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DÂRİMÎ, Osman b. Saîd Skip to content Ebû Saîd Osmân b. Saîd b. Hâlid ed-Dârimî (ö. 280/894)
Selefiyye’nin önde gelen temsilcilerinden, hadis ve fıkıh âlimi.
1/2 Müellif: ABDULLAH AYDINLI Bölüme Git
Doğum tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemekle beraber 200 (815) yılı civarında doğduğu zikredilmiştir. Sicistanlı olup Temîm kabilesinin Dârim koluna mensupt…
2/2 Müellif: YUSUF ŞEVKİ YAVUZ Bölüme Git
Akaide Dair Görüşleri. Dârimî hadis ve fıkıh ilimlerinin yanı sıra akaidle de yakından ilgilenmiş ve bu konuda döneminin itikadî tartışmalarını yansıt…
Doğum tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemekle beraber 200 (815) yılı civarında doğduğu zikredilmiştir. Sicistanlı olup Temîm kabilesinin Dârim koluna mensuptur. İlk öğrenimini Sicistan’da yaptı. Hadis tahsili için Hicaz, Şam, Humus, Irak, Kûfe, Mısır, Cezîre, Horasan gibi merkezleri dolaştı. Mekke ile Medine’de beş yıl kaldıktan sonra Nîşâbur’a döndü ve Herat’a yerleşti. Bir yıl Cürcân’da kaldı. Fıkıh ilmini İmam Şâfiî’nin öğrencisi Ebû Ya‘kūb el-Büveytî’den, Arap dili ve edebiyatını Ebû Abdullah İbnü’l-A‘râbî’den, hadis ve usulünü Yahyâ b. Maîn, Ali b. Medînî, Ahmed b. Hanbel gibi otoritelerden öğrendi. Kaynaklar Nuaym b. Hammâd, İshak b. Râhûye, Süleyman b. Harb, İbn Ebû Meryem ve Ebû Bekir İbn Ebû Şeybe’yi de hocaları arasında zikrederler. Heratlı ve Nîşâburlu birçok kişi kendisinden hadis rivayet etmiştir. Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Abdûs, Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Hîrî ve Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Ezher bunlardan bazılarıdır. İbn Huzeyme de kendisinden istifade edenlerdendir. Hayatı boyunca Cehmiyye ve Kerrâmiyye’nin ileri gelenleriyle fikrî mücadeleler yaptı. Muhammed b. Kerrâm’ın Herat’tan sürgün edilmesinde rol oynadığı dikkate alınırsa onlarla fikrî mücadelenin yanı sıra siyasî çekişmeye girdiği de söylenebilir.
Dârimî Zilhicce 280 (Şubat 894) tarihinde Herat’ta vefat etti. 282 yılında öldüğü nakledilirse de bu rivayet zayıf kabul edilir. Sübkî Dârimî’den bahsederken kaynaklarda İbn Kerrâm hakkında kaydedilen bilgileri ona ait zannederek hayatına ve görüşlerine ilişkin yanlış bilgiler vermektedir (Tabakāt, II, 304). Aynı yanlışlığı yapan Taşköprizâde de herhalde bu konuda Sübkî’ye dayanmıştır (Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , II, 312).
