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CÂVİD BEY, Mehmed Skip to content (1875-1926)
İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin malî siyasetinin belirlenmesinde önemli rol oynayan Osmanlı Maliye nâzırı ve iktisatçısı.
Selânik’te doğdu. Dönme camiasından tüccar Receb Naîm Efendi’nin oğludur. İlk ve orta öğrenimini Selânik’te yaptıktan sonra İstanbul’a giderek Dersaâdet Mekteb-i İdâdî-i Mülkî (İstanbul Lisesi) ve Mekteb-i Mülkiyye-i Şâhâne’de okudu. 1896’da mezun olunca Ziraat Bankası Muhasebe Kalemi’nde göreve başladı. Bir yıl sonra Maarif Nezâreti Mektûbî Kalemi İstatistik Şubesi’ne geçti. 1898’den itibaren bu göreve ek olarak Ayasofya Merkez Rüşdiyesi’nde hesap, Dârülmuallimîn-i Âliye’de ilm-i servet (iktisat) hocalığı yaptı. 1899 yılında Maarif Nezâreti Rüşdiye İdaresi kitâbetine getirildi. 1902’de siyasî gayelerle görevinden ayrılarak gelişmiş iktisadî yapısı ve etnik durumuyla meşrutiyet taraftarı muhalefetin gelişip güçlendiği bir merkez olan Selânik’e döndü ve yeni kurulan Mekteb-i Feyziyye adlı lise seviyesindeki bir okulun müdürlüğünü üstlendi. Burada iken gizli Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti’nin teşkilâtlanmasında ve Selânik mason locasında aktif rol alan Câvid Bey, 1907’de cemiyetin İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’yle birleşmesinden sonra da faaliyetlerini sürdürdü. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından hemen sonra Selânik’ten ayrılarak İstanbul’a döndü ve seçimlere hazırlanmaya başladı. Seçimler sonunda Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’da I. (1908-1912) ve II. (1912) dönem Selânik mebusu, Selânik’in Balkan Savaşı sonunda Yunanistan sınırları içinde kalması üzerine de III. dönemde (1914-1918) Kal‘a-i Sultânî (Çanakkale) sancağı mebusu oldu. Ayrıca 1916 ve 1917 yıllarında İttihat ve Terakkî’nin yönetici kadroları içinde yer aldı.
Câvid Bey ilk defa Ahmed Tevfik Paşa kabinesinde (14 Nisan – 5 Mayıs 1909) Maliye nâzırlığına getirilmek istendiyse de kendilerinden izin alınmadığı gerekçesiyle İttihat ve Terakkî’nin karşı çıkması yüzünden göreve başlayamadan istifa etmek zorunda kaldı. Az sonra 25 Haziran 1909’da Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa’nın kurduğu kabinede Maliye nâzırlığına getirildi ve İbrâhim Hakkı Paşa hükümetinde de (12 Ocak 1910 – 29 Eylül 1911) aynı görevi yürüttü. Fakat malî ve idarî alanda önemli reformlar yapmaya çalıştığı bir dönemde bazı anlaşmazlıklar yüzünden nâzırlıktan istifa etti. 1912 seçimlerinin ardından Said Paşa kabinesine Nâfia nâzırı olarak tayin edildi. Savaşlar dolayısıyla artan askerî harcamalar yüzünden daha da bozulan malî durumla başa çıkamayacağını anlayan Maliye nâzırının istifası üzerine yeniden bu göreve getirildi ve 22 Temmuz 1912’de Said Paşa’nın istifasına kadar görevde kaldı. İttihat ve Terakkî’nin Bâbıâli Baskını ile (23 Ocak 1913) iktidarı ele geçirmesinden bir yıl sonra tekrar Maliye nâzırı oldu. Nâzırlığı sırasında, giderek yaklaşan dünya savaşında Osmanlılar’ın tarafsız kalması karşılığında kapitülasyonların kaldırılabileceğini düşünüyordu. Hatta bu yönde Fransızlar ve İngilizler’le temaslarda bile bulundu. Ancak Osmanlılar’ın Enver Paşa’nın zorlamalarıyla Almanya yanında savaşa girdiğini öğrenince hemen kabineden istifa etti.
