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EBÛ UBEYD, Kāsım b. Sellâm Skip to content Ebû Ubeyd el-Kāsım b. Sellâm b. Miskîn el-Herevî (ö. 224/838)
Arap dili ve edebiyatı, fıkıh, hadis ve kıraat âlimi.
154 (771) yılında Herat’ta doğduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Rum (Bizans) asıllı olan babası Ezd kabilesinden bir kişinin âzatlısıydı. İlk öğrenimine Herat’taki bir sıbyan mektebinde (küttâb) başladı. 179’da (795) Herat’tan ayrılarak Kûfe ve Basra’daki fıkıh, hadis, tefsir ve dil âlimlerinin derslerine devam etti. Uzun bir tahsil hayatından sonra çeşitli ilimlere dair eserler kaleme aldı ve ardından Herat’a döndü. Burada Hârûnürreşîd’in valilerinden Herseme b. A‘yen onu çocuklarının eğitim ve öğretimiyle görevlendirdi. Daha sonra Merv’e giderek orada da bir süre benzeri bir görev yaptı. Vezir Tâhir b. Hüseyin Merv’e geldiğinde onunla tanıştı ve kendisini Sâmerrâ’ya götürdü. Ebû Ubeyd Sâmerrâ’da bir müddet kaldıktan sonra Bağdat’a gitti ve Vali Sâbit b. Nasr b. Mâlik’in çocuklarına hocalık yaptı. Aynı zamanda İmam Şâfiî’den fıkıh okuyarak onunla ilmî tartışmalarda bulundu. Ahmed b. Hanbel’in sohbetlerine katıldı. Kur’an ilimleri ve kıraatle meşgul olurken lugat ve nahiv âlimlerinden de faydalandı. Her biri farklı metot ve görüşleri benimseyen kırktan fazla âlimin derslerine devam etti. Kendilerinden Arap dili ve edebiyatı, ensâb gibi ilimler okuduğu hocaları arasında Ali b. Hamza el-Kisâî, İbnü’l-Kelbî diye tanınan Hişâm b. Muhammed, Ebû Amr eş-Şeybânî, Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ, Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ ve Asmaî gibi meşhur âlimler yer almaktadır. Ayrıca Abdullah b. Mübârek, Süfyân b. Uyeyne, Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân ve Abdurrahman b. Mehdî’den hadis okudu. Kırka yakın talebesinden ise Ahmed b. Hanbel, Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistânî, Buhârî, Tirmizî ve Belâzürî gibi tanınmış kişilerin isimleri zikredilmektedir (el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef [nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb], neşredenin girişi, s. 25-30).
Sâbit b. Nasr Tarsus valisi olunca Ebû Ubeyd’i beraberinde götürerek Tarsus kadılığına tayin etti. Ebû Ubeyd, on sekiz yıl devam eden bu görevinden telif çalışmalarına engel olduğu için ayrıldı ve 213 (828) yılında Yahyâ b. Maîn’le birlikte Mısır’a gitti. Bu arada onun Şam’a gittiği de rivayet edilmektedir (Dâvûdî, II, 38). Daha sonra tekrar Bağdat’a dönerek garîbü’l-hadîs konusunda dersler vermeye başladı. Çok ilgi gören bu derslerin sonunda Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ adlı eseri meydana geldi.
219 (834) yılında hacca giden ve rüyasında Hz. Peygamber’i gördüğü için geri dönmekten vazgeçip Mekke’de oturmaya karar veren Ebû Ubeyd 224 yılı Muharrem ayında (Aralık 838) burada vefat etti ve Ca‘fer b. Ebû Tâlib’in evine defnedildi. 222 (836) veya 223’te (837) öldüğü de kaydedilmektedir.
Dindar, vakarlı ve cömert bir kişi olan Ebû Ubeyd hadis, fıkıh, dil, edebiyat ve tarih gibi ilimlerde devrinin önde gelen simalarındandı. Hadisi savunmada başarılı bir mücadele vermiş, çağdaşları ile daha sonra gelen âlimlerin ittifakla kabul ettiği gibi meşgul olduğu ilimlerin hemen hepsinde güvenilir bir âlim olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Rakkalı hadis hâfızı ve edip Hilâl b. Alâ, Allah’ın bu ümmete dört kişi bahşettiğini söyleyerek bunlardan biri olan Ebû Ubeyd’in hadislerdeki garîb kelimeleri izah ettiğini ve insanları bu konuda hatadan kurtardığını ifade etmiştir. İshak b. Râhûye, Ebû Ubeyd’in her hususta kendilerinin en bilgini olduğunu ve ona ihtiyaç duyulduğunu belirtmiştir. Muhammed b. Hübeyre el-Esedî ile (ö. 280/893 [?]) Gulâm Sa‘leb diye tanınan Ebû Ömer Muhammed b. Abdülvâhid’in (ö. 345/957) onun eserleri ve rivayetleriyle ilgili tenkitlerini ihtiva eden birer kitap yazdıkları zikredilmişse de (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 332, 344) bu eserlerin günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir.
