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DEDE Skip to content
Türkçe’de babanın ve annenin babasını, büyük babayı ifade eder. Arap dilindeki karşılığı ced dir (cedd , çoğulu ecdâd ). Arapça’da baba anlamına gelen eb kelimesinin dede ve ata anlamında kullanıldığı da olur (bk. el-Bakara 2/133; Yûsuf 12/38; el-Hacc 22/78).
Torun ile dede arasındaki akrabalık bağı bazı dinî ve ahlâkî vecîbeler yanında şahıs, aile, ceza ve miras hukuku konularında da karşılıklı birtakım hak ve görevler doğurmaktadır. Sosyal ve ahlâkî karakterdeki münasebetler açısından baba ve anne tarafından dedeler arasında önemli bir ayırım söz konusu edilmezken ekonomik ve hukukî yönün ağır bastığı hak ve görevlerde babanın babası veya onun babası olan ve nesep bağının kökü sayılan dede ile annenin babası, babanın annesinin babası gibi araya kadının girdiği diğer dedeler arasında belli bir ayırım yapılır. Birinci gruptaki dedeye “sahih dede”, diğerlerine ise “sahih olmayan dede” veya “fâsid dede” denir.
Dede, kişinin “usul” denilen birinci derece yakın akrabası içinde yer alır. Evlenme yasağı, mahremiyet ve örtünme (tesettür) açısından usul arasında fark gözetilmediğinden anne veya baba tarafından dede bu konuda baba hükmündedir. Konuyla ilgili âyetlerde (en-Nisâ 4/22-23; en-Nûr 24/31) zikredilen “baba”nın her iki koldan dedeleri, “kızlar”ın da hem oğlun hem de kızın kızlarını kapsadığı hususunda görüş birliği vardır. Süt emme (radâ‘) sebebiyle dede olan kimse de evlenme yasağı ve mahremiyet açısından kan bağıyla dede olan kimse gibidir.
Şahıs ve mal üzerindeki velâyetin hukukî olduğu kadar ekonomik yönü de bulunduğu ve ayrıca yakınlar arası hukukî yükümlülüklerde erkek tarafından akrabalığa dayalı aile yapısı esas alındığından kişinin sahih dedesi yani babasının babası ve onun babası, araya kadının girdiği dedelere nisbetle velâyet konusunda ayrı bir statüye veya önceliğe sahiptir. Fıkıh kitaplarında “dede” (ced) kelimesi mutlak şekilde kullanıldığında kural olarak sahih dedeyi ifade eder. Dedenin torunu üzerindeki velâyet hak ve görevi, onun nafaka yükümlülüğü ve mirasçılık ilişkisiyle de mâkul bir bütünlük gösterir. Sahih dede, reşid olmayan küçük (kasır) üzerinde babadan sonra baba gibi hem malî hem de şahsî temsil hakkına yani velâyet ve vesâyete sahiptir. Ancak küçüğü evlendirme yetkisinin babadan sonra, babanın tayin edeceği vasîye mi yoksa doğrudan dedeye mi geçeceği hususu hukukçular arasında tartışmalıdır. Küçüğü bulûğdan önce evlendirmeyi doğru bulmayan fakihlere göre ise başkaları için olmadığı gibi dede için de böyle bir hak söz konusu değildir. Öte yandan Hanefîler evlenecek şahıs açısından, diğer hukuk ekolleri de veliler açısından evliliğe zorlama yetkisini (velâyet-i icbâr) oldukça daralttıklarından sahih dedenin icbar velâyeti de bazı sınırlamalara uğramış, Mâlikîler’de ise bu velâyet hiç tanınmamıştır. Annenin babası, onun babası, babanın annesinin babası gibi gayri sahih dedeler ise kişinin “zevi’l-erhâm” adını alan yakınları grubunda yer alır. Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre bu dedelerin küçük üzerinde velâyetleri yoktur. Bu durumda velâyet asabe den hâkime intikal eder. Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre ise asabeden herhangi bir kimse yoksa velâyet diğer akrabaya, bu arada sahih olmayan dedelere de belli bir sıra dahilinde intikal eder. Velâyetin üçüncü türü olan, küçüğün bakım ve terbiyesi hak ve görevi (hidâne) küçüğün annesi, belli derecede kadın akrabası ve babası bulunmadığında fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre babadan sonra dedeye, Mâlikîler’e göre ise babadan sonra kardeşlere, onlardan sonra da dedeye aittir.
Nafaka yükümlülüğü aynı zamanda sosyal ve ahlâkî bir görev karakteri de taşıdığından fakihlerin çoğunluğu bu konuda bir ayırım yapmaksızın dede ile torun arasında, sırası geldiğinde ve şartlar oluştuğunda karşılıklı nafaka yükümlülüğü bulunduğu görüşündedir. Bu sebeple dede ve torun birbirine zekât veremezler. Burada tarafların birbirine mirasçı konumunda olup olmadığına bakılmadığı gibi din farkı da gözetilmez. Mâlikîler ise usul içerisinde sadece anne baba ile çocuklar arasında nafaka yükümlülüğü bulunduğu, buna bağlı olarak dede ile torunun birbirlerinden zekât alıp verebileceği kanaatindedirler. Mâlikîler ile fakihlerin çoğunluğu arasındaki bu görüş ayrılığı başka konulara da taşar. Meselâ çoğunluğa göre dede baba hükmünde olduğundan dede ile torun arasında cereyan eden suçlarda kısas, el kesme, zina iftirası (kazf) cezası vb. uygulanmaz ve bu konuda iki nevi dede de eşittir. Mâlikîler’e göre ise bu muafiyet sadece anne baba ile çocuklar arasında söz konusudur.
