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ÇOBANZÂDE, Bekir Sıtkı Skip to content (1893-1937)
Türk dili ve Türk lehçeleri âlimi, şair.
15 Mayıs 1893’te Kırım’ın Karasubazar kasabasının Argın köyünde doğdu. Asıl adı Ebûbekir’dir. Babası Abdülvahap adlı bir çoban, annesi Vaide Şerîfe Hanım’dır. İlk tahsiline Karasubazar’daki medresede başladı, daha sonra İstanbul’da öğrenim gören Yusuf Ziya adlı bir müderrisin Akmescid’de açtığı rüşdiyeye devam etti ve 1908’de buradan mezun oldu. Rüşdiyedeki başarısından dolayı Karasubazar Cem‘iyyet-i Hayriyyesi tarafından yüksek tahsil için İstanbul’a gönderildi. İstanbul’da Kırım Talebe Cemiyeti’nin yardımıyla Galatasaray Sultânîsi’ne kaydını yaptırdı ve 1914’te burayı bitirdi. Aynı yıl Macaristan’a giderek Budapeşte Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Üniversitesi Tarih ve Filoloji Fakültesi Türk filolojisi, Arap edebiyatı tarihi ve Macar edebiyatı tarihi kürsülerinde ders gördükten sonra doktora öğrenimine başladı. Hocaları arasında Türkolog Gyula Németh de vardı. Kıpçakların Codex Cumanicus Yazma Edebiyat Abideleri ve Türk Dillerinde Telaffuzun Temel Problemleri adlı teziyle 15 Mayıs 1919’da felsefe doktoru unvanını aldı, Budapeşte’de bir yıl kadar Türk dili dersi verdi, ardından Câfer Seydahmet Kırımer’in daveti üzerine Lozan’a geçti. Burada iken Sovyetler’e karşı savaşan General Vrangel ordularının işgalinde bulunan Kırım’a dönme kararı aldı. Kırım Tatarları’nın millî faaliyetlerde bulunması General Vrangel tarafından yasaklandığı ve Çobanzâde’nin adı da millî faaliyetlere karıştığı için başkası adına düzenlenmiş bir pasaportla İstanbul üzerinden Kırım’a gitti. Akmescid’de kurulmuş olan millî fırkaya katıldı ve bir süre başkanlığını yürüttü. Kısa bir müddet sonra Bolşevikler, General Vrangel ve ordularını Kırım’dan uzaklaştırıp hâkimiyeti ele geçirdi. Çobanzâde, Bolşevikler’le çalışabileceğini düşünerek Osman Akçokraklı, Hasan Sabri Ayvazov, Şevki Bektöre ve Ahmet Özenbaşlı gibi Kırımlı aydınlarla birlikte ülkesinde kalmaya karar verdi. Önce pedagoji enstitülerinde, ardından Kırım Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde ders verdi. Bir taraftan da İleri ve Kırım Okul İşleri adlı dergilerde makaleler neşretti. 1922’de profesörlüğe yükseldi. 1924’e kadar Kırım Tatarları’nın cemiyet hayatında aktif rol oynadı.
Yeni kurulan Azerbaycan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti Halk Maarif Komiserliği ihtiyaç duyulan kadroların yetiştirilmesi için Türk dili, Türk edebiyatı ve tarihiyle uğraşan âlimleri Bakü’ye davet etti. İstanbul’dan İsmail Hikmet Ertaylan, Kırım’dan Bekir Sıtkı Çobanzâde, Kazan’dan Aziz Ubeydullin gibi bazı âlimler bu daveti kabul etti. Çobanzâde, bir müddet Bakü Üniversitesi Şarkşinaslık Fakültesi’nde Türk dili dersleri verdikten sonra fakülte dekanlığına getirildi. 1926’da Bakü’de toplanan Türkoloji kongresinin düzenleyicileri arasında yer aldı. Burada “Türk Lehçelerinin Akrabalığı Üzerine” adıyla bir bildiri sundu ve alfabe tartışmaları sırasında Latin alfabesini savundu.
