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CELÂ-yi VATAN Skip to content XVI. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru artan Celâlî saldırıları ve suhte baskıları yüzünden halkın yerini yurdunu terketmesini ifade eden bir tabir.
Umumiyetle devlet otoritesinin zayıfladığı devirlerde meydana gelen bu olay kaynaklarda genel olarak “zalemenin zulmünden celâ-yi vatan, terk-i diyâr” şeklinde geçer. Ayrıca “terk-i mesken” ve “çift bozan reâyâ” ifadeleri de aynı hususu belirtir. Özellikle XVI. yüzyıl sonunda başlayan Osmanlı-İran savaşlarında Anadolu’nun doğusunun İran saldırılarına uğraması ve Celâlî isyanları bu hareketin başlıca sebebini teşkil eder. Bu ortamda Anadolu’da halkın kitleler halinde yerlerini terketmeleri yani celâ-yi vatan etmeleri, resmî kayıtlarda “büyük kaçgunluk” veya “büyük firârî” adlarıyla anılan yedi yıl sürecek çok karışık bir dönemin (1603-1610) yaşanmasına yol açmıştır. Anadolu’daki sosyal ve iktisadî yapıyı altüst eden bu olaylar sonucu Üsküdar’dan Karaman’a, Halep’ten Bağdat’a ve Sivas’tan Erzurum’a ve Van’a kadar mevcut yerleşim birimlerinden ancak dörtte biri meskûn kalabilmiştir (Kitâb-ı Müstetâb , s. 12, 22).
Celâlî isyanlarının yoğunlaştığı XVI. yüzyıl sonları ile XVII. yüzyıl başlarında çeşitli bölgelere yerleşmiş bulunan Celâlî liderleri, geçtikleri yerleri ve bulundukları bölgelerdeki köy ve kasabaları dayanılmaz bir baskı altına almışlardı. Halk ağır hakaretlere uğruyor, elindeki bütün mahsulünü eşkıyaya vermek zorunda kalıyor ve hayatî tehlike içinde bulunuyordu. Celâlî grupları hareket halinde iken halk fakirleşiyor, oraya buraya kaçışıyor ve perişan oluyordu. Gençler için eşkıyaya katılma mecburiyeti de vardı. Bu güvensizlik yüzünden halk çoluk çocuğunu alıp daha emin yerlere veya şehirlere göç ediyordu.
Aynı yıllarda bir kısım medrese talebelerinin (suhte) zulümleri de Celâlîler’den aşağı kalmıyordu. Bunlar da adam öldürüyor, kadın kaçırıyor veya bedava yiyecek temin etmek için çeşitli zulümler yapıyorlardı. XVII. yüzyıl başlarında suhte gruplarının baskısı had safhaya ulaşmıştı. Hükümet merkezine her yandan, “taaddî ve tecavüzün nihayeti olmayıp halkın terk-i diyâr ve celâ-yi vatan” etmek üzere oldukları yolunda haberler geliyordu.
Kalenderoğlu Mehmed ve Karayazıcı Abdülhalim gibi Celâlîler’in isyanı sırasında Erzurum ve Sivas bölgelerinden birçok insan daha batıya göç etmiş, Isparta, Burdur ve Muğla taraflarından da birçok kişi daha emin yerlere kaçmıştı. Cennetoğlu adlı Celâlî’nin faaliyetleri dolayısıyla Karesi, İzmir, Aydın ve Saruhan sancaklarından terk-i diyâr edenleri yerlerine iade etmek çok zor olmuştu. Abaza Hasan Paşa isyanında da Anadolu, Karaman, Maraş ve Sivas eyaletlerinden binlerce kişi İran’a, Bağdat’a ve Erzurum’a göç etmişti.
Halkın yerini yurdunu terketmesi sadece Celâlî ve medreseli isyanları sonucu değil aynı zamanda resmî devlet görevlilerinin, askerlerin baskıları yanında bazı iktisadî-sosyal sebepler ve savaş hali dolayısıyla da meydana geliyordu. Özellikle “ehl-i örf” denilen taşra idarecilerinin zulümleri, Celâlî isyanlarından sonra halkın celâ-yi vatan etmesinin en başta gelen sebeplerinden birini oluşturuyordu. Ehl-i örfün yani beylerbeyi, sancak beyi ve bunların adamları ile subaşı, kadı ve timarlı sipahilerin, resmî belgelerde “mugāyir-i defter”, “hilâf-ı kānûn”, “mugāyir-i narh-ı rûzî ve resm-i yaylak” şekillerinde ifade edilen zulümleri de (Barkan, Kanunlar , s. 67, 131, 317) halkın dağılmasına yol açıyordu. Halk üzerindeki baskıların yoğunlaştığı dönemlerde devlet merkezi halkı himaye için adâletnâme ler çıkarıyor ve bu konuda beylerbeyileri, sancak beylerini, kadıları, nâibleri, timar sahiplerini, vakıf idarecilerini ve voyvodaları itham ediyordu. 1540 tarihli adâletnâmede (İnalcık, II/3-4, s. 114-115), bunların kendi hizmetleri için halka angarya yüklemeleri dolayısıyla memleket ve reâyânın “tamam ihtilâl” içinde bulunduğu belirtilmişti. Öte yandan kapıkulu kılığındaki sarıca ve sekban gibi başıboş askerî grupların köylere baskınları da halkın yerini terketmesinin bir başka sebebini teşkil ediyordu. Nitekim 1688’de Saruhan bölgesinde sarıca ve sekban bölüklerinin zulümleri sebebiyle köylüler kadıya temsilciler gönderip bunların devamı halinde terk-i diyâr edecekleri yolunda tehditte bulunmuşlardı.