İmam, allâme, hâfız, müctehid, Herat’ın muhaddisi gibi unvanlarla anılan Ebû Saîd ed-Dârimî hadis, fıkıh, tefsir ve akaid ilimlerinde yaptığı çalışmalarla tanınmaktaysa da onun ilmî şahsiyetinde hadisçilik ve kelâmcılık ağır basar. Her ne kadar Kütüb-i Sitte ’de ona ait rivayetlere rastlanmıyorsa da Ebû Dâvûd es-Sicistânî onun hadis ilmini öğretenlerden biri olduğunu belirtmektedir. Rivayet ettiği hadisleri, hacimli bir eser olduğu söylenen, fakat günümüze ulaştığı bilinmeyen el-Müsned adlı eserinde toplamıştır. Dârimî’nin hadislere bakışını ve hadisler hakkında yapılan tartışmalara ilişkin görüşlerini şöylece özetlemek mümkündür: Hadisler Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’den sonra dinin ana kaynağıdır. Hicrî III. yüzyılda tedvin edilişini sebep göstererek hadislere güvenilemeyeceğini iddia etmek doğru değildir. Zira Hz. Peygamber ve Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn dönemlerinde yazılmış olan bazı hadis sahifelerinin varlığı bilindiği gibi özellikle Mâlik b. Enes, Süfyân es-Sevrî, İbn Uyeyne, Züheyr b. Muâviye, Hammâd b. Zeyd, Hammâd b. Seleme, İbnü’l-Mübârek gibi dinî ilimlere vâkıf olan âlimlerin rivayet ettiği hadislerin sıhhatinden de şüphe edilemez. Bir hadisin sahih olmadığı mânasının tutarsızlığından da anlaşılabilir. Hadislerin reddedilmesinin temelinde, Hz. Peygamber zamanında tedvin edilmeyişlerinin yanı sıra ortada asılsız bazı rivayetlerin var oluşu, sıfat, rü’yet ve nüzûle dair hadislerin Cehmiyye ile Muattıla’nın ulûhiyyet anlayışına aykırı oluşu gibi sebepler yatmaktadır ki bunların hiçbiri sahih hadislerin mevcudiyetini ve önemini ortadan kaldırmaz. Hadislerin Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân zamanında kurulan Beytülhikme vasıtasıyla uydurularak veya Abdullah b. Amr b. Âs’ın Yermük Savaşı’nda Ehl-i kitaba ait iki deve yükü kitabı ele geçirip hadis diye rivayet etmesiyle, yahut çoğunun Ebû Hüreyre tarafından uydurulmasıyla meydana geldiği iddiaları ilmî dayanaklardan yoksundur. Çünkü Muâviye döneminde sözü edilen kurumun mevcudiyeti tarihî bilgilerle sabit olmadığı gibi Yermük Savaşı’nda Ehl-i kitap’tan Abdullah b. Amr’a iki deve yükü kitabın intikal ettiğine dair tarihî bir delil de yoktur; olsa bile âlim bir sahâbî olan Abdullah b. Amr’ın bunları hadis olarak Hz. Peygamber’e atfetmesi, ayrıca güvenilirliği vali tayin edilmek suretiyle Hz. Ömer tarafından tescil edilen Ebû Hüreyre’nin de hadis uydurması düşünülemez (Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî ʿOs̱mân b. Saʿîd , s. 127-143).
Dârimî hadislere yapılan itirazlar üzerinde durarak hadislerin müdafaasına önem vermiş, diğer taraftan fıkıhta Şâfiî mezhebine bağlı âlimler arasında zikredilmesine rağmen nebîz içmeyi ve tilki eti yemeyi câiz görmemesi gibi bazı konularda farklı görüşler benimsemiştir (Sübkî, II, 306).
Eserleri. Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî tarafından başarılı bir müellif kabul edilen Dârimî’nin akaid, hadis, fıkıh ve tefsire dair çeşitli eserler yazdığı nakledilmekteyse de bunlardan sadece üç tanesi günümüze ulaşmıştır.
1. er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye . Dârimî’nin Allah’ın sıfatları, halku’l-Kur’ân, arşın mahiyeti, âhirette Allah’ın görülmesi gibi konularda Cehmiyye ve Mu‘tezile’nin görüşlerini tenkit eden bu eseri, Gösta Vitestam tarafından Köprülü Kütüphanesi’ndeki tek yazma nüshası (nr. 850, vr. 76a -109b ) esas alınarak neşredilmiştir (Lund-Leiden 1960). Eser ayrıca Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr ve Ammâr et-Tâlibî tarafından ʿAḳāʾidü’s-selef içinde de (s. 253-356) yayımlanmıştır (İskenderiye 1971).
2. Naḳżü’l-İmâm Ebî Saʿîd ʿOs̱mân b. Saʿîd ʿale’l-Merîsiyyi’l-Cehmiyyi’l-ʿanîd fîme’fterâ ʿalellāhi mine’t-tevḥîd . Kısaca en-Naḳż ʿale’l-Merîsî veya er-Red ʿale’l-Merîsî diye de anılan eser bazı kaynaklarda ve ayrıca nâşirleri tarafından Dârimî’nin Bişr b. Gıyâs el-Merîsî’ye yazdığı bir reddiye olarak kabul edilirse de eserde müellifin kullandığı, “Sen ve imamın Bişr el-Merîsî…” gibi ifadelerden (Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî ʿOs̱mân b. Saʿîd , s. 4, 14, 77, 137, 146, 149, 151, 156, 193-194), reddiyenin Bişr b. Gıyâs el-Merîsî ile İbnü’s-Selcî’nin görüşlerini savunan Hanefî âlimlerinden birinin müteşâbih nasların te’viline dair kitabına karşı yazıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca Köprülü Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüsha ile (nr. 850) diğer bazı yazma nüshalarında eserin adında “Bişr b. Gıyâs” geçmediği, sadece “Merîsiyye fırkasına mensup olan kişi” mânasına “el-Merîsî” kelimesi yer aldığı halde (bk. ʿAḳāʾidü’s-selef , s. 459, 465) kitabı yayımlayanlar bu kelimeyi Bişr b. Gıyâs el-Merîsî diye yorumlayarak adına ilâvede bulunmuşlardır. İlk defa 1358’de (1939) Kahire’de yayımlanan eser, Muhammed Hâmid el-Fıkī tarafından Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî ʿOs̱mân b. Saʿîd ʿalâ Bişr el-Merîsî el-ʿanîd (Beyrut, ts.) adıyla, Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr ve Ammâr et-Tâlibî tarafından da ʿAḳāʾidü’s-selef içinde (s. 357-565) aynı adla yayımlanmıştır (İskenderiye 1971).