Çobanzâde’nin gayretleri ve hükümetin desteğiyle Bakü Üniversitesi Şarkşinaslık Fakültesi, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği’nin güçlü şarkiyat merkezlerinden biri haline geldi. Burada dönemin meşhur Türkolog ve şarkiyatçılarından J. Rattauzer, P. Fridolin, V. Zummer, E. Pohomov, A. Zekuzade, M. İbrahimov, M. Halfin, İ. Ahundzade, V. V. Barthold, İ. H. Ertaylan, A. N. Samoyloviç gibi âlimler dersler verdi. Kısa sürede fakültede yüksek okullarda Türkçe ders verebilecek elli üç uzman yetiştirildi. Ancak Bakü Komünist Partisi bu yerli kadrolardan rahatsız olmaya başlayınca fakültenin kapatılması gündeme geldi. Kasım 1928’de Azerbaycan Komünist Partisi’nin kararıyla fakülte Pedagoji Fakültesi ile birleştirildi. Ayrıca partinin organları 1930’da eğitim sisteminin yeniden kurulacağı bahanesiyle üniversiteyi dağıttı. Çobanzâde, Bakü’de çalıştığı dönemde zaman zaman Özbekistan’a giderek Fergana vilâyetindeki Pedagoji Fakültesi Özbek Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü’nde ve 1935’te Taşkent Devlet Üniversitesi’nin daveti üzerine burada çeşitli Türk lehçeleri üzerine dersler verdi. Fakat Çobanzâde’nin faaliyetleri 1931-1932 yılından itibaren gizli polis tarafından izlenmeye başlandı. Gizli poliste çalışan bir dostu vasıtası ile tutuklanmaktan kurtuldu. Çeşitli bahanelerle eserleri neşir planlarından çıkarıldı, makaleleri aylarca dergi idarehanelerinde bekletildi ve yayımlanmadı. Ardından diğer birçok ilim adamı gibi matbuatta onun hakkında da asılsız suçlamalar ileri sürüldü.
1936’nın sonunda Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği İlimler Akademisi Azerbaycan Şubesi Başkanı R. Ahundov’la üniversitede çalışan Azerbaycanlı ve misafir bilim adamlarının hemen tamamı tutuklandı. İddiaya göre Azerbaycan’daki karşı devrimciler, diğer cumhuriyetlerdeki yandaşlarıyla Çobanzâde ve Aziz Ubeydullin vasıtasıyla irtibata geçmekteydi. Nihaî hedefleri de Türkiye’nin desteğiyle bir Turan devleti kurmaktı. Durumdan tedirgin olan Çobanzâde, Ocak 1937’de Bakü’den uzaklaşıp biraz dinlenmek için gittiği Kafkasya’da Kislovodsk şehrindeki senatoryumda 28 Ocak 1937’de tutuklandı. Tutuklanmadan bir gün önce Bakü’deki kitaplarına ve notlarına el konuldu, hakkında dava açıldı. 7 Şubat 1937’de sorgulanmasına başlandı ve 1 Eylül 1937 tarihine kadar otuz iki defa sorgulandı. Bu sırada gördüğü ağır işkence ve şiddetli baskılar altında Azerbaycan’ı Sovyetler’den ayırmak, Komünist Parti Başkanı M. Ç. Bagırov’un hayatına kastetmek, dış devletler lehine casusluk yapmak ve büyük Turan devleti kurmak için diğer cumhuriyetlerdeki aydınlarla irtibat kurduğuna dair suçlamaları kabul etti. Moskova’dan gelen üç kişilik bir heyet tarafından 12 Ekim 1937’de 20 dakika içinde yargılanan ve suçları sabit görülen Çobanzâde’nin kurşuna dizilmesine karar verildi ve 13 Ekim 1937’de Bakü’de karar infaz edildi. Mezarının nerede olduğu hâlâ bilinmemektedir.
Bakü Opera Tiyatrosu sanatçısı olan eşi Ruhiye Abdullina da 14 Ekim 1937’de vatana ihanet eden bir ailenin bireyi olmaktan tutuklandı ve çalışma kamplarında sekiz yıl çalışmaya mahkûm edildi. Kazakistan’daki çeşitli kamplarda cezasını tamamladıktan sonra Azerbaycan’a dönünce Bakü’de yaşamasına 1955’e kadar izin verilmedi. Azerbaycan’ın Haçmaz kasabasındaki bir okulda müzik öğretmenliği yaptı. Stalin’in ölümünden sonra 13 Kasım 1955’te Sovyet Yüksek Mahkemesi’ne yaptığı müracaat neticesinde suçsuzluğuna dair karar çıktı ve aklandı. Kocasının aklanması için de uzun süre mücadele verdi, sonunda 6 Haziran 1957’de Yüksek Mahkeme, Bekir Sıtkı Çobanzâde’nin de suçsuz yere kurşuna dizildiğine karar verdi. 1991 yılından sonra Çobanzâde’nin adı Bakü’deki bir caddeye verildi, doğum yeri Karasubazar’daki meydana heykeli dikildi. Bahçesaray’da her yıl adına edebiyat ödülü verilmektedir. Moskova’daki Doğu Halkları Enstitüsü’nün Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği İlimler Akademisi Azerbaycan Şubesi’nin aslî ve Paris Dil Bilimi Cemiyeti’nin şeref üyesi olan Çobanzâde, Sovyetler Birliği’nde yaşayan Türk toplulukları içinde ilk dil profesörü olup Türkçe’den başka, Macarca, Rusça, Fransızca, Almanca, Arapça ve Farsça’ya da vâkıftı. Arap harflerinin Türkçe için yetersiz kaldığını savunan Çobanzâde, Sovyetler Birliği’nde yaşayan Türk halklarının ortak bir dile sahip olmasını istemiş, her Türk boyu için ayrı bir dilin ve edebiyatın varlığına şiddetle karşı çıkmıştır. İstanbul ve Kırım’da basılan ilk şiir ve denemelerinde Çobanzâd Bekir, Çobanoğlu Bekir Bavbek, Bekir Cavbek, Kırımlı Çobanoğlu, Bekir Sıdkı gibi isimler kullanmıştır. Çobanzâde 150 civarında kitap ve makale yazmış olup bunların ancak 110’u basılabilmiştir.