Halkı celâ-yi vatana zorlayan bir örnek de Erzurum’da görülmektedir. Şehirdeki yeniçeriler halka çeşitli zulümlerde bulunduktan başka gelen yiyecek maddelerine el koyup fahiş fiyatla satıyorlardı. Bundan başka Erzurum’un, doğu sınırına yakın bir serhad kapısı olmasından dolayı burada toplanmış bulunan bölük halkı, cebeci, topçu ve arabacı gibi sınıfların da halk üzerinde baskıları eksik değildi. Her iki durumdan şikâyetçi olan halk hükümet merkezine başvurup, “Bizi rencîde vü remîde ederler, celâ-yi vatan etmemiz mukarrerdir veyahut küllî kabahat ve fesada sebeptir” diye feryat ediyorlardı.
Bundan başka tefecilerin eline düşen halkın da yerlerini terketmek zorunda kaldıkları görülmektedir. Yüksek faizle borç veren tefeciler borçlarını ödeyemeyenlerin emlâk ve arazilerini alıyorlar, kendi toprağında ırgat durumuna düşen veya hapse mahkûm edilen kişiler de çareyi celâ-yi vatanda buluyorlardı (BA, MD , nr. 16, hk. 525). Ayrıca ziraat yapmanın güç olduğu bölgelerdeki köylülerin zaman zaman kendiliklerinden yerlerini terkettikleri kanunnâmelerde zikredilmektedir. Nitekim 1540 tarihli Erzurum sancağı kanunu ile 1583 tarihli Trabzon sancağı kanununda ziraat sahalarının yetersizliği ve çoğunun ziraata uygun olmaması dolayısıyla insanların celâ-yi vatan ettikleri zikredilmektedir (Barkan, Kanunlar , s. 60, 72). Bazı yıllarda ortaya çıkan kıtlık da göç için bir sebep teşkil etmekteydi (BA, MD , nr. 3, hk. 949).
İstanbul celâ-yi vatan edenlerin en önemli sığınma yeriydi. Nitekim Kâtib Çelebi bu hususta, “Celâlîler zuhuru ile reâyâya za‘f gelip terk-i diyâr ve karyelerden şehre firar ettiler, hâlâ İstanbul etrafı bile doldu” demektedir (Düstûrü’l-amel , s. 127).
Savaşların yenilgiyle sonuçlanması üzerine meydana gelen toprak kayıpları da İstanbul’a doğru göçü hızlandırdı. Özellikle Rumeli’deki bozgunlar üzerine Türk ahalinin büyük kitleler halinde İstanbul’a veya Anadolu’ya geldiği bilinmektedir. Karlofça Antlaşması’ndan sonra büyük kitlelerin İstanbul’a göç etmesi şehirde sıkıntılara sebep oldu. Bu hususta devlet ciddi tedbirler almak zorunda kaldı. Nitekim 1716 yılında çıkarılan bir fermanda, “bilâd-ı selâse” denilen İstanbul, Bursa ve Edirne’ye bu şekilde gelip yerleşmiş ahalinin iskân kanunu hilâfına “zaman itibar olunmadan” eski yerlerine nakli istenmişti. İskân kanununda celâ-yi vatan edenlerden timar reâyâsının on yıl içinde yakalanmaları halinde terkettikleri yurtlarına nakledilmeleri, oranın avârız hânesine kaydedilen ve on yılı geçirenlerin ise bulundukları yerde bırakılmaları hükme bağlanmıştı. Bu hükmün derbend ve vakıf reâyâsına uygulanmayacağı ve hangi şartta olursa olsun bunların eski yerlerine gönderilmeleri gerektiği de belirtilmişti (BA, MAD , nr. 10.159, s. 10). Bu göçler imparatorluğun son devirlerine kadar devam etmiştir.
Celâ-yi vatan etmek zorunda kalan ve genellikle kaleye sahip şehir ve kasabalara sığınan halk bazan dağlara kaçar, yanlarında taşıyamayacakları eşyayı çeşitli yerlere saklarlardı. Bazıları eşkıyaya direnir, bulundukları yerlerde savunma tedbirleri alırlar, hatta bu maksatla kale veya palanga da inşa ederlerdi.
