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DERVİŞ VAHDETÎ Skip to content (1870-1909)
31 Mart Vak‘ası sorumluları arasında idam edilen, Volkan gazetesinin sahibi ve başyazarı.
Asıl adı Derviş olup Kıbrıs’ta Lefkoşe’de doğdu. Küçük yaşta okula başladı, ardından medreseye girerek Arapça ve fıkıh okudu. Bu arada Nakşibendî tarikatına intisap etti ve Lefkoşe’deki Ayasofya Camii’nde müezzinliğe başladı. On altı yaşında iken annesinin intiharı, yirmi bir yaşında iken de babasının ölümü, üzerinde derin izler bıraktı. Bu sırada Kıbrıs’ın İstanbul ile olan münasebetleri artınca İstanbul’a gidip iki ay orada kaldı. Kıbrıs’a dönüşünde İngilizce öğrenmek için Larnaka’daki bir misyoner okuluna devam etti. Fakat bir müddet sonra kilisede vaaz dinlemeye zorlanması üzerine okulu terkederek kendi kendine İngilizce öğrenmeyi sürdürdü. İngilizce’si yeterli düzeye gelince adadaki İngiliz idaresine memur olarak girdi. Burada İngiliz kültüründen etkilendi. İstanbul seyahati sırasında daha yakından tanıma fırsatı bulduğu Mîzan , Hürriyet ve Meşveret gazetelerini büyük bir ilgiyle takip etmeye ve bunları Kıbrıs’ta yakın arkadaşlarına dağıtmaya başladı. Ayrıca İstanbul’dan, II. Abdülhamid rejiminden kaçıp Paris’e giderken Kıbrıs’a uğrayan hürriyetçi gençlere de yardımcı oluyordu. Bu yüzden Jön Türk adıyla anılmaya başlandı ve Sultan Abdülhamid’e dil uzattığı gerekçesiyle bir ara sorguya çekildi.
1902’de tekrar İstanbul’a gitti, bir süre boş gezdikten sonra parasız kalınca Dahiliye Nâzırı Memduh Paşa’ya yazdığı bir dilekçe üzerine himaye görerek 400 kuruş maaşla Muhâcirîn Dairesi’ne alındı. Burada verilen mübeyyizlik görevini kendisine uygun görmediği için yazdığı bir şikâyet dilekçesi üzerine tevkif edildi. Ailesinden habersiz olarak Mehterhâne’de otuz dört gün tutuklu kaldıktan sonra ailesiyle birlikte Diyarbakır’a sürüldü; orada üç buçuk yıl kaldı. Burada “üstâd-ı hürriyyet” dediği Ziya Gökalp’in sohbetlerine katıldı ve ondan etkilendi. Ayrıca Şeyh Hacı Ahmed ile tanışarak tasavvufî bilgisini ilerletti. Kendi anlattıklarına göre Hacı Ahmed’den aldığı tasavvufî tesiri Ziya Gökalp’ten edindiği felsefî kültürle birleştirdi (Volkan , nr. 75 [3 Mart 1325], s. 2). Bu halet-i ruhiye ile Vahdetî adını benimsedi. Ziya Gökalp’in onu tutarsız bir şahsiyet olarak görüp kendisine Lâhûtî lakabını taktığı da zikredilmektedir. İstibdada karşı yapılan Telgrafhâne işgaline katılan Vahdetî, II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından kısa bir süre önce derviş kıyafetine girerek kaçtı. Ancak bir süre sonra Birecik’te yakalandı ve zindana atıldı; üç gün sonra da Diyarbakır’a geri getirildi. Meşrutiyet’le birlikte ilân edilen umumi aftan faydalanarak serbest kaldı.
Derviş Vahdetî sürgün hayatı bitince Kıbrıs’a gitti, mallarını satarak İstanbul’a döndü. Eski işine girmek istediyse de kabul edilmedi. İttihatçılar’dan da ilgi görmeyince sürgünden dönenlerle İttihat ve Terakkî’den ayrılanların kurduğu Fedâkârân-ı Millet Cemiyeti’ne girdi. Fakat kendi ifadesine göre onların fesatçılık yaptığını görünce üç gün sonra ayrıldı.
Meşrutiyet’in sağladığı serbest ortamdan faydalanarak çıkarılan çeşitli gazeteler gibi Derviş Vahdetî de bir gazete çıkarmak için saraydan yardım istediyse de bu isteği reddedildi. Ali Cevad Bey’in fezlekesinden, sarayın onu tutarsız ve güvenilmez bir şahsiyet olarak gördüğü anlaşılmaktadır. 28 Teşrînisâni 1324’te (11 Aralık 1908) kendi imkânlarıyla Volkan gazetesini çıkarmaya başladı. Gazetenin muhtevası “İslâmcı, hürriyetçi ve insaniyetçi” olarak belirlenmişti. Vahdetî’nin düşüncesi, bu gazetenin yayın organı olacağı bir de “hâdim-i insâniyyet” derneği kurmaktı. Nitekim gazetenin ilk sayılarında başlık altındaki yazı bunu açıkça göstermektedir.
Volkan ’ın yayın hayatına girmesinden sonra anlaşıldığına göre henüz resmen kurulmamış olan İttihâd-ı Muhammedî Cemiyeti adında bir kuruluşu temsilen bazı kişiler Derviş Vahdetî’ye başvurarak gazetenin cemiyetin yayın organı olmasını istediler. Önce bu teklifi kabul eden Vahdetî, Volkan ’ın 4 Şubat 1324 (17 Şubat 1909) tarihli 48. sayısından itibaren başlığının altına “İttihâd-ı Muhammedî Cemiyeti’nin mürevvic-i efkârıdır” ibaresini koyup cemiyet nizamnâmesinin ilk on maddesini yayımladıysa da kurucularla yaptığı sonraki temaslarda değişik fikirleri olduğunu görerek onlardan ayrıldı. Bu davranışında, cemiyetin başkanı olarak görünen İsmâil Hakkı Bey’in güven vermeyen kişiliğinin de önemli rolü olmuştur. Ancak bu teşebbüsten aldığı ilhamla bir müddet sonra kendisi yeni bir İttihâd-ı Muhammedî Cemiyeti kurarak gazetesini bu kuruluşun yayın organı yaptı. Cemiyet 31 Mart Vak‘ası’ndan on gün önce (3 Nisan 1909), ulemâ ve meşâyihten tanınmış bazı kişilerin de katıldığı Ayasofya Camii’nde yapılan büyük bir törenle resmen açıldı (bk. İTTİHÂD-ı MUHAMMEDÎ CEMİYETİ ). Volkan gazetesi, cemiyetin yayın organı olarak itidal ve itaat tavsiye eden bir politika takip ediyor, Derviş Vahdetî de herkes gibi II. Meşrutiyet inkılâbını “saâdet-i millet” olarak görüyordu. Fakat gazetede yer alan bir kısım yazılardan, Vahdetî’nin Sadrazam Kâmil Paşa taraftarı bir politika benimsediği anlaşılmaktadır. Siyasî ortamın iyice gerginleşmesinin ardından 31 Mart Vak‘ası patlak verdi. Olayları başlatan askerlerin, İttihâd-ı Muhammedî