3. Târîḫu ʿOs̱mân b. Saʿîd ed-Dârimî ʿan Ebî Zekeriyyâ Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn fî tecrîḥi’r-ruvât ve taʿdîlihim . Zehebî’nin Suʾâlât ʿani’r-ricâl li-Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn diye bahsettiği bu kitap, Dârimî’nin cerh ve ta‘dîl yönünden hadis râvilerinin durumları hakkında sorduğu sorulara Yahyâ b. Maîn’in verdiği cevaplardan ibaret olup Ahmed Muhammed Nurseyf tarafından neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1400).
Kaynaklarda Dârimî’ye atfedilen diğer eserler de şunlardır: el-Müsned , Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân, el-Eṭʿime, er-Red ʿale’l-Kerrâmiyye .
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Dârimî, er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye (nşr. Gösta Vitestam), Leiden 1960, nâşirin önsözü, s. 45-57.
a.mlf., Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî ʿOs̱mân b. Saʿîd ʿale’l-Merîsî el-ʿanîd (nşr. Muhammed Hâmid el-Fıkī), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye) nâşirin önsözü, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
ʿAḳāʾidü’s-selef , s. 253-356, 357-565.
İbn Ebû Hâtim, el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl , VI, 153.
Hâkim, Maʿrifetü ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ , s. 80-81, 130.
İbn Manzûr, Muḫtaṣaru Târîḫi Dımaşḳ , XVI, 92-93.
Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , II, 621-622.
a.mlf., Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 319-326.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt , II, 302-306.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , II, 312.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 600-601.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 495-496 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Akaide Dair Görüşleri. Dârimî hadis ve fıkıh ilimlerinin yanı sıra akaidle de yakından ilgilenmiş ve bu konuda döneminin itikadî tartışmalarını yansıtan eserler yazmıştır. Onun belirttiğine göre Hz. Peygamber başta olmak üzere ashap ve tâbiînin âlimleri, bâtıl inançlara sürüklenebilecekleri düşüncesiyle müslümanların Allah’ın sıfatları konusunda tartışmaya girmelerini yasaklamışlar, bu sebeple de ilk asırda müslümanlar arasında itikadî ihtilâflar ortaya çıkmamıştır. İslâmiyet’in hızla yayılmasından sonra hükümranlıklarını kaybeden çeşitli dinlere mensup İslâm düşmanları, ashap neslinin tükenmesinin ardından tâbiînin ileri gelen âlimlerinin de azalmasından faydalanarak müslümanları bâtıl inançlara sürüklemek gayesiyle itikadî konularda yeni görüşler ileri sürmeye başlamışlar, bu çevrelerden etkilenen Ca‘d b. Dirhem ve Cehm b. Safvân gibi bid‘atçılar özellikle ilâhî sıfatların ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in te’vil edilmesine dair yeni görüşler ortaya atmışlardır. Ancak bu görüşler Kur’an’a, sünnete ve ashabın benimsediği akaid esaslarına tamamen aykırı düşmektedir (er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye , s. 4-5).