İnsanların sağa sola kaçışmaları devletin zarara uğramasına da yol açıyordu. Zira has, zeâmet, timar ve vakfa ait yerleşme yerlerinin reâyâsız kalması, vergi gelirlerinde büyük ölçüde azalmaya sebep oluyordu. Dolayısıyla arazinin boş kalmasını önleyici tedbirleri almak devletin esas hedefini teşkil eder, normal şartlar altında toprağını terkeden çiftçiden “çift bozan resmi” alınırdı. Fevkalâde bir hal olarak yorumlandığından herhangi bir zorlama ile celâ-yi vatan etmiş olanlar için belli bir süre tayin edilmiş ve bunların üç yıl içinde dönmeleri halinde eski topraklarını alabilecekleri hükme bağlanmış, daha sonra bu süre on yıla kadar uzatılmıştı. Boş kalan toprakların eski sâkinleri tarafından şenlendirilmesi temel prensipti. Bu sebeple kaçan halkı yerine döndürmek için büyük gayret sarfedilmiş, bu iş için çeşitli teşvikler, vergi muafiyeti sağlandığı gibi memurlar da görevlendirilmişti.
Hükümetin bu hassasiyeti bir bakıma halk için de önemli bir avantaj olmuş, merkezin ilgisini çekip mahallî idarecilerin zulmünden ve baskılarından kurtulabilmek için celâ-yi vatan halk tarafından bir tehdit unsuru olarak kullanılmıştır. Celâ-yi vatan ve terk-i diyâr Anadolu’nun sosyal yapısının kökünden değişmesini hazırlamış, XVI. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru başlayan bu hareket elli yıl kadar Anadolu insanının sağa sola savrulmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu şekilde çığ gibi büyüyen çift bozan yığınlarının malî külfetleri de devletin üzerine yüklenmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MD , nr. 3, hk. 433, 760, 891, 897, 1122, 1123; nr. 7, hk. 130; nr. 16, hk. 525.
BA, MAD , nr. 5152, vr. 222a , 326a ; nr. 10.159, s. 10.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , s. 4, 263-264, 755.
Koçi Bey, Risâle (Aksüt) , s. 54.
Kâtib Çelebi, Düstûrü’l-amel li-ıslâhi’l-amel , İstanbul 1280, s. 127.
Kitâb-ı Müstetâb (nşr. Yaşar Yücel), Ankara 1974, s. 12, 22.
Şeyhî, Vekāyiu’l-fuzalâ , I, 186.
Râşid, Târih , IV, 179.
Cevdet, Târih , IV, 288.
Barkan, Kanunlar , s. 60, 67, 72, 131, 317.
a.mlf., “Tarihî Demografi Araştırmaları ve Osmanlı Tarihi”, TM , X (1953), s. 1-27.
Uluçay, XVII. Asırda Saruhan , s. 36, 86, 95-96, 140-146, 200, 208-214, 285.
Mustafa Akdağ, Celâlî İsyanları (1550-1603) , Ankara 1963, s. 41, 109-114, 155-158, 210, 229, 253.
a.mlf., Büyük Celâlî Karışıklıklarının Başlaması , Erzurum 1963, s. 27-33.
a.mlf., “Celâlî İsyanlarında Büyük Kaçgunluk 1603-1606”, TAD , II/2-3 (1964), s. 1-50.
a.mlf., “Türkiye Tarihinde İctimaî Buhranlar Serisinden Medreseli İsyanları”, İFM , II/14 (1949-50), s. 361-378.
Mustafa Cezar, Osmanlı Tarihinde Levendler , İstanbul 1965, s. 112, 113, 191-196.
M. A. Cook, Population Pressure in Rural Anatolia (1450-1600) , Oxford 1972, s. 30-44.
Müctebâ İlgürel, Abaza Hasan Paşa İsyânı (doçentlik tezi, 1976), İÜ Ed.Fak. Genel Ktp., nr. TE 34, s. 35-36.
Hrand D. Andreasyan, “Celâlîlerden Kaçan Anadolu Halkının Geri Gönderilmesi”, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya Armağan , Ankara 1976, s. 45-53.
Hadiye Tuncer, Kanunî Sultan Süleyman Zamanına Âid Kânunnâme , Ankara 1988, s. 193-195.
Yusuf Halaçoğlu, XVIII. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda İskân Siyaseti ve Aşiretlerin Yerleştirilmesi , Ankara 1988, s. 6, 77-79.
Feridun M. Emecen, XVI. Asırda Manisa Kazâsı , Ankara 1989, s. 121-123, not 37, s. 157-158, not 170.
Abdurrahman Şeref, “İstanbul’da Me’kûlât Muzayakası 1179 Senesine Ait Bazı Vesâik”, TOEM , sy. 40 (1913), s. 193-196.
M. Münir Aktepe, “XVIII. Asrın İlk Yarısında İstanbul’un Nüfus Meselesine Dair Bazı Vesikalar”, TD , sy. 13 (1958), s. 1-30.
Halil İnalcık, “Adâletnâmeler”, TTK Belgeler , II/3-4 (1967), s. 114-115, 136-137.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 238-240 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.