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CÜVEYNÎ, İmâmü’l-Haremeyn Skip to content İmâmü’l-Haremeyn Ebü’l-Meâlî Rüknüddîn Abdülmelik b. Abdillâh b. Yûsuf el-Cüveynî et-Tâî en-Nîsâbûrî (ö. 478/1085)
Eş‘arî kelâmcısı ve Şâfiî fakihi.
18 (veya 10) Muharrem 419 (17 [veya 9] Şubat 1028) tarihinde Nîşâbur civarındaki Ezâzvâr (veya Büştenikân) köyünde doğdu. İlk olarak Nîşâbur’un ünlü müderrislerinden olan babasından ders aldı. “Şeyhü’l-Hicâz” diye tanınan amcası Ali b. Yûsuf’un da bir süre öğrencisi oldu. Daha öğrenciliğinin ilk yıllarında hocalarıyla ilmî konularda tartışarak dikkatleri üzerine çekti. Babası vefat edince henüz yirmi yaşını doldurmamış ve tahsilini tamamlamamış bir genç olmasına rağmen onun yerine getirilip müderrislikle görevlendirildi. Bir taraftan da öğrenimine devam ederek bölgenin ünlü âlimlerinden dersler aldı. Ebû Abdullah el-Habbâzî’den kıraat, Ali b. Faddâl el-Mücâşiî’den Arap edebiyatı, Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī’den fıkıh, Ebü’l-Kāsım el-İskâf’tan usûl-i fıkıh, Abdurrahman b. Hasan b. Aliyyek ile Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî ve daha başkalarından hadis ilimlerini tahsil etti. Birçok âlimle münazaralarda bulunarak Ehl-i sünnet inancını savundu ve bu mezhebin Nîşâbur çevresinde güçlenmesini sağladı. Bu durum “mihnetü’l-Eşâire” diye bilinen hadise ortaya çıkıncaya kadar sürdü. Şiî-Mu‘tezilî görüşleri koyu bir taassupla savunan ve Eş‘arîliğin güçlenmesini hazmedemeyen devrin Büyük Selçuklu Veziri Amîdülmülk el-Kündürî, bid‘atçılara minberlerden lânet okunması için Tuğrul Bey’den ferman çıkarttıktan sonra bunu Eş‘ariyye âlimlerinin aleyhinde kullandı ve onların vaaz verme, ders okutma faaliyetlerini yasakladı; bir kısmının da hapsedilmesine karar verdi. Bu gelişmeler üzerine Cüveynî, aralarında Beyhakī ve Abdülkerîm el-Kuşeyrî gibi meşhur kişilerin de bulunduğu bir grup âlimle birlikte Nîşâbur’dan ayrılarak Bağdat’a gitti. Bölgenin ileri gelen âlimleriyle tanışıp ilmî sohbetlerde bulundu. Daha sonra Hicaz’a geçip (450/1058) dört yıl kadar Mekke ve Medine’de kaldı. Bu arada ders okutmaktan geri kalmayan Cüveynî’nin şöhreti bu bölgede de yayıldı. Tuğrul Bey’in vefatından sonra Selçuklu sultanı olan Alparslan’ın Kündürî’yi azledip yerine Nizâmülmülk’ü getirmesi üzerine Cüveynî Nîşâbur’a döndü (455/1063) ve kendisi için yaptırılan Nizâmiye Medresesi müderrisliğine tayin edildi; ayrıca vakıfların idaresi de uhdesine verildi. Burada vefatına kadar sürdürdüğü öğretim faaliyetine gencinden yaşlısına, cahilinden âlimine kadar pek çok kişi katılarak ilminden faydalandı. Her gün 300’ü aşkın kişinin derslerine devam ettiği nakledilir. Yetiştirdiği meşhur öğrenciler arasında Gazzâlî, Kiyâ el-Herrâsî, Ali b. Muhammed et-Taberî, Abdülgāfir el-Fârisî gibi isimler yer alır. İlmî otoritesini kabul ettirdiği ve “İmâmü’l-Haremeyn” unvanını taşıdığı yıllarda bile mütehassıs olarak gördüğü âlimlere öğrencilik yapmaktan çekinmedi. Hayatının son yıllarında tasavvufa karşı ilgi duydu ve riyâzetle meşgul oldu. 25 Rebîülâhir 478 (20 Ağustos 1085) tarihinde Nîşâbur civarındaki Büştenikân köyünde vefat etti ve kendi evine defnedildi. Ölümünden birkaç yıl sonra cesedinin Hüseyin Kabristanı’na nakledilerek babasının yanına defnedildiği söylenir.
