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ERDEL Skip to content Bugün Romanya’nın kuzeybatısında Transilvanya denilen idarî bölgenin Osmanlılar dönemindeki adı.
Türk kaynaklarında Erdil veya Erdelistan şeklinde de geçer. Gerek bu adlandırma gerekse Romence’ye geçen Ardeal veya Ardealul kelimesi Macarca asıllı olup “orman ötesi” anlamına gelen erdely kelimesine dayanır. Bugün Romanya’nın kuzeybatısında yer alan bir eyalet durumunda bulunan bölge uzun yıllar Macar idaresinde kalmış ve 1920’de Romanya’ya katıldıktan sonra Latince “ormanlar ötesi ili” (terra ultra silvas) demek olan Transilvanya adını almıştır. Bölgenin doğusunda Moldova (Boğdan), güneyinde Muntenia (Eflak), güneybatısında Banat, batısında Batı dağları (Apuseni) ve onun ötesinde Macaristan bulunmaktadır. Erdel’in siyasî sınırları ve kapsadığı alan asırlar boyunca değişiklikler göstermiştir. Bu değişiklikler köy, kasaba ve nehirlerinin isimlerinde kendini gösterir. Erdel’in son 500 yıllık tarihine önem sırasıyla katkıları olan Macarlar, Romenler, Almanlar ve az derecede olmak üzere Türkler bölgedeki kasabaları, nehirleri ve dağları kendi dillerine ve fonetiklerine göre adlandırmışlardır.
Asıl Erdel ve Büyük Erdel olarak ikiye ayrılan eyaletin bugünkü yüzölçümü 39.372 km2 , nüfusu 8 milyon civarındadır. Bu nüfusun % 65’i Romen, % 26’sı Macar ve % 6’sı Alman asıllıdır. Ayrıca burada bazı küçük Slav grupları ile yahudiler de yaşamaktadır. Erdel, güneyde engebeli olduğu kadar geniş ve çok verimli bir ovaya sahiptir. Erdel’in ana nehirleri sayılan Mureş (Macarca Maros), Someş (Macarca Samos), Küçük ve Büyük Tırnova (Macarca Kis ve Nagy Kukullo) suları bu ovada doğudan batıya ve güneye doğru akarak Tisza ve oradan da Tuna nehirlerine katılırlar. Erdel’in belli başlı şehirleri sayılan Cluj (Macarca Kolozsvary), Alba Julia (Macarca Gyulafehérvár), Turda (Macarca Torda, Almanca Thorenburg), Tirgul Mureş (Macarca Marosvasarhely), Sighişoara (Macarca Segesvar) bu engebeli fakat kolay geçit veren ovada kurulmuştur. Erdel’in güney bölgesi Karpat dağlarının batı yamaçlarına dayanmaktadır. Tara Secuilor (Sekeller-ili) adıyla bilinen bu bölge halkının büyük bir kısmını halen Macarlar oluşturmaktadır. Dağlık olan bölgeden güneye yani Eflak’a geçmeye müsait ancak beş geçit vardır. Buranın en önemli şehri, Almanlar (Saksonlar) tarafından Kronstadt adıyla kurulan Brasov’dur. Erdel’in üçüncü bölgesini Karpat dağlarının batıya doğru uzanan yamaçları ve ovaları oluşturmaktadır. Almanca Sachsenland, Macarca Szaszfold ve halen Romence Tara Saşilor denilen bu bölge adını bir Alman boyu olan Saslar’dan (Saksonlar) alır. Başlıca şehirleri Sibiu (Macarca Nagyszeben, Almanca Hermanstadt), Hunedoara (Macarca Hunyadvar) ve Fagaraş’tır. Coğrafî bakımdan asıl tarihî Erdel, doğuda Karpat ve batıda Apuseni (Batılı dağlar) arasında kalan bölgeyi içine almaktaysa da son iki yüzyıl zarfındaki siyasî gelişmeler bölgeyi batı ve kuzeybatıya yani Tisa vadisine doğru genişletmiştir. Böylece Krişul (Krisana, Almanca Kreisch) nehri ve kolları büyük bir kısmıyla Erdel içinde kalmıştır. Önemli şehirleri arasında Oradea (Macarca Nagyvarad), Satulmare (Satmar), Arad’ın (Varad) bulunduğu, Macaristan ve eski Erdel arasında kalan bu bölgeyi Evliya Çelebi Orta Macar ili adıyla anmaktadır.