Dârimî, itikadî esasları aklî delillerle teyit etmeye önem vermekle birlikte itikadî konularda nasları dikkate almaksızın sadece akla başvurulmasını veya aklî bazı mülâhazalarla nasların te’vil edilmesini zaruri gören kelâmcıları şiddetle eleştirmiştir. Zira ona göre akıl yoluyla idrak olunacağı kabul edilen konular (ma‘kūlât) insanların üzerinde ittifak edebildikleri hususlar değildir. Nitekim Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de de işaret edildiği üzere (er-Rûm 30/32) her fırka kendi felsefesinin doğru olduğunu öne sürmekte ve karşı görüşü tenkit etmektedir. Bu sebeple hangi aklî ilkenin doğru olduğunu belirlemek için dahi naslara başvurulması gerekir (Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî , s. 86, 121; er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye , s. 57). Te’vil ise bir konuda çeşitli ihtimallerden biri tercih edilerek yapıldığından zan ifade eder. Ancak zannî bilgiye dayanmak suretiyle itikadî bir ilke vazedilemeyeceği gibi te’vile konu teşkil eden kelimelere her zaman aynı mânayı vererek anlamlı hükümler çıkarmak da mümkün değildir. Bu sakıncalarından ötürü te’vil itikadî konularda mutlak geçerliliği olan bir metot değildir (Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî , s. 175-181).
Dârimî’nin Cehm b. Safvân, Bişr b. Gıyâs el-Merîsî, İbnü’s-Selcî ve diğer bazı âlimleri tenkit etmek maksadıyla reddiye tarzında yazdığı eserlerinden öğrenilen itikadî görüşleri daha ziyade, Cehmiyye ve Muattıla grupları tarafından inkâr edilen ilâhî sıfatlar ve ulûhiyyet konuları etrafında toplanır. Onun bu konularla ilgili görüşlerini şöylece özetlemek mümkündür:
1. Ulûhiyyet. Cehmiyye’nin iddia ettiği gibi Allah duyularla idrak edilemeyen sonsuz ve sınırsız bir varlık değil aksine duyularla idrak edilebilen sınırlı bir varlıktır. Zira Kur’an’da Allah’ın Hz. Mûsâ ile vasıtasız olarak konuştuğu bildirildiği gibi âhirette de onun müminlerle konuşacağı ve onlar tarafından görüleceği haber verilmiştir (en-Nisâ 4/164; Âl-i İmrân 3/77; el-Kıyâme 75/22). Keyfiyeti ne olursa olsun “görmek” ve “konuşmak” bir varlığı duyularla idrak etmenin en belirgin şeklidir. Duyularla idrak edilemeyen varlık hariçte mevcut bir “şey” değil sadece zihinde mevcut bir “lâ şey”dir ki bunun fiilen mevcut bir varlığı ifade etmediği açıktır. Allah Teâlâ ise zâtını “asla helâk olmayan şey” diye vasıflandırmıştır (el-Kasas 28/88). Bu husus O’nun zihnin dışında fiilen mevcut olan gerçek bir varlık olduğunu gösterir. Hariçte mevcut olan her şeyin bir sınırının ve bazı sıfatlarının bulunması aklen zorunludur. Rahmânın arşa istivâ ettiğini, gökte olanın (Allah) insanları yerin dibine geçirebileceğini veya başlarına taş yağdırabileceğini ve güzel sözlerin Allah’a yükseldiğini bildiren âyetlerle (Tâhâ 20/5; el-Mülk 67/16-17; Fâtır 35/10) Allah’ın gökte olduğunu açıkça ifade eden hadisler O’nun sınırlı bir varlık olduğunu gösteren naklî delillerdir. Bununla birlikte O’nun sınırını (had) zâtından başka kimse bilemez (Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî , s. 5-6, 23-24).