1917 yılı başlarında özel teşebbüsü geliştirip güçlendirmeyi amaçlayan Osmanlı İ‘tibâr-ı Millî Bankası’nın kuruluşunu gerçekleştirdi. Talat Paşa’nın Şubat 1917’de sadrazamlığa gelmesinden bir süre sonra Maliye nâzırlığını üstlendi. Savaşın kaybedilmesi üzerine kabine ile birlikte nâzırlıktan ayrılmak istediyse de malî durumun ciddiyeti sebebiyle yapılan ısrarlar üzerine Ahmed İzzet Paşa kabinesinde de aynı görevi kabul etti. Ancak Talat, Enver ve Cemal paşaların yurt dışına kaçmalarından sonra İttihat ve Terakkî’nin en önde gelen üyelerinden birisi olarak kabinede bulunmuş olması kendisini bu partiye dönük hücumların ana hedefi haline getirdi. Bu çok kısa ömürlü kabine ile birlikte Câvid Bey de nâzırlıktan ayrıldı (8 Kasım 1918).
Kısa bir süre sonra Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye İdaresi Türk dâyinler vekilliğine seçildi. Fakat Damad Ferid Paşa hükümetinin İttihatçılar’ı yargılamak üzere oluşturduğu Dîvân-ı Harb-i Örfî’de yargılandı ve gıyabında on beş yıl kürek cezasına mahkûm edildi. Bunun üzerine bir müddet İstanbul’da saklandıktan sonra Fransa’ya, oradan da İsviçre’ye kaçtı. İsviçre’de iken kendisi gibi Avrupa’ya dağılmış İttihatçı liderlerle temaslarını sürdürdü. Bu arada Avrupa’daki genç Türk öğrencilerini yönlendirerek İttihat ve Terakkî’ye yeni güç odakları sağlamaya çalıştı. İsviçre’de bulunduğu sırada Şehzade Burhâneddin Efendi’nin eski karısı Aliye Hanım’la evlendi (1921). Şubat 1921’de toplanan Londra Konferansı’na Ankara hükümeti delegasyonunun danışmanlarından biri olarak katıldı. Buradaki hizmetlerinin “millî hükümet” temsilcilerince beğenilmiş olmasının verdiği güvenle otuz dört aylık bir ayrılıktan sonra İstanbul’a döndü ve yeniden Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye dâyinler vekilliği görevine başladı.
21 Kasım 1922’de Lozan’da başlayan konferansa Türk delegeleri müşavirlerinden biri olarak katılan Câvid Bey, Türk heyeti başkanı İsmet Paşa ile iktisadî konularda görüş ayrılığına düştü. Bu hususun daha sonra basına aksetmesi üzerine İsmet Paşa, aralarında Câvid Bey’in de bulunduğu bazı müşavirleri heyetten çıkardı. Böylece Câvid Bey yeni siyasî oluşumun dışına itilmiş oldu.
1924 yılı başlarında, meclis reisi ve İstanbul milletvekili Fethi Bey’in (Okyar) İstanbul Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası’ndan istemiş olduğu bir raporu hazırlayan heyete başkanlık etti. Haziran 1926’da Mustafa Kemal’e karşı hazırlanan suikast girişimi, bu harekete teşebbüs eden ve etmeyen bütün İttihatçılar’ın ve genel olarak muhalefetin tasfiyesini mümkün kılan bir ortam hazırlayınca, olaydan sorumlu tutularak 19 Haziran 1926’da tutuklandı; ancak kısa süre sonra serbest bırakıldı. Ardından tekrar tutuklandı ve İstiklâl Mahkemesi tarafından sorguya çekildi. Lozan Konferansı sonrasında Kara Kemal’in teklifiyle bazı İttihatçılar’ın Câvid Bey’in evinde yaptıkları iki günlük toplantı ve bu toplantıda ele alınmış dokuz maddelik bir program taslağı gizli bir komitenin varlığının delilleri sayıldı; bu komitenin İttihat ve Terakkî’yi yeniden diriltmeye ve anayasayı zorla değiştirmeye dönük bir teşebbüs içinde olduğu ileri sürüldü. Bunun üzerine Câvid Bey ölüm cezasına çarptırıldı ve iki gün sonra da cezası infaz edildi (26 Ağustos 1926).