Etnik, demografik ve tarihî bakımdan oldukça karışık bir manzara arzeden Erdel’de ilk teşkilâtlı idareyi Daklar kurmuştur. Bunları 102’de idareleri altına alan Romalılar’ın 271’de bölgeyi boşaltmalarından sonra Hunlar dahil birçok kavim buradan geçmiş ve derin izler bırakmıştır. Bir ara Slavlar’ın da bulunduğu bölgeye Macarlar’ın gelişi 896’da olmuştur. Bu süre içinde Erdel’de önemli nüfus değişmeleri meydana gelmiştir. Macarlar’ın bölgeye tam anlamıyla hâkim olmaları 1003’te I. Istvan (Aziz Stefan) zamanında gerçekleşmiştir.
Hıristiyanlığı kabul ederek papalığın Orta Avrupa’daki önde gelen temsilcisi olan Istvan bölgede Hıristiyanlığı yerleştirmek ve hâkimiyetini sağlamlaştırmak için özel bir iskân siyaseti takip etti. Bunun sonucu olarak Erdel’de ilginç bir etnik ve dinî tabakalaşma meydana geldi. Buraya önce, Hun ve Avar kökünden geldikleri sanılan ve bir süre sonra Macarlaşan, ancak bazı kültürel özelliklerini sürdüren Sekeller (Macarca Szekles, Romence Secui) yerleştirildi. Sekeller’i Sakson olarak bilinen ve Ren ile Moselle nehirleri kıyısından gelen Almanlar takip etti. Bu şekilde devlet desteğine sahip olan Macarlar, Sekeller ve Saksonlar Erdel’de hâkim feodal sınıfı oluşturdular. Bunların emrinde çalışan köylüler (iobaci), serfler ise Latince’ye benzer bir dil konuşan ve sonraları Ulah (Romen) olarak adlandırılan halktan oluşmaktaydı. Böylece Erdel daha başlangıçtan itibaren kendine has bir demografik ve sosyal bünyeye sahip oldu. X. yüzyıldan başlayarak Erdel’e Türk boylarından Peçenekler ve Kumanlar da (Kıpçaklar) yerleşti. Peçenek hâkimiyetinin Erdel’in güneydoğusunu ve Boğdan’ın bir kısmını kapsadığı, Karpat dağlarının doğusunda bulunan Siret nehrine kadar uzandığı bilinmektedir. Kumanlar ise Katolikliği kabul ettikten sonra Erdel ve Macar tarihinin ve halkının ayrılmaz bir parçası haline geldiler. Hatta Erdel’in önemli şehirlerinden olan Braşov adını eski Bulgarca Bozsug’dan (Bozsu) alır. Erdel’in diğer birçok yer adının da Türkçe’den geldiğini Aurel Decei temel Macar ve Latin kaynaklarına dayanarak belirtmiştir. Meselâ Sibin’in Sevin’den, Tımıs’ın Tomus’tan geldiği sanılmaktadır.
Erdel’in Osmanlı akınlarına hedef olması Osmanlı-Macar ilişkilerinin ilk devresine rastlar. I. Murad dönemindeki (1360-1389) ilk mücadeleler I. Bayezid (1389-1403) ve I. Mehmed (1403-1421) zamanında Erdel’e kadar uzanmıştır. Bundan sonra Erdel’in Macar idarecilerinin Eflak beyleriyle ittifak kurmaları, Osmanlı padişahlarının da Erdel ve Eflak beylerini birbirine karşı kullanmaları gibi karışık siyasî manevralar başladı. Bu durum, Macar kumandanı János Hunyadi’nin Varna’da 1444’te yenilgisine kadar sürdü. Söz konusu dönemlerdeki Türk baskıları Erdel’de öteden beri patlamaya hazır sosyal bunalımın ortaya çıkmasına yol açtı. 1437’de Erdel’in Macar ve Ulah köylüleri feodal beylerin imtiyazlarına karşı ayaklandılar. Macar asilzadeleriyle Sekeller ve Saksonlar birleşerek bu ayaklanmayı kanlı bir şekilde bastırdılar. 1514’te yeni ve daha şiddetli bir köylü ayaklanması patlak verdi ve yine toprak sahipleri tarafından bastırıldı. Sonuçta üç hâkim millet (Macarlar, Sekeller ve Saksonlar), aralarında eşit haklar getiren “codex tripartitus”u (üç taraflı yasa) imza ederek köylünün serfliği üzerine kurulan feodal sistemi bir kat daha güçlendirdiler. İkinci ayaklanmayı Sekel asıllı bir köylü olan Dózsa György yönetmişti. İsyanı devlet nizamını ve asilzadelerin imtiyazını koruma gayesiyle kanlı bir şekilde bastıran Szapolyai János olmuştur. Macar kralının 1526’daki Mohaç Muharebesi’nde ölmesiyle, Habsburg hânedanına mensup Ferdinand’ın evlilikle elde ettiği miras hakkını ileri sürerek Macar tahtını talep etmesi Erdel bölgesi için yeni gelişmelerin başlangıç noktasını oluşturdu. Bu sırada Szapolyai