İlme karşı beslediği büyük sevgiden dolayı vaktinin çoğunu okuma, okutma ve eser yazma faaliyetlerine ayıran Cüveynî fıkıh, usûl-i fıkıh, kelâm, tefsir ve hadis alanlarındaki çalışmalarıyla tanınır; bunlardan özellikle kelâm ve usûl-i fıkıh ilimlerinde otorite kabul edilir. Şâfiî mezhebine ait fıkıh ve usul kitaplarında geçen “İmam” tabiriyle Cüveynî kastedilir. Bu ilimlerde sadece Şâfiî’ye bağlı kalmamış, bizzat kendisi de bazı ictihadlar yapmıştır. Sübkî onun bu ictihadlarını Şerḥ ʿalâ Muḫtaṣarı İbn Ḥâcib adlı eserinde toplamıştır (Ṭabaḳāt , V, 192). Cüveynî’nin fıkhî görüşleri müstakil araştırmalara da konu olmuştur. Abdülazîm ed-Dîb’in Fıkḥu İmâmi’l-Ḥaremeyn (Devha 1405/1985) adlı eseri bu araştırmalardan biridir. Usul ve hilâf ilimlerindeki yerini ise Cüveynî’nin el-Kâfiye fi’l-cedel adlı eserini neşreden Fevkıyye Hüseyin Mahmûd geniş olarak incelemiştir (nâşirin girişi, s. 26-144). Zehebî’nin, Cüveynî’yi hadiste zayıf ve yetersiz görerek tenkit etmesine karşılık Sübkî, bir iki hadiste hata yapmasının bu alanda zayıf olduğu mânasına gelmeyeceğini belirtir (Ṭabaḳāt , V, 187-188).
Cüveynî’nin ilmî şahsiyetinde kelâmcılık ağır basar. Bu alanda kendisini yetiştirerek geniş bir kültüre sahip olmuş, sadece Bâkıllânî’ye ait 12.000 varak hacminde olduğu rivayet edilen eserleri âdeta ezberlercesine okumuştur. İtikadî problemlerin çoğunda Eş‘arî çizgisini takip etmekle beraber bazı konularda ondan ayrılmış, özellikle ilâhî sıfatların yorumu, âlemin hâdis oluşunun ispatı ve Allah-âlem ilişkisi gibi önemli konularda farklı görüşler ortaya koymuştur. Âlemin hâdis olduğunu ispat etmek için kendi dönemine kadar kullanılan delillere ilâveten hudûs ve imkân delillerini birleştirerek üçüncü bir metot geliştiren Cüveynî, Bâkıllânî’nin benimsediği “delilin yanlışlığı iddianın yanlışlığını gösterir” (in‘ikâs-ı edille) prensibini reddetmiş, sınırlı da olsa kelâm ilminin kapılarını felsefeye açmış, ahval nazariyesine meyletmiş, tabiat kanunlarında determinizm bulunmadığını söylemiş ve kelâm ilminde Gazzâlî ile birlikte müteahhirîn devrinin başlamasına zemin hazırlamıştır (Cüveynî, el-Kâfiye fi’l-cedel , nâşirin girişi, s. 199; İbrâhim Medkûr, s. 52). Cüveynî’nin bazı kelâmî görüşleri şöyledir: Bilgi bir şeyi olduğu gibi kavramaktır. Akıl bilgiyi meydana getiren bir vasıta olmakla beraber mutlak ve sınırsız bir kaynak değildir, vahiyle desteklenmedikçe gerçeğin bilgisini kavramakta yetersiz kalır. Nazar ve tefekkürün bir türü olması itibariyle cedel, Aristo mantığını benimseyenlerin öne sürdüğü gibi zannî değil kesin bilgiye ulaştıran bir yoldur.