Muhakeme hukukuna gelince, dede ile torunun birbirleri için şahitlik etmeleri, usul-fürû yakınlığını şahitlik için engel saymayan bazı münferit görüşler hariç tutulursa, hukuk ekollerinin hepsine göre aradaki birinci derece yakınlık sebebiyle kabul edilmez.
İslâm hukukunda dede ile ilgili en yoğun tartışmalar dedenin mirasçılığı konusundadır. Miras hukukunda sahih dede ile diğer dedeler iki ayrı statüde ele alınır ve dede kelimesiyle, ölenle arasına kadın girmeyen dedeler (sahih dede) kastedilir. Sahih dede, İslâm miras hukukunda hem belirli payları olan mirasçılar (ashâbü’l-ferâiz) hem de asabe içinde yer alır. Asabe içinde de binefsihi asabe olanların ikinci sınıfında bulunur. Ölenin babası varken dedesinin mirasçı olamayacağı, baba bulunmadığında ise babanın yerine geçeceği konusunda görüş birliği vardır. Bu bakımdan dede, a) Ölenin oğlu, oğlunun oğlu ile birlikte bulunuyorsa mirasın altıda birini alır. b) Ölenin kızı, oğlunun kızı ile birlikte bulunuyorsa hem mirasın altıda birini, hem de asabe sıfatıyla dağıtımdan artan kısmı alır. c) Bunların dışında bir mirasçı varsa o takdirde asabe sıfatıyla mirasın onlardan artan kısmına sahip olur. Bu üç halde baba ile dedenin durumu aynı iken dedenin mirasçılığı birkaç konuda babaya göre farklılık gösterir. 1. Babanın annesi baba ile mirasçı olamadığı halde dede ile mirasçı olabilir. 2. Anne, ölenin eşi ve baba ile birlikte mirasçı olduğunda eş mirastan hissesini aldıktan sonra kalanın üçte birini alır. Burada baba yerine dede bulunursa anne bütün mirasın üçte birini alır ve bu suretle de anne dede karşısında baba ile birlikte olduğu durumdan daha fazla pay almış olur. 3. Babanın, bütün kardeşleri mirasçılıktan düşürdüğü konusunda fakihler arasında görüş birliği vardır. Halbuki dedenin anne bir kardeşleri mirasçılıktan düşüreceği kabul edilmekle birlikte öz veya baba bir kardeşleri düşürüp düşüremeyeceği tartışmalıdır. Hz. Ebû Bekir, Âişe, İbn Abbas, Muâz b. Cebel, Übey b. Kâ‘b da dahil olmak üzere ashabın çoğunluğuna, birçok tâbiîn âlimine, Ebû Hanîfe, Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî, Müzenî, İbn Rüşd gibi hukukçulara göre bu konuda dede baba gibidir. Bu sebeple baba ile miras alamayanlar dede ile de alamazlar. Hz. Ali, Zeyd b. Sâbit ve İbn Mes‘ûd’a, Mâlikî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî hukukçularına, Evzaî, İbn Ebû Leylâ, Ebû Yûsuf ve İmam Muhammed’e göre ise dede bu durumda babadan farklı olup ölenin kardeşlerinin mirasçılığını önlemez. Ancak dedenin hangi ölçü ve usulde mirasçı olacağında farklı görüşler vardır. İhtilâfın sebebi, konuyla ilgili bir nassın bulunmaması, ölenin dedeye mi kardeşlere mi daha yakın olduğu hususunda farklı tercihlerin olmasıdır (geniş bilgi için bk. Aktan, s. 150-159).
Sahih dedenin yukarıdaki statüsüne karşılık fâsid dede, ashâbü’l-ferâiz ve asabe dışında kalan akrabanın oluşturduğu zevi’l-erhâm grubunda yer alır. Bir grup sahâbe ve bazı fakihler, ilk dönem Mâlikî ve Şâfiî âlimleri zevi’l-erhâmın mirasçı olamayacağı görüşündedir. Ancak hicrî III. yüzyıldan itibaren her iki mezhepte de beytülmâlin bozulduğu gerekçe gösterilerek terekenin, başkaca öncelikli mirasçı yoksa, beytülmâl yerine zevi’l-erhâma intikal edeceği görüşü benimsenmiş ve tercih edilmiştir. Diğer bazı sahâbe ve fakihlere, Hanefî ve Hanbelî âlimlerine göre zevi’l-erhâm da belli bir sıra içinde mirasçı olur. Zâhirîler’e göre ise zevi’l-erhâm ancak fakir olduğu takdirde mirasçı olabilir. Başlangıçta ihtilâf olmakla birlikte sonraki dönemde hukuk ekolleri zevi’l-erhâmın, bu arada anne veya babaanne cihetinden olan dedelerin de mirasçılığında prensip olarak ittifak etmişlerdir (bk. ZEVİ’l-ERHÂM ). Bununla birlikte zevi’l-erhâmın kendi içerisinde hangi usul ve sıra dahilinde mirasçı olacağı konusunda da farklı görüşler bulunduğundan sahih olmayan dedelerin mirasçılık pay, sıra ve önceliği benimsenen ölçüye, ölene yakınlık derecesine, ölene bağlayan ilk vasıtanın erkek veya kadın oluşuna göre farklılıklar gösterir (geniş bilgi için bk. Aktan, s. 221-242).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Mahmud Esad Seydişehrî, Ferâʾidü’l-ferâʾiż , İzmir 1311, s. 284, 285.
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Mv.F , XV, 113-118.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 74-75 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.