Bazı eserleri şunlardır: 1. Türk-Tatar Lisâniyatına Medhal (Bakü 1924). Genel dil bilimi kurallarının Türk-Tatar dillerine uygulanmasıyla ilgilidir. Türk dili tarihi açısından önemli olan eser İstanbul Türkçesi’yle yazılmış olup Fatih Numan Küçükballı ve Ufuk Deniz Aşçı tarafından Türk-Tatar Dil Bilimine Giriş adıyla Latin harflerine aktarılmıştır (Konya 2015). 2. Türk Dili Sarflarının Umumi Kusurları (Bakü 1924). 3. Kırım Tatar İlmî Sarfı (Akmescid 1925). Aynı adla Nariman Seyityahya’nın Latin harflerine aktardığı eser Türk Dil Kurumu tarafından neşredilmiştir (Ankara 1999). 4. Fuzulî Monografisi (Bakü 1925). 5. Nevaî Monografisi (Bakü 1926). 6. Türk Dili ve Edebiyatının Tedris Usulü (Bakü 1926). 7. Kumuk Dili ve Edebiyatı Tedkikleri (Bakü 1926). Eser üzerine bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlanmıştır (bk. bibl.). 8. Kumuk Lehçesi Üzerine İhzarî Bildiri (Bakü 1926). 9. Türk Tatar Diyalektolojisi (Bakü 1927). 10. Dinî Islahat ve Medenî İnkılab (Akmescid 1927). 11. Boran, Şiirler (Bakü 1927). Eşref Şemizade tarafından Kiril harfleriyle de yayımlanmıştır (Bakü 1971). 12. Türk Grameri (Bakü 1930). 13. Azerî Edebiyatının Yeni Devri (Bakü 1936). 14. Şiirler (Taşkent 1971). 15. Bir Saray Quracaqmın, Şiirler (Simferopol 2001). Çobanzâde’nin bütün eserleri Memed Adilov tarafından Latin harfleriyle yeniden neşredilmiş (I-V, Bakü 2007), ayrıca Yeni Çulpan, Maarif ve Medeniyet, İnkılap ve Medeniyet, Revolyutsiya ve Kultura dergilerinde dille ilgili çok sayıda makalesi yayımlanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
S. Nagaev, Yılnamelerdeki İzler , Taşkent 1991, s. 203-211; A. Babaev, Bekir Çobanzade , Bakü 1998, tür.yer.; İsmail Otar, Kırımlı Türk Şair ve Bilgini Bekir Sıdkı Çobanzade , İstanbul 1999; Kenan Acar, Kırımlı Bekir Sıdkı Çobanzade , Ankara 2001; Şerif Tiryaki, Bekir Sıtkı Çobanzade’nin Kumuk Dili ve Edebiyatı Tedkikleri Adlı Eseri (yüksek lisans tezi, 2012), Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 7-12; Abdullah Battal Taymas, “Kırımlı Filolog-Şair Bekir Çobanzade’yi Tanıtma Tecrübesi”, TDAY Belleten (1954), s. 233-263; F. D. Aşnin, “Bekir Vagapoviç Çoban-zade”, NAA , sy. 1 (1961), s. 208-216; a.mlf. – V. M. Alpatov, “Delo professora B. V. Çobanzade”, Vostok , sy. 5, Moskva 1998, s. 125-133; A. Tagirzade – A. Guliev, “Professor Bekir Vagab oglı Çoban-zade”, ST , sy. 6 (1990), s. 77-79; Adile Emirova, “Bekir Çobanzade’nin Dil Bilimi Anlayışı”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları , sy. 11, Çorum 2006, s. 1-11; Elnur Agayev, “Bekir Çobanzade’nin Azerbaycan’ı Tedkik ve Tetebbu Cemiyeti’ndeki Faaliyetleri ve Islahat Üzerine Görüşleri”, Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi , IX/17, Ankara 2013, s. 135-170.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 294-295 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.