Tabiat olayları arasında görülen düzen doğrudan doğruya ilâhî bilginin bir sonucu olup Allah tarafından konulan kanunlara bağlıdır. İki olay veya iki varlık arasındaki bağlantı ilâhî iradenin tecellisinden ibarettir. Bundan dolayı tabiat hadiseleri arasında ontolojik bir zorunluluk yoktur. Âlemin hâdis olduğunu gösteren en güçlü delil, onun kadîm olmadığını veya cevherler ve arazların hudûsunu esas alan delil değil zorunsuzluğu yoluyla hâdis olduğunu ispatlayan delildir. Şöyle ki, arzın başka hacim ve şekillerde, gök cisimlerinin de bugünkünden farklı yerlerde bulunmaları mümkün olduğu halde şu andaki konumlarına sahip oluşları, bütünüyle âlemin bir “muhassıs”a ihtiyaç gösteren mümkin ve dolayısıyla hâdis bir varlık olduğunu ispat eder (Şehristânî, s. 11-12). Ayrıca âlemin hâdis olduğunu zamanın sonluluğu fikrine dayanarak ispat etmek de mümkündür. Âlemde başlangıcı olmayan hâdislerin bulunması imkânsızdır, öyle ise âlemi kuşatan zaman sonludur, dolayısıyla âlem hâdistir (Bedevî, I, 714-715).
Allah’ın varlığını bilmek için akıl yürütmek dinin yüklediği bir vecîbedir (Cüveynî, el-İrşâd , s. 10, 11). İlâhî zâttan ayrı kadîm sıfatlar kabul etmek kadîmlerin çokluğu fikrine götürdüğü için zât-sıfat ilişkisini ahval görüşüyle açıklamak bu konuda en uygun izah tarzıdır. Bu da sıfatları, ilâhî zâtın varlık ve yoklukla nitelenemeyen halleri olarak açıklamaktan ibarettir. Yani ilâhî sıfatlar, ne var olmakta ne de varlıklarını sürdürmekte zâttan bağımsız olamazlar, ancak zâtla birlikte düşünülebilirler (Cüveynî, el-İrşâd , s. 80-84). Ebû Hâşim’in öne sürdüğü gibi sıfatları (halleri) zâta bağlayan umumi bir hal yoktur (Tritton, s. 184). Nefsî ve mânevî şeklinde iki gruba ayrılabilen sıfatları ispat etmek için başlıca kaynak akıl değil nakildir. İlâhî zâtın, onu diğer zâtlardan ayıran ve sadece ona mahsus olan özel bir sıfatı bulunabilirse de insanların bunu kavramaları imkânsızdır (Şehristânî, s. 169, 174-175; İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , VI, 73). Beka zâtın ötesinde bir sıfat değildir, yani Allah zâtında mevcut bir sıfattan dolayı değil zâtından ötürü bâkîdir. İlâhî irade için bir sınır yoktur. Emir ile irade aynı şey değildir; zira Allah dilemediğini emreder, emretmediğini diler (Tritton, s. 183-184). Allah kelâmı olan Kur’an yazılmış metinler halinde Cebrâil tarafından Hz. Peygamber’e bildirilmiş değildir, aksine Cebrâil ilâhî kelâmı idrak edip anlamış, sonra yeryüzüne inerek anladıklarını Hz. Peygamber’e bildirmiş, o da bunları kavramıştır (Cüveynî, el-İrşâd , s. 135). Haberî sıfatlarla ilgili naslar te’vil edilmeyip zâhiri üzere bırakılmalı ve gerçek anlamları ilâhî ilme havale edilmelidir. Cüveynî kulların fiillerinin biri Allah’a, diğeri kula ait olan iki kudretin birlikte etki yapmasıyla meydana geldiği şeklindeki görüşü reddeder. Bir tek fiilin iki kadirin kudretiyle meydana gelmesi imkânsızdır; çünkü bir olan iki kudrete bölünmez. Şu halde fiil sadece kulun kudretiyle meydana gelir; ancak kulda bu kudreti yaratan Allah’tır. Böylece kulun kudreti onun bir eseri olmayıp sadece sıfatıdır; bu sıfatla meydana gelen fiil hâdis kudret açısından kula, takdir ve yaratma açısından Allah’a nisbet edilir (Cüveynî, el-ʿAḳīdetü’n-Niẓâmiyye , s. 32-34). Cüveynî el-İrşâd ’da (s. 226-228) Eş‘ariyye’nin genel kanaatine uyarak Allah’ın, kullarını güç yetiremeyecekleri fiilleri yapmakla yükümlü tutmasını câiz görmüşse de daha sonra yazdığı el-ʿAḳīdetü’n-Niẓâmiyye ’de (s. 42) bu fikrinden vazgeçtiğini belirtmiştir (ayrıca bk. İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , VIII, 298).