İlâhî isim ve sıfatların hepsi ezelîdir. İlâhî isimler sıfatları açıklayan kavramlardır. Naslarda Allah’a nisbet edilen “nefs” O’nun bütün sıfatlarının bağlı bulunduğu zâtıdır; dolayısıyla nefs Allah’tan nefyedildiği takdirde bütün sıfatları da nefyedilmiş olur. Allah âlemi yaratmadan önce âlim, kādir, mütekellim ve hâliktır. Sıfatlar zâtın aynı olmadığı gibi gayrı da değildir. Zâtî sıfatlar gibi fiilî sıfatlar da ezelîdir. İstivâ, nüzûl, mecî’, rızâ, gazap Allah’ın zâtına mahsus kadîm fiillerdir. İlâhî sıfatların mahiyetini bilmek mümkün olmadığından onları ispat etmek Allah’ı yaratıklarına benzetmeyi gerektirmez. Zira bunlar aklın ve duyuların ötesinde bulunan bir varlığı nitelemektedir. Teşbihe kapı açacağı endişesiyle naslarda Allah’a nisbet edilen sıfatları reddetmek tutarlı bir yol değildir. Çünkü her biri bir üstünlük ifade eden sıfatları nefyetmek de O’nu hiçbir üstünlüğe sahip olmayan putlara benzetmeyi gerektirir (Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî , s. 7-13, 22, 42, 113, 153, 190, 196; er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye , s. 59-62, 82, 90). Cehmiyye’nin iddia ettiği gibi Allah’ın zâtı sıfatlarından ibaret değildir. O zâtında mevcut ilimle âlim, kudretle kādir, kelâmla mütekellimdir. Fiilî olanları da dahil hiçbir sıfatı hâdis değildir. Eğer ilim sıfatı hâdis olsaydı Allah’ın Kur’an’da gelecekten haber vermesi ve kıyamette vuku bulacak olayları bildirmesi mümkün olmazdı (er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye , s. 59-62). Sem‘ ve basar sıfatları ilimden ayrı iki sıfattır. Kur’an’da bu sıfatları ifade eden isimlerin ilim sıfatından ayrı olarak Allah’a nisbet edilmesi, ayrıca hadislerde bu sıfatların zıddı olan sağırlık ve körlüğün O’ndan nefyedilmesi bu hususu teyit etmektedir (Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî , s. 41-42, 47-48). Bir üstünlük sıfatı olan kelâm da ilâhî sıfatlardandır. Kur’an’da konuşamayan putların ilâh olamayacaklarının bildirilmesi bunun delillerindendir. Eğer kelâm ilâhî sıfatlardan olmasaydı Hz. Mûsâ’nın, “Muhakkak ki ben Allah’ım” diye işittiği sözün Allah’tan başkasına ait olması gerekirdi, bu ise imkânsızdır. Kur’an da Allah kelâmı olup mahlûk değildir, mahlûk olsaydı insan sözü ile Kur’an arasında fark kalmazdı (er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye , s. 72-73, 83, 85).
Naslarda Allah’a nisbet edilen nüzûl, vech, yed, ityân, hücüb gibi kavramları te’vile gitmeden ve teşbihe düşmeden O’na izâfe etmek zaruridir. Teşbihten kaçınmak için söz konusu nasları te’vil etmek isabetli olmadığı gibi bunları te’vil etmeyi zaruri gören kelâmcılarca yapılan te’viller de tutarlı değildir. Zira “yed”e kudret veya nimet, “vech”e kıble, “ityân”a ilâhî azabın gelişi gibi mânalar verip ilgili kelimelerin geçtiği her nastan öncesi ve sonrasıyla irtibat kurduktan sonra anlamlı hükümler çıkarmak imkânsızdır. Meselâ “vech”e amel-i sâlih ve Kâbe mânaları verilmektedir. Cennette müminlerin Allah’ın vechine bakacağını bildiren hadisteki vechi yukarıdaki mânaları vererek anlamak kabil değildir. Diğer haberî sıfatlar için de benzer sakıncalar söz konusudur (er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye , s. 31, 39-40, 95; Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî , s. 28, 50-51, 155-159, 169-170, 178).
Gözlerin Allah’ı idrak edemediğini belirten âyetle (el-En‘âm 6/103) Hz. Peygamber’in Allah’ı görmediğini bildiren hadisler dikkate alınarak Allah’ın dünyada görülemeyeceğine inanmak gerekir. Nitekim Ehl-i sünnet âlimlerinin hepsi bu görüşü benimsemiştir. Allah’ın dünyada görülmesi ancak rüyada mümkündür. Âhirette görülmesine gelince buna iman etmek farzdır. Zira Kur’an’da müminlerin rablerine bakarak mutlu olacakları, buna karşılık kâfirlerin rablerinden mahrum bırakılacakları bildirilmiş (el-Kıyâme 75/23; el-Mutaffifîn 83/15), birçok hadiste de bu husus açıkça ifade edilmiştir. Kur’an ve Sünnet’e bağlı âlimler de ilâhî buyruklara itaat edenlere verilecek en büyük mükâfatın âhirette cemâl-i ilâhîyi müşahede etmek olduğuna inanıp daima bu mutluluğa erişme arzusu taşımışlardır. Rü’yet bazı naslarda “bilmek” mânasında kullanılmakla birlikte rü’yetullahı konu edinen âyet ve hadislerde “görmek” anlamında kullanılmıştır. Söz konusu naslara bilmek mânası vermek imkânsızdır, çünkü âhirette ister mümin ister kâfir olsun yaratıkların hiçbiri Allah’ın varlığından ve birliğinden şüphe etmeyecektir (er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye , s. 45, 53-55; Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî , s. 56-57, 166, 185, 188).