Eserleri. İbnü’n-Nedîm, Ebû Ubeyd’in çeşitli ilimlere dair yirmi eserinin adını zikrettikten sonra onun fıkıhla ilgili başka eserlerinin de bulunduğunu söylemektedir (el-Fihrist , s. 78). Diğer kaynaklarda kitaplarının sayısı otuz beşe ulaşmakla birlikte bunların bir kısmının bazı eserlerinin bölümlerinden ibaret olduğu bilinmektedir. Başlıca eserleri şunlardır:
1. el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef . En önemli eseri olup “garîbü’l-luga” diye anılan nâdir kelimeler hususunda konulara göre tertip edilen ilk lugat kitabıdır. Müellif, Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ adlı eserinde olduğu gibi bunun için de otuz kırk yıl çalıştığını söylemektedir. Muhtemelen her iki eser de aynı tarihlerde kaleme alınmıştır. el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef ’in daha önce bir benzeri yazılmadığı bilinmekte, çağdaşı lugat âlimi Şemir b. Hamdeveyh de Araplar’ın bundan daha güzel bir kitaba sahip olmadıklarını ifade etmektedir. Arap lugatçılık tarihinde çeşitli konularda yazılmış küçük hacimli risâlelerden büyük hacimli mu‘cemlere geçiş merhalesini temsil eden eser, unutulmaya başlayan birçok kelime ve tabiri yeniden canlandırması bakımından ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef üzerinde Münih Üniversitesi’nde bir doktora tezi hazırlayan Ramazan Abdüttevvâb (Das Kitāb al-Gharīb al-Musannaf von Abū ʿUbaid und seine Bedeutung für die nationalarabische Lexikographie , Heppenheim 1962) bu çalışmasını tamamladıktan çok sonra eseri yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1989). Ayrıca Muhammed Muhtâr el-Ubeydî tarafından üç cilt halinde neşredilen eserin (Kartâc [Tunus] 1989-1990) bazı bölümlerinin ayrı neşirleri de yapılmıştır. Meselâ Muhammed Hasan Âli Yâsîn “Kitâbü’ş-Şecer ve’n-nebât ve Kitâbü’n-Naḫl” (MMİIr. , XXXV/3, s. 89-141), “Kitâbü’s-Seḥâb ve’l-maṭar ve Kitâbü’l-Ezmine ve’r-riyâḥ” (a.g.e. , XXXVI/4) adıyla eserin dört bölümünü neşretmiştir. Hâtem Sâlih ez-Zâmin de “Kitâbü’s-Silâḥ” adlı bölümü yayımlamıştır (Bağdad 1405/1985). Bazı kaynaklarda çeşitli bölümleri ayrı birer kitap gibi zikredilen (Sezgin, VIII, 83) el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef hakkında ilâve, şerh ve tenkit şeklinde birçok çalışma yapılmış olup (a.g.e. , VIII, 83-84) Ramazan Abdüttevvâb esere yazdığı mukaddimede bu çalışmalar hakkında bilgi vermektedir (s. 50-51).
2. Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ . Hadislerde geçen nâdir kelime ve tabirlerin izahına dair önemli bir eserdir. Muhammed Abdülmuîd Han’ın idaresinde Muhammed Azîmüddin tarafından dört (Haydarâbâd 1384-1387/1964-1967), Hüseyin Muhammed Şeref tarafından da iki cilt halinde (Kahire 1984) yayımlanmıştır.