Peygamberlik müessesesini ispat eden en kuvvetli delil mûcizedir, bunun dışında getirilecek deliller kesin olmaktan uzaktır. Peygamberlerin, ismet sıfatını zedelemeyecek küçük günahlar işlemeleri mümkündür. Kitap ve sahih sünnetle sabit olan bütün itikadî hususlara iman etmek gerekir. Çünkü hiçbir naklî bilgi akla aykırı değildir. Devlet reisinin seçimi için ümmetin icmâ etmesi şart değildir. Daha faziletli biri varken fazilette ondan aşağı olanın seçilmesi mümkündür. Esas itibariyle kulu Allah’a karşı âsi yapan hiçbir günah küçümsenemez, ancak yine de günahlar arasında büyük-küçük ayırımı yapılabilir.
Cüveynî, ömrünün çoğunu bir kelâmcı olarak geçirmesine rağmen son dönemlerinde yazdığı el-ʿAḳīdetü’n-Niẓâmiyye adlı eserinde Allah’ın sıfatları gibi bazı meselelerde Selef’e yakın bir yol takip ettiği ve bir ölçüde fikirlerini değiştirdiği için müteahhir kaynaklarda ona atfedilen görüşleri bu hususu dikkate alarak değerlendirmek gerekir. Bazı kaynakların Allah’ın cüz’iyyâtı bilmediği görüşünü Cüveynî’ye atfetmeleri (bk. Sübkî, V, 189) isabetsizdir. Zira o Allah’ın cüz’iyyâtı bilmediğini söylememiş, sonsuzu sonsuz olarak bildiği görüşünü savunmuştur. Nitekim Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî’nin de Cüveynî’ye atfedip tenkit ettiği görüş bu şekildedir (el-ʿAvâṣım , s. 138-140). Cüveynî’nin görüşlerini tenkit edenler içinde Şehristânî ve Seyfeddin el-Âmidî önemli bir yer tutar. Bunlar özellikle ahval teorisi konusunda Cüveynî’ye dikkat çekici eleştiriler yöneltmişlerdir. Bazı kaynaklarda Eş‘ariyye içinde haberî sıfatları ilk defa Cüveynî’nin te’vil ettiği belirtilirse de (bk. İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿatü Tefsîr , s. 330) bu doğru değildir. Zira bunu ondan önce İbn Fûrek’in başlattığı bilinmektedir (Yavuz, s. 100-104). Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, Cüveynî’nin ilâhî sıfatları ispat etmek için sadece aklî istidlâli kullandığını belirtirse de onun akaid konularında nakli esas aldığından şüphe edilmemelidir. Öyle görünüyor ki bazı âlimlerin Cüveynî’ye aynı konuda farklı fikirler atfetmeleri, onun itikadî görüşlerinde Selefî yönde bir değişikliğin meydana gelmesiyle ilgili bir husustur. Sübkî böyle bir değişikliğin gerçekleşmediğini söylemekte ise de (Ṭabaḳāt , V, 186-187, 191) Cüveynî’nin el-ʿAḳīdetü’n-Niẓâmiyye ’si dikkate alındığı takdirde onun bu kanaatine katılmak zorlaşmaktadır. Cüveynî’nin, görüşlerinin büyük bir kısmında Eş‘arî, kelâm sıfatı konusunda İbn Küllâb, sıfat teorisinde Ebû Hâşim, günah probleminde İbn Fûrek çizgisini takip ettiği söylenebilir. Kullara ait fiillerin Allah tarafından yaratıldığı inancını aklî bir temele oturtmaya çalıştığı için her sebebin zorunlu olarak bir sonucu gerektirdiğini ifade eden ve zorunlu bir âlem görüşüne götüren nedensellik ilkesini eleştirmiş, böylece Gazzâlî’nin felsefeyi