2. Nübüvvet. Münkirlerin Kur’an’ın bir benzerini meydana getirememeleri, Hz. Peygamber’in nübüvvetine ait en büyük delili oluşturur. Zira onlar Kur’an’ın benzerini meydana getirmeye güç yetirebilselerdi bunu mutlaka gerçekleştirir ve Hz. Muhammed’in iddiasını boşa çıkarırlar, böylece savaşmak zorunda da kalmazlardı (er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye , s. 3-4).
3. Tekfir. Dârimî, ehl-i kıblenin tekfir edilemeyeceği yönündeki Ehl-i sünnet prensibini kabul eder. Bununla birlikte ona göre ilâhî sıfatları kabul etmeyerek Kur’an’a muhalefet eden, Allah kelâmı olan Kur’an’la insan sözü arasında yaratılmışlık açısından fark görmeyen, ashabın görüşlerine ve icmâa aykırı inançlar benimseyen zümreler ehl-i kıbleye dahil değildir. Durumları buna uyan Cehmiyye ve benzeri fırkalara mensup kimselere görüşlerinden dönmeleri teklif edilir, kabul etmedikleri takdirde mürted sayılırlar (er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye , s. 93-104; Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî , s. 112, 143).
Öyle görünüyor ki Ahmed b. Hanbel, Ebû Bekir b. Ebû Şeybe, Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm gibi âlimlerin etkisinde kalan Ebû Saîd ed-Dârimî, Selef âlimlerinin itikadî görüşlerini yer yer aklî izahlarla teyit ederek Selefiyye’nin bir mezhep haline gelişine katkıda bulunmuştur. Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye’nin, eserlerinde Dârimî’den sık sık iktibaslar yapması ve ona atıflarda bulunması bunu belgeleyen delillerden biridir. İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye de bu hususa işaret etmektedir. Dârimî’nin duyularla idrak edilebilen bir ulûhiyyet anlayışını ortaya koyması dikkat çekicidir. Zât-sıfat ayırımı yaparak isim ve sıfat ilişkisine temas etmiş, te’vil yolunu tenkit etmesine rağmen az da olsa bazı nasları te’vil etmekten kaçınmamıştır. Onun eserleri, Mâverâünnehir’de yaşayan erken devir Hanefî âlimlerinin itikadî görüşlerini nakletmesi açısından da önemli kaynaktır. Muhammed Zâhid Kevserî ve Yûsuf ed-Dicvî gibi son devir âlimleri, Allah’a had ve cihet nisbet ederek O’nun sınırlı bir varlık olduğu fikrini savunduğu için Dârimî’yi şiddetle tenkit etmişler, hatta bundan dolayı onun Allah’ı bir cisim kabul ettiğini öne sürmüşlerdir. Her ne kadar Dârimî, Allah’a had ve cihet nisbet ederken O’nun yaratıklara benzemekten münezzeh olduğunu ısrarla belirterek Selef’in “bilākeyf” ilkesini tekrarlamışsa da bu görüşün, naslarda lafız olarak bulunmayan bir sıfatın Allah’a nisbet edilemeyeceğine ilişkin olan kendi tutumuyla çeliştiğini söylemek gerekir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Dârimî, er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye (nşr. Gösta Witestam), Leiden 1960, s. 2-5, 31, 39-43, 45, 53-62, 72-73, 82-83, 85, 89-104.
a.mlf., Reddü’l-İmâm ed-Dârimî ʿOs̱mân b. Saʿîd ʿalâ Bişr el-Merîsî (nşr. Muhammed Hâmid el-Fıkī), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), s. 5-6, 7-13, 21-24, 28, 39-42, 47-51, 55-57, 75-76, 86, 112-113, 143, 151-153, 155-170, 175-182, 185, 188, 190, 195-196.
İbn Teymiyye, Minhâcü’s-sünne (nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim), [baskı yeri yok] 1406/1986, I, 215, 423; II, 386, 640.
a.mlf., Derʾü teʿârużi’l-ʿaḳl ve’n-naḳl (nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim), Riyad 1399/1979, I, 245, 314; II, 49-51, 53, 54; V, 302-303, 305-309.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 324.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, İctimâʿu’l-cüyûşi’l-İslâmiyye , Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 143.
M. Zâhid Kevserî, Maḳālât , Humus 1388, s. 354-371.
Yûsuf ed-Dicvî, Maḳālât ve fetâvâ , Kahire 1401/1981, I, 45, 192-493.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 496-498 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.