de Macar kralı ilân edilmişti. Ferdinand tarafından mağlûp edilen Szapolyai Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’a itaat ederek Osmanlı himayesine girince Osmanlı desteğiyle Macar ve Erdel kralı oldu ve bu sıfatı ile Habsburglar’ın Erdel üzerindeki nüfuzlarını azalttı. Onun 1540’ta ölümünden sonra Osmanlılar Budin’i beylerbeyilik merkezi haline getirip doğrudan merkeze bağladıklarında Erdel bölgesini oğlu Zsigmond János’a verdiler. Böylece 1541’de Erdel Osmanlılar’a bağlı haraçgüzâr statüsünde bir voyvodalık haline geldi. Önceleri 10.000 altın olan Erdel haracı XVII. yüzyılda 40.000 altına yükseldi. 1541’de Erdel’in Osmanlı idaresinde muhtar bir voyvodalık haline gelmesinden sonra burada Protestanlık hızla yayıldı. Erdel’e hâkim üç milletten Saksonlar Luteran, Macarlar Kalvinist ve Sekeller Uniter Protestanlığı kabul etmişlerdi. Buna karşılık “iobaci” yani toprağa bağlı yarı köle olan köylü Ulahlar’ın ezici çoğunluğu İstanbul patrikhânesine bağlı (Ortodoks) kaldılar. 1557’de hâkim ve eşit bu üç millet kendi dinleri arasında eşitliği kabul etmişler, fakat Ortodokslar’ı bu anlaşmanın dışında bırakmışlardı.
Erdel XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllarda yaklaşık 150 yıl süre ile, iç işlerinde sahip olduğu geniş muhtariyete karşılık dış işlerinde İstanbul’a bağlı olarak hareket etti. Her ne kadar Habsburglar bu devrede zaman zaman Macaristan ve Erdel üzerinde tesirli olmuşlarsa da Erdel genel olarak Osmanlı idaresi altında kaldı. XVI. yüzyılın ortalarında bu yoldaki en önemli faaliyet, Hırvat asıllı bir papaz olan ve Kral János Zsigmond’un küçük yaşta olması sebebiyle ona vasî tayin edilen Martinuzzi (Fráter György) vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilmiş, Habsburglar onun gayretleriyle Erdel’e hâkim olmaya çalışmışlarsa da bu durum Osmanlılar tarafından önlenmişti. Istvan Bathory (1571-1576), Erdel’in Osmanlı ve Habsburglar arasında bir denge unsuru olmasını sağlayıp ülkesini geliştirmeyi başarmış, ancak halefleri, bilhassa Zsigmond Bathory (1581-1598, 1601-1602) Türkler aleyhine dönmüştür. Zsigmond, Osmanlı-Habsburg savaşları döneminde (1593-1606) Habsburglar ve bir ara Eflak Beyi Mihal ile anlaşmalar yapmış, hatta geçici olarak onlara tâbi olmuştur. Dengesiz bir siyaset takip eden Zsigmond sonuçta Erdel’in tekrar Habsburg idaresine girmesine yol açtı (1601-1602). Osmanlı idaresini Erdel’de yeniden sağlamak için bir Sekel asilzadesi olan Mózes Székely İstanbul ile anlaşarak harekete geçtiyse de başarısızlığa uğradı. Buna rağmen önemli bir kısmı Protestan olan Erdel asilzadeleri kendi imtiyazlarını korumak için Türkler’in tarafını tutup Katolikliğin savunucusu Habsburglar’a karşı savaşı sürdürdüler. Nitekim István Bocskay Osmanlı orduları ile beraber hareket ederek Erdel’e hâkim olmuş, Habsburglar’ın meşhur generali Basta’yı mağlûp etmeyi başarmıştı. Lala Mehmed Paşa Budin’de Bocskay’ı Macar kralı ilân etti ve ona İstanbul’da yaptırılan altın bir taç giydirdi (1606). Bocskay, Habsburg İmparatoru Rudolf’u Erdel üzerinde hak iddia etmekten vazgeçirmeyi sağladıysa da onun bu başarısını halefleri sürdüremediler. Nihayet Osmanlılar Eflak, Boğdan beyleri ve Kırım hanının yardımı ile 1613’te Erdel’i tekrar Osmanlı idaresine soktukları gibi Gábor Bethlen’i Erdel’in müstakil prensi tayin ettiler. Bethlen Türkler’le dost kaldı ve Avusturya’ya karşı otuz yıl çarpışarak Erdel’in genişlemesini, Avrupa’nın Protestan ülkeleriyle temas kurmasını ve ekonomik bakımdan ilerlemesini sağladı. Onun siyasetini I. Rákoczi György (1630-1648) devam ettirdi. Fakat onun oğlu II. György diğer Erdel beyleri gibi Lehistan Krallığı’nı elde etme arzusuna kapıldı. Sonuçta Osmanlı hükümet merkeziyle arası açıldı ve giriştiği bir savaşta hayatını kaybetti.
Köprülüler devrinde Osmanlılar’ın yeniden güçlenmesi etkilerini Erdel’de de gösterdi. Az zaman içinde bu eyaletin prensleri tam anlamıyla İstanbul’un emri altına girdiler. Meselâ Mihály Apafiy (1662-1690) İstanbul’un emriyle hareket ederek ülkesi lehine Orta Avrupa’da önemli siyasî kazançlar elde etmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nin Viyana’da 1683’te hezimete uğraması Erdel tarihinde önemli değişikliklere yol açtı. Avusturya orduları Macaristan ve Budin’i aldıktan sonra 1697’de Erdel’i de işgal ettiler. Fakat bu işgalden çok daha evvel Macar asilzadelerinin ve Protestanlar’ın Habsburglar’a karşı yürüttükleri politika Erden Macar milliyetçilerinin ve Protestanları’nın bir kalesi haline getirmişti. Avusturya’ya karşı savaşan ve Osmanlılar’dan destek gören birçoğu Protestan Macar asilzadeleri arasında Mihály Tekely ve bilhassa Orta Macar kralı ilân edilen Imre Thököly (İmre Tököli) sayılabilir. Ancak 1693’ten sonra Osmanlı Devleti Erdel’deki taraftarlarına yeteri kadar yardım edemeyince Avusturyalılar’dan destek alan Apafiyler Erdel’e hâkim oldular. Sonunda 1699 Karlofça Antlaşması ile Erdel Avusturya’ya terkedildi ve bundan sonra prenslik şeklinde, Habsburg İmparatorluğu’nun bir vali tarafından idare edilen eyaleti haline geldi; Thököly de İzmit’te ikamete mecbur edildi.
1699’dan sonra Erdel birbirine bağlı iki eşit siyasî-sosyal mücadeleye sahne oldu. Viyana Katolikliği yaymak ve merkezin otoritesini genişletmek amacıyla Protestanlar’a ve toprak beylerine karşı amansız bir mücadeleye girişti. Buna karşı Erdel’in dinî hürriyet ve siyasî istiklâlini korumak maksadıyla hareket eden II. Ferenc Rákoczi 1703’te baş kaldırdı. Önemli başarılar elde ettikten sonra 1710’da mağlûp oldu ve yurdunu terketti. 1715-1718 Osmanlı-Avusturya savaşları sırasında tekrar harekete geçtiyse de 1718’de imzalanan Pasarofça Antlaşması ile Tekfurdağı’nda (Tekirdağ) ikamete mecbur edildi. Erdel’in XVIII. yüzyıl tarihi geniş çapta Katolikliği yayma ve buna karşı direniş mücadelelerinin yanı sıra Viyana’nın merkezî idaresini kökleştirme çabaları ile geçti. İmparatoriçe Maria Theresa 1765’te Erdel’i “büyük prenslik” ilân ettiyse de baskı azalmadı. XVIII. yüzyılda Erdel’de hüküm süren nisbî barış, en az iki temel sosyopolitik gelişmenin ortaya çıkmasına yardımcı oldu. Bir yandan Habsburglar’ın politikası Protestan asilzadelerin kuvvetini azaltıp onların bir kısmının halka yönelmesine yol açtığı gibi modern anlamda bir Macar milliyetçiliğinin ortaya çıkışına da sebep teşkil etti. Öte yandan da Ortodoks olan Ulahlar’ın önemli bir kısmı karşılaştıkları baskı sebebiyle “uniate”ye yani papalığa bağlı kiliseye tâbi oldular; böylece Ulah asıllı bir aydınlar grubu ortaya çıkarak kendilerinin Latin kökenli olduklarını ileri sürüp hem Avusturya’ya hem Macarlar’a karşı gelişecek olan bir Romen milliyetçiliğinin önderliğini yapmaya başladılar. Ancak Ulahlar millet olarak diğer üç milletle (Macar, Sekeller, Saksonlar), Ortodokslar da kilise olarak Katolik, Kalvinist, Luteran ve Unitiaran’la eşitlik elde edememişlerdi. Ayrıca ekonomide meydana gelen değişmeler Ulahlar’ın yerleşik düzene geçmelerine ve böylece toprak sahiplerinin baskılarına daha fazla mâruz kalmalarına yol açtı. Bu sosyal, kültürel ve dinî ezilmeye tahammül edemeyen Ulah köylüleri 1784 yılında Nicolae Horia ve arkadaşları (Kloşka ve Krişan) idaresinde ayaklandılar. Neticede ancak kendi Ortodoks kiliselerinin (Karlofça-Sırp kilisesinin) emrinde kalmak şartıyla bir dereceye kadar bazı haklar elde etmeyi başarabildiler.
XIX. yüzyılda Erdel’de yaşayan Macar milliyetçileri Erdel’in kesin olarak Macaristan’ın bir parçası sayılmasını isteyince Ulahlar’ın ve Saksonlar’ın sert tepkisiyle karşılaştılar. Çünkü bu istek gerçekleştiği takdirde Erdel tam olarak Macarlaşmış olacaktı. Bu isteğin ileri sürüldüğü 1835 tarihinde Erdel halkının yarıdan fazlasını Ulahlar oluşturmaktaydı. Azınlık durumuna düşen Macarlar kurtuluşu Macaristan’a bağlanmak ve Erdel’i tam olarak Macarlaştırmakta görmüşlerdi. Bu isteğe uygun olarak Macar Diet’i (halk meclisi) 30 Mayıs 1848’de Erdel’in Macaristan’la birleşmesine karar verdi ve bunun ardından Macaristan’ın Avusturya’ya karşı istiklâlini ilân etti. Avrupa tarihinde büyük yer tutan 1848-1849 Macar ihtilâli bu şekilde patlak verdi; Macar milliyetçileri Avusturya ve Rus orduları tarafından mağlûp edilince Macar ihtilâlcileri (içlerinde Lehliler de vardı) başkanları Lazlo (Louis) Kossuth idaresinde Vidin üzerinden Osmanlı topraklarına sığındılar. Erdel’de ise Avram Yanku’nun idaresinde Romenler, onların ardından da Saksonlar (Almanlar) Macarlar’ın Erdel’i Macaristan ile birleştirme kararlarına karşı gelerek Avusturya’ya bağlılık bildirdiler. Bundan sonra 1849-1860 yılları arasında Erdel Avusturya’ya bağlı özel bir idareye kavuştu ve bazı reformlardan da istifade etti. 1866’da tekrar Macaristan’a bağlandı, Sekeller’le Saksonlar’ın geleneksel muhtariyetleri ve özel dinî imtiyazları kaldırıldı. Buna karşılık Ortodoks kilisesine geniş haklar verildi. Bu haklar sayesinde Romenler dil ve kültür özgürlüğü elde ederek millî hareketlerini geliştirdiler. Bu arada büyük bir Romen milliyetçisi ve düşünürü olan Piskopos Andrei Şaguna kilisesini Karlofça Sırp kilisesinden ayırdığı gibi Romence kitap ve dergi basılmasına ön ayak oldu. Erdel’de nüfusun çoğunluğunu oluşturan Romenler, Eflak ve Boğdan’da alabildiğine gelişen Romen millî kültür ve politik muhtariyet hareketlerinden de etkilenerek Erdel’in 1858’de Eflak ve Boğdan’ın birleşmesiyle teşkil edilecek olan Romanya’ya katılmasını istemeye başladılar. 17 Ağustos 1916’da Bükreş’te imzalanan gizli bir anlaşma ile İngiltere ve Fransa Erdel’i Romanya’ya vermeyi kabul ettiler. Bu anlaşma gereğince Romanya I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Almanya ve Avusturya’ya karşı savaşa girmeyi kabul etmişti; ancak az sonra ayrı bir barış anlaşması imzalamak zorunda kalması bu anlaşmayı teknik bakımdan hükümsüz bıraktı. Buna rağmen 1918’de Erdel’de oluşan Romen Millî Konseyi bu bölgenin Romanya’ya bağlandığını ilân etti ve 4 Haziran 1920’de Paris’te Trianon’da toplanan milletlerarası barış konferansı bu kararı onayladı. Macaristan Erdel’in kaybını asla kabul etmedi ve Trianon Muahedesi’nin tekrar gözden geçirilmesini her fırsatta gündeme getirdi. 30 Ağustos 1940’ta Almanya ve İtalya’nın baskısı sonucu Romanya Erdel’in beşte ikisini Macaristan’a iade ettiyse de Ekim 1944’te alelacele bir ittifak kuran Romanya ve Sovyetler Macar ordusunu Erdel’den çıkararak burayı tekrar Romanya’ya kattılar. 10 Şubat 1947’de Macaristan’la imzalanan bir anlaşma, 1920’de Trianon’da tesbit edilen Macar-Romen sınırlarını aynen kabul ederek Erdel’i Romanya’ya kesin olarak bağladı. Aynı anlaşma gereğince Romanya Erdel’de yaşayan Macarlar’a kültür özerkliği vermeyi de kabul etti. Bu arada Alman asıllı olan ve Erdel’de çok eski tarihî geçmişleri bulunan Saksonlar (Romence Saşi) dağıtıldı. Önemli bir kısmı Almanya’ya yerleşti, az bir kısmı yerinde kalabildi. Romanya’nın komünist rejimi bilhassa Nicolae Ceauşescu devrinde, Erdel’de sayılan halen 2 milyon civarında olan Macarlar’a verilen kültürel hakları yok etmekle kalmayıp Macar veya Sakson adı taşıyan şehir ve yer isimlerini zorla Romenleştirdi. Cluj’da bulunan Macar Üniversitesi kapatıldı ve Macarca verilen dersler kaldırıldı; Macar mahalleleri yıkıldı. Buradaki Macarlar’ı ülkenin diğer kesimlerine dağıtma yolları arandı. Bu arada Macarlar’ın Erdel’de tarihî izlerini yok etmek için Ceauşescu “köylerin sistemleştirilmesi” kampanyasını başlattı. Bu kampanyanın görünürdeki amacı modern ve sistemli ziraat şehir ve kasabaları kurmaktı. Böylece yüzlerce yıllık tarihleri olan köy evleri, anıtlar ve kiliseler yıkılarak tarım alanı haline getirilecekti. Köylüler ise alelacele inşa edilen çok katlı binalara yerleştirilerek “şehirleştirilmiş ziraî proletarya” olarak çalışacaklardı. Bu plan uyarınca Macar köyleri ve şehirleri yok edilecek ve Macarlar da Romenleştirilecekti. Bunun ülkenin her tarafında yapıldığını göstermek için önce Eflak’taki Romen köylerinden uygulamaya geçildi. Fakat Macarlar’a olduğu gibi başka azınlıklara karşı da tatbik edilmek istenen Romenleştirme siyaseti büyük bir tepkiye yol açtı. Macarlar yer yer direnişe geçti; nihayet Timişoara’da (Tımışvar) bir Macar papazın idaresinde bu direniş rejim aleyhine bir isyana dönüştü. Ardından da 1989’da Ceauşescu ve onunla birlikte Romanya’nın komünist rejimi yok oldu. Bugün Erdel’de bulunan Macarlar siyasî bir parti kurarak kendilerine eskiden vaad edilmiş kültürel ve idarî muhtariyeti elde etmek için çaba göstermektedir.
Günümüzde Transilvanya Romanya’nın en gelişmiş ve mâmur bölgesidir. Hatta bazı Erdel şehir ve köyleri Macaristan ve Avusturya köylerinden aşağı kalmamaktadır. Romanya endüstrisinin önemli bir kısmı burada bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Romanya’nın önde gelen birçok yazar, düşünür ve sanatkârı Erdel’den çıkmıştır. Bugünkü siyasî tablo çerçevesinde buranın ileride birtakım önemli gelişmelere sahne olacağı şüphesizdir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 280-283 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.