tenkide yönelmesinde ve determinizmi reddetmesinde etkili bir rol oynamıştır. Başlangıcı bulunmayan hâdis varlıkların imkânsızlığını ispat etmek için geliştirdiği orijinal delil de (Bedevî, I, 700) kelâm ilmine yaptığı katkılar arasında zikredilebilir. Cüveynî’nin itikadî görüşleri çeşitli araştırmalara konu olmuştur. Âlem telakkisini Fevkıyye Hüseyin Mahmûd el-Cüveynî İmâmü’l-Ḥaremeyn (Kahire 1964) adlı eserinde, ilâhiyat ve tabiat sistemini Mehmet Dağ İmam el-Haremeyn el-Cüveyni’nin Âlem ve Allah Görüşü (basılmamış doçentlik tezi, AÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi) adlı araştırmasında, Eş‘ariyye mezhebi içindeki yerini Ali Cebr İmâmü’l-Ḥaremeyn bâni’l-medreseti’l-Eşʿariyyeti’l-ḥadîs̱e adlı çalışmasında incelemiştir. Muhammed ez-Zühaylî de el-İmâm el-Cüveynî adını taşıyan bir monografi hazırlamıştır (Dımaşk 1406/1986). Abdülazîm ed-Dîb, Cüveynî’nin hayatını ve fıkhî cephesini İmâmü’l-Ḥaremeyn ve Fıḳhu İmâmi’l-Ḥaremeyn adlı eserlerinde ele almıştır (bk. bibl.).
Eserleri. Cüveynî’nin büyük bir kısmı kelâm, fıkıh, usûl-i fıkıh, bir kısmı da tefsir, ahlâk, hadis ilimlerine dair olan ve sayıları otuzu aşan eserlerinin belli başlıları şunlardır:
A) Kelâm. 1. eş-Şâmil fî uṣûli’d-dîn . Kelâma dair en hacimli eseridir. Bir kısmı Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr ve arkadaşları tarafından yayımlanmıştır (İskenderiye 1969).
2. el-İrşâd ilâ ḳavâṭıʿi’l-edilleti fî uṣûli’l-iʿtiḳād . Muhammed Yûsuf Mûsâ ve A. Abdülmün‘im Abdülhamîd (Kahire 1369/1950), ayrıca Es‘ad Temîm (Beyrut 1405/1985) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
3. el-ʿAḳīdetü’n-Niẓâmiyye . En son eserlerinden olup Selçuklu Veziri Nizâmülmülk’e ithaf edilmiştir (Kahire 1948).
4. Lümaʿu’l-edille fî ḳavâʿidi Ehli’s-sünne . Akaide dair muhtasar bir eser olup ilk defa Fevkıyye Hüseyin Mahmûd tarafından neşredilmiş (Kahire 1385/1965), daha sonra da Michel Allard tarafından Fransızca’ya tercüme edilerek yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1968). Abdullah b. Muhammed et-Tilimsânî Lümaʿu’l-edille ’ye bir şerh yazmıştır (Zebîdî, II, 90, 92).
5. Şifâʾü’l-ġalîl fî beyâni mâ vaḳaʿa fi’t-Tevrât ve’l-İncîl mine’t-taḥrîf ve’t-tebdîl . Tevrat ve İncil’in yahudi ve hıristiyanlarca tahrif edildiğini ispat etmeye çalışan kitap Michel Allard tarafından Fransızca’ya çevrilerek neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1968). Ahmed Hicâzî es-Sekkā eseri ayrıca yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1979).
6. Mesâʾilü’l-İmâm ʿAbdilḥaḳ eṣ-Ṣıḳıllî . Abdülhak es-Sıkıllî’nin Cüveynî’ye sorduğu itikada dair soruları ve bunlara verilen cevapları ihtiva eden bu risâle Abdülazîm ed-Dîb tarafından neşre hazırlanmıştır.
7. Risâle fî ẕikri ḥâli’ş-Şeyḫ Ebî ʿAlî İbn Sînâ . Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bir nüshası vardır (Esad Efendi, nr. 3688).
