ṭ-ṭâriʾîne ʿaleyhâ . Endülüslü olan ve Endülüs’e uğrayan Arap şairleri hakkında bilgi verip onlardan şiirler nakleden bir eserdir (İbn Ebû Usaybia, II, 62; Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 228).
13. Dîvân . Ebü’s-Salt’ın bütün şiirlerini topladığı divanın aslı kayıptır; ancak İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî ve Ticânî gibi müelliflerin ondan yaptıkları nakiller mevcuttur. Bu şiirler toplanarak Dîvânü’l-Ḥakîm Ümeyye b. ʿAbdilʿazîz ed-Dânî adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Tunus 1979).
14. Kitâb fi’l-meʿâni’l-muḫtelife li-lafẓati noḳṭa . Arapça’daki “nokta” kelimesinin çeşitli sözlük anlamları hakkında yazılmış olan eserin bir nüshası Leiden Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (nr. 1024).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebü’s-Salt ed-Dânî, er-Risâletü’l-Mıṣriyye (el-Kitâb , III/4-5 içinde), Kahire 1947, s. 575-581, 758-764; a.e. (nşr. Abdüsselâm Hârûn, Nevâdirü’l-maḫṭûṭât içinde), Kahire 1392/1972.
İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî, Ḫarîdetü’l-kaṣr ve cerîdetü’l-ʿaṣr (nşr. Ömer ed-Desûkī – Ali Abdülazîm), Kahire, ts., IV/1, s. 223-347.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , VII, 52-70.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ , s. 57-58.
İbnü’l-Ebbâr, el-Muḳteḍab min Kitâbi Tuḥfeti’l-ḳādim (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî), Kahire 1402/1982, s. 56-60.
İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , Kahire 1299/1882, II, 52-62.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , I, 243-247.
İbn Saîd el-Mağribî, el-Muġrib , I, 256-257.
a.mlf., Tuḥfetü’l-müberrizîn (nşr. Rıdvân ed-Dâye), Dımaşk 1987, s. 63-65.
Muhammed b. Mahmûd eş-Şehrezûrî, Nüzhetü’l-ervâḥ ve ravżatü’l-efrâḥ (nşr. S. Hurşîd Ahmed), Haydarâbâd 1396/1976, II, 57.
İbn İzârî, el-Beyânü’l-muġrib , I, 303, 305, 309, 312.
Yâfiî, Mirʾâtü’l-cenân , III, 253-254.
Ticânî, er-Riḥle , Tunus 1981, s. 125.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , IX, 402-406.
İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime , III, 1131-1132, 1135.
Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ , I, 408, 423-424, 462-463.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 340-342 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.