3. Kitâbü’l-Ems̱âl . Hayatının sonlarına doğru Mekke’de tamamladığı (Sellheim, s. 91-92) bu eserinde Ebû Ubeyd mesel haline gelmiş on yedi hadisin bir kısmını açıkladıktan sonra derlediği 1386 meseli 19 bölüm ve 270 bab halinde ele almıştır. Bu bölümlerde dil ve konuşma, insanın özellikleri, güzel ahlâk, dostluk ve kardeşlik, ilim, çeşitli ihtiyaçlar, zulüm ve kötü huylar gibi konulara dair meselleri bir araya getirmiş, bunları izah ederken kimlerden faydalandığını da belirtmiştir. Eser üzerinde çeşitli şerh ve ilâve çalışmaları yapılmış olup (Sezgin, VIII, 84-85) bu şerhlerin en önemlisi Ebû Ubeyd el-Bekrî’nin Faṣlü’l-maḳāl fî şerḥi Kitâbi’l-Ems̱âl ’idir (nşr. Abdülmecîd Âbidîn – İhsan Abbas, Hartum 1958; Beyrut 1971). Rudolf Sellheim, el-Ems̱âlü’l-ʿArabiyyetü’l-ḳadîme adıyla Arapça’ya çevrilen kitabında (bk. bibl.) mesel hakkında genel bilgiler verdikten sonra çalışmasının büyük bir bölümünü (s. 85-155) Ebû Ubeyd’in hayatı ile bu eserine ve şerhlerine ayırmıştır. Kitâbü’l-Ems̱âl ’in bir kısmı Latince tercümesiyle birlikte Bertheau tarafından neşredilmiş (Göttingen 1836), daha sonra içinde on yedi risâlenin yer aldığı et-Tuḥfetü’l-behiyye adlı mecmuada da basılmıştır (İstanbul 1302/1885; bk. Serkîs, II, 1965-1966). Ayrıca İbn Abdürabbih’in el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ’inde bir özeti bulunan (III, 81-136) eserin tamamını son olarak Abdülmecîd Katâmiş yayımlamıştır (Mekke 1400/1980).
4. en-Neseb (Kitâbü’n-Neseb ve ẕikru men fi’l-cemâhiri min tesmiyeti’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe ve’t-tâbiʿîn ve’ş-şuʿarâ fi’l-Câhiliyye ). Ebû Ubeyd bu eserinde hocası İbnü’l-Kelbî’nin Cemheretü’n-neseb adlı kitabını ihtisar etmiş, onun metot ve üslûbunu kullanarak bazı ilâvelerde bulunmuş, özellikle ashap, tâbiîn ve Câhiliye şairleri hakkında bilgi vermiştir. Esere İbnü’l-Kelbî gibi Adnân’ın nesebiyle değil Hz. Peygamber’in mensup olduğu Hâşimoğulları ile başlayan Ebû Ubeyd, Ümeyyeoğulları ve diğer Kureyş kollarını, ardından da Kinâne, Esedoğulları ve diğer Adnânîler’i zikrederek Kahtânîler’e geçmiştir. Araştırmacılar için değerli bir muhtasar olan en-Neseb , ayrıca İbnü’l-Kelbî’nin eserinin Kahtânîler’e dair olup kaybolan II. cildindeki bilgileri ihtiva etmesi bakımından da önem taşımaktadır. Tarihî, edebî ve İslâmî ilimler ansiklopedisi mahiyetindeki kitap, aynı zamanda İslâm’ın başlangıcındaki olaylar hakkında bilgi veren ilk ve en önemli kaynaklardan biridir. Bunun yanında çeşitli vesilelerle zikredilen şevâhid ile edebî kaynaklarda adları geçmeyen şairler konusunda değerli bilgiler ihtiva etmektedir. en-Neseb , Manisa İl Halk Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan yegâne nüshası esas alınarak Meryem Meryem Muhammed Hayrüddir‘ tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1410/1989).
5. Kitâbü’l-Emvâl . İslâm malî hukukuna dair olup Ebû Ubeyd’in önemli eserlerindendir. İlk neşri Muhammed Hâmid el-Fıkī tarafından yapılmış (Kahire 1353/1934-35), daha sonra Muhammed Halîl Herrâs (Kahire 1388/1968) ve Muhammed İmâre tarafından (Kahire 1409/1989) yayımlanmıştır. Âtıf Ali Sâlih de eserdeki hadis ve âsârın indeksini hazırlayıp neşretmiştir (Fihrisü eḥâdîs̱i ve âs̱âri Kitâbi’l-Emvâl , Beyrut 1409/1989).
6. en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ . Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüshası (III. Ahmed, nr. 143) Fuat Sezgin tarafından tıpkıbasım halinde yayımlanan eseri (Frankfurt 1985) daha sonra Muhammed b. Sâlih el-Müdeyfir neşretmiştir (Riyad 1411/1990).
7. Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân . Tam adı Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân ve meʿâlimuh ve edebüh olan eser, Kur’an’ın ve bazı sûrelerin faziletiyle çeşitli âyetlerin tefsirine dairdir. Önce kısmen neşredilen eserin (Berlin 1952) tamamı daha sonra Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân ve âdâbüh adıyla E. Eisen ve O. Pretzl tarafından yayımlanmıştır (bk. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 106; Suppl. , I, 166-167). Muhammed Necâtî Cevherî eser üzerinde bir yüksek lisans çalışması yapmıştır (Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi, Mekke 1393/1973). Ramazan Abdüttevvâb da ortak bir çalışma olarak eserin tahkikini yapıp neşre hazırladıklarını söylemektedir (el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef , neşredenin girişi, s. 52).
8. Kitâbü’l-Îmân . Sünnî doktrini ilk izah eden bir çalışma olarak kabul edilen eser, Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî tarafından önce bir mecmua içinde (Min Künûzi’s-sünne: Resâʾil erbaʿ ) neşredilmiş (Dımaşk 1385/1965), daha sonra da müstakil olarak basılmıştır (Beyrut 1403/1983).
9. el-Ḫuṭab ve’l-mevâʿiẓ . Ebû Ubeyd bu kitabının adını baş tarafta el-Ḫuṭab ve’l-mevâʿiẓ ve’l-ḥażżu ʿalâ aʿmâli’l-birri ve ṭalebi’l-ḫayr şeklinde kaydetmektedir. Eser Hz. Peygamber’in bazı tavsiyeleriyle diğer peygamberlerin öğütlerini, Hz. Ebû Bekir ve Ömer’in nasihatlerini ihtiva etmektedir. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb Leipzig Kütüphanesi’ndeki (nr. 158) tek nüshasını esas alarak eseri yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1406/1986).
10. ʿAdedü âyi’l-Ḳurʾân . Tunus Zeytûne Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 413) bu esere ait olduğu sanılan on bir varaklık bir nüsha bulunmaktadır (Sezgin, IX, 70).
11. Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭahâre . Eserin yazma nüshaları Zâhiriyye Kütüphanesi’nde (Mecâmî‘, nr. 11, 38 varak) ve Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de (Hadis, nr. 2308, 46 varak) mevcuttur (a.g.e. , IX, 71).
Ebû Ubeyd’in kaynaklarda zikredilen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: Âdâbü’l-İslâm , Edebü’l-ḳādî , el-Aḥdâs̱ , Ensâbü’l-ḫayl , Feżâʾilü’l-fürs , Ġarîbü’l-Ḳurʾân , İstidrâkü’l-ġalaṭ , el-Eymân ve’n-nüẕûr , el-Ḥacru ve’t-teflîs , el-Ḥayż , el-Ḳażâʾ ve âdâbü’l-ḥükkâm , el-Ḳırâʾât , Kitâb fi’n-naḥv , Meʿâni’l-Ḳurʾân , Meʿâni’ş-şiʿr , el-Maḳṣûr ve’l-memdûd , el-Mecâz fi’l-Ḳurʾân , Maḳātilü’l-fürsân , el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ , en-Nikâḥ , Nuṣûṣ fi’l-ḥac , Şevâhidü’l-Ḳurʾân , eş-Şuʿarâʾ , eṭ-Ṭalâḳ .
Ebû Ubeyd’e nisbet edilen eserlerle kitaplarının bir bölümü olduğu halde müstakil gibi gösterilen başlıca eserler şunlardır: 1. el-Ezdâd ve’ż-żıd fi’l-luġa . Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistânî’ye (ö. 248/862 [?]) ait olduğu halde (nşr. A. Haffner, Beyrut 1912) Brockelmann tarafından Ebû Ubeyd’e nisbet edilmiştir (GAL Suppl. , I, 167). Ancak Ebû Ubeyd’in el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef ’inde bu adı taşıyan bir bab bulunmakta olup Muhammed Hüseyin Âli Yâsîn tarafından neşredilmiştir (bk. bibl.). 2. el-Îżâḥ . Brockelmann, Ebû Ubeyd’e nisbet ettiği bu kitabın Fas’ta Câmiu’l-Karaviyyîn’de (nr. 1183) bir nüshasının mevcut olduğunu bildirmekteyse de (GAL Suppl. , I, 167) Ramazan Abdüttevvâb verilen numarada başka bir mecmua bulunduğunu söylemektedir (el-Ḫuṭab ve’l-mevâʿiẓ , mukaddime, s. 63-64). Fuat Sezgin ise adı geçen yazmanın Ebû Ali el-Fârisî’nin el-Îżâḥ adlı eserinin bir nüshası olabileceğini ileri sürmektedir (GAS , IX, 70). 3. Ḫalḳu’l-insân ve nuʿûtüh . el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef ’in ilk babı olup ayrı bir eser değildir (Brockelmann’ın Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüshasıyla ilgili olarak verdiği numara da [2555] el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef nüshasına aittir [GAL Suppl. , I, 167; Sezgin, VIII, 82]). 