B) Fıkıh ve Usûl-i Fıkıh. 1. Nihâyetü’l-maṭlab fî dirâyeti’l-meẕheb . Cüveynî’nin “hayatımın meyvesi” diye nitelendirdiği eser Şâfiî fıkhına dair önemli kaynaklardan biri olup Abdülazîm ed-Dîb tarafından iki büyük cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (Devha 1399/1979). Eseri ilk olarak Cüveynî’nin kendisi, daha sonra da İzzeddin İbn Abdüsselâm ve İbn Ebû Asrûn ihtisar etmişlerdir.
2. el-Gıyâs̱î (Ġıyâs̱ü’l-ümem fî iltiyâs̱i’ẓ-ẓulem ). İslâm anayasa hukukuyla ilgili konuları inceleyen eseri Mustafa Hilmî ile Fuâd Abdülmün‘im (İskenderiye 1979), ayrıca Abdülazîm ed-Dîb (Katar 1401) tahkik ederek neşretmişlerdir.
3. el-Burhân fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh . Abdülazîm ed-Dîb tarafından ilmî neşri yapılmıştır (Devha 1399/1979).
4. el-Varaḳāt fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh . Celâleddin el-Mahallî ile Hattâb el-Mâlikî tarafından şerhedilen bu küçük risâleyi Abdüllatîf Muhammed el-Abd yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1396/1977).
5. et-Telḫîṣ (Telḫîṣu’t-Taḳrîb ). Bâkıllânî’nin fıkıh usulüne dair eserinin muhtasarıdır. Taiz’de el-Muzaffer Camii Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 314) kayıtlı nüshanın Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 2083) bir mikrofilmi mevcut olup eserin sonunda yer alan ve Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde de (III. Ahmed, nr. 1237/2) müstakil olarak bulunan ictihadla ilgili bölümü bu iki nüsha esas alınarak Abdülhamîd Ebû Züneyd tarafından Kitâbü’l-İctihâd adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1408/1987).
6. el-Kâfiye fi’l-cedel . Cedel ve hilâf ilmine dair olan eseri Fevkıyye Hüseyin Mahmûd, kitabın tahlilini ihtiva eden uzun bir mukaddime ile birlikte neşretmiştir (Kahire 1399/1979).
7. ed-Dürretü’l-muḍıyye fîmâ vaḳaʿa fîhi’l-ḫilâf beyne’ş-Şâfiʿiyye ve’l-Ḥanefiyye . Eserin I. cildini Abdülazîm ed-Dîb yayımlamıştır (Devha 1406/1986).
8. Muġīs̱ü’l-ḫalḳ fî iḫtiyâri’l-eḥaḳ . Müellifin Şâfiî mezhebini diğer mezheplere tercihini konu edinen eserin yazma nüshaları Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde mevcuttur (Ayasofya, nr. 2194, Esad Efendi, nr. 3532).
Kaynaklarda Cüveynî’ye atfedilen diğer bazı eserler de şunlardır: Medârikü’l-ʿuḳūl , Fî İs̱bâti kerâmâti’l-evliyâʾ , Fi’t-Tekfîr , el-Esâlîb fi’l-ḫilâf , Ġunyetü’l-müsterşidîn , et-Tuḥfe fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh , et-Tebṣıra fi’l-vesvese , Şerḥu Lübâbi’l-fıḳh li’l-Meḥâmilî , el-Erbaʿûn , Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , Dîvânü ḫuṭab ve mevâʿiẓ , el-ʿUmed , el-Furûḳ .
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, el-ʿAvâṣım (Tâlibî), Beyrut, ts., s. 138-140.
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a.mlf., Fıḳhu İmâmi’l-Ḥaremeyn , Mansûre 1409/1988.
Nüveyhiz, Muʿcemü’l-müfessirîn , I, 333.
İbrâhim Medkûr, Fi’l-Felsefeti’l-İslâmiyye , Kahire 1983, s. 52.
A. S. Tritton, İslâm Kelâmı (trc. Mehmet Dağ), Ankara 1983, s. 183-187.
İsmail Hakkı İzmirli, “İmâmü’l-Haremeyn Ebü’l-Meâlî el-Cüveynî”, DİFM , sy. 9 (1928), s. 1-33.
Mehmed Dağ, “İmam el-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî’de Nedensellik Kuramı”, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 2, Samsun 1987, s. 38.
C. Brockelmann, “Cüveynî”, İA , III, 249.
a.mlf. – [L. Gardet], “al-D̲j̲uwaynī”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 605-606.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 141-144 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.