Liberal bir iktisat anlayışına sahip olan ve iktisadî kalkınmayı dünya ekonomisiyle bütünleşmede gören Câvid Bey, on yıllık İttihat ve Terakkî döneminin (1908-1918) altı yılı aşkın bir bölümünde bizzat Maliye nâzırı, diğer zamanlarda da maliye ile ilgili aktif çalışmalarını sürdürmüş bir siyaset adamı olarak İttihat ve Terakkî’nin iktisadî politikalarına damgasını vurmuştur. Ülkedeki sermaye birikiminin dünya ekonomisiyle bütünleşmeyi sağlayacak güçte olmaması sebebiyle bir yandan özel teşebbüsü geliştirmeye, öte yandan da yabancı sermayeyi çekmeye yönelik düşüncelerinin uygulamaya yansıyan en belirgin yönlerinden biri, yabancı sermayeli şirket ve bankaların korunması ve desteklenmesi oldu. Ne var ki siyasî istikrarsızlıkların da etkisiyle kalkınmayı harekete geçirecek ölçüde bir yabancı sermaye akımı sağlanamadı.
İmparatorluğun hızla dağılması, milliyetçi akımların güç kazanması ve I. Dünya Savaşı gibi olaylar Câvid Bey’in düşüncelerinde değilse bile uygulamalarında önemli farklılaşmalara yol açtı. Kapitülasyonları kaldırma teşebbüsleri, Osmanlı İ‘tibâr-ı Millî Bankası’nın kurulmasına öncülük etmesi, İstihlâk-i Millî Cemiyeti’ne katılması onun bu tür uygulamalarının örnekleridir. Câvid Bey’in başta Maliye Nezâreti olmak üzere birçok kamu kuruluşunda çok önemli yeniden teşkilâtlanma faaliyetleri gerçekleştirmesi, muhaliflerinin bile kabul ettiği analiz ve tartışma gücüyle siyasî tartışmaları zenginleştirmiş olması gibi özellikleri üzerinde pek durulmamıştır. Buna rağmen “Câvid Bey maliyesi”, “Câvidizm” gibi tanımlarla onun yabancı sermaye ve dış borçlarla ilgili olumlu görüşleri çok sık tekrar edilegelmiştir. Kendisine yapılan bu tür atıflar, devletçiliğin ağır bastığı dönemde onun liberal iktisat anlayışını olabildiğince eleştirerek uygulanmakta olan millî iktisat politikasının farklılığını göstermek ve savunmak amacına yöneliktir. Câvid Bey’in bu anlamda güncelliğini uzun süre korumuş olmasının sebebi, onun liberal düşüncenin en önemli temsilcilerinden biri olmasında aranmalıdır.
Câvid Bey’in maliye ve iktisat alanında yayımlanmış kitap ve makaleleri de vardır. İlk yazıları, Abdülhamid döneminde Servet-i Fünûn ’da “İlm-i Servet” başlıklı tefrikasıyla neşredilmiştir. Daha çok Paul Leroy Beaulieu ve Charles Gide’e dayanarak yazdığı İlm-i İktisâd adlı kitabı (I-IV, İstanbul 1315-1317), dönemin en kapsamlı eseri olarak bir temel kaynak niteliği taşımıştır. Bir süre sonra bu kitabın iki baskısı daha yapılmıştır (İlm-i İktisâd , İstanbul 1326; Ma‘lûmât-ı İktisâdiyye , İstanbul 1329). Ayrıca yine öncü nitelikte İhsâiyyat adlı bir istatistik kitabı vardır (İstanbul 1325). II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra, arkadaşları Rızâ Tevfik ve Ahmed Şuayb ile birlikte, Türkiye’deki pozitivist hareketin belli başlı yayın organlarından biri kabul edilen Ulûm-ı İktisâdiyye ve İctimâiyye Mecmuası ’nın (Aralık 1908 – Ağustos 1910 arasında 24 sayı) müdürü ve yazarlarından biri olan Câvid Bey, 1908 öncesinde Sabah , sonra da Tanin gazetelerinde makaleler yazmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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“Cavid Bey”, Türk ve Dünya Ünlüleri Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1983-85, III, 1303-1311.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 175-176 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.