4. el-Ġanem . Ebû Ubeyd’in böyle bir eserine rastlanmamıştır (Ramazan Abdüttevvâb, Ebû Ubeyd’in el-Ḫuṭab ve’l-mevâʿiẓ ile [s. 64] el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef ’ine [s. 58] yazdığı mukaddimelerde bu hususta bilgi vermektedir). 5. Faʿale ve efʿale . Brockelmann eserin Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de bir nüshasının bulunduğunu söylemekteyse de (GAL Suppl. , I, 167) kaynaklarda Ebû Ubeyd’in bu adı taşıyan bir eserinden söz edilmemektedir (Sezgin, IX, 70). 6. el-Luġāt elletî nezele bihe’l-Ḳurʾân . Abdülazîz b. Ahmed ed-Dîrînî’nin (ö. 694/1295) et-Teysîr fî ʿulûmi’t-tefsîr adlı eserinin kenarında basılan (Kahire 1310) Fîmâ verede fi’l-Ḳurʾân min luġati’l-ḳabâʾil adlı bir risâle için, nâşirin bu risâlenin Ebü’l-Kāsım b. Sellâm’a ait olduğunu zannettiğini söylemesi eserin Ebû Ubeyd’e nisbet edilmesine sebep olmuştur. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb bu nisbetin doğru olmadığı hususunda ayrıntılı bilgi vermektedir (el-Ḫuṭab ve’l-mevâʿiẓ , neşredenin girişi, s. 64-71). Ancak eser, Abdülhamîd es-Seyyid Tilb tarafından Ebû Ubeyd’e nisbet edilerek Luġatü’l-ḳabâʾili’l-vâride fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm adıyla neşredilmiştir (Küveyt 1985). 7. Mâ ḫâlefe fîhi’l-ʿâmmetü luġate’l-ʿArab . Brockelmann (GAL Suppl. , I, 167), İbn Manzûr’dan naklen (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , V, 396) Ebû Ubeyd’e bu adla bir eser isnat etmekteyse de onun böyle bir eseri bulunmamakta, Ezherî el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef ’te aynı adı taşıyan bir babın yer aldığına işaret etmektedir (Tehẕîbü’l-luġa , VIII, 262). 8. en-Neʿam ve’l-behâʾim ve’l-vaḥş ve’s-sibâʿ ve’ṭ-ṭayr ve’l-hevâm ve ḥaşarâtü’l-arż . Yanlışlıkla İbn Kuteybe’ye nisbet edilen bu eser de el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef ’in bir babı olup M. Bouyges tarafından neşredilmiştir (DİA , VI, 313, 314). Ramazan Abdüttevvâb bu hususta da ayrıntılı bilgi vermektedir (el-Ḫuṭab ve’l-mevâʿiẓ , neşredenin girişi, s. 71-72; ayrıca bk. Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 167).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm, Kitâbü’l-Ems̱âl (nşr. Abdülmecîd Katâmiş), Mekke 1400/1980, ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 5-25.
a.mlf., Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Muhammed Azîmüddin), Haydarâbâd 1384/1964 → Beyrut 1396/1976.
a.mlf., Kitâbü’l-Emvâl (nşr. Muhammed İmâre), Kahire 1409/1989, ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 22-59.
a.mlf., el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef (nşr. Muhammed el-Muhtâr el-Abîdî), Tunus 1989-90, I-III; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 13-22; a.e. (nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb), Kahire 1989, ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 9-65.
a.mlf., el-Ḫuṭab ve’l-mevâʿiẓ (nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb), Kahire 1406/1986, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-72.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , V, 396 (“ḳḳz” md.).
Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî, Merâtibü’n-naḥviyyîn (nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl), Kahire 1375/1955, s. 93-94.
Tehẕîbü’l-luġa , VIII, 262.
Ebû Bekir ez-Zübeydî, Ṭabaḳātü’n-naḥviyyîn ve’l-luġaviyyîn (nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl), Kahire 1392/1973, s. 199-202.
İbn Abdürabbih, el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , III, 81-136.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Şüveymî) , s. 78, 321-324, 332, 344.
İbn Abdülber, el-İntiḳāʾ , Kahire 1350, s. 107.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , XII, 403-416.
İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ, Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile , I, 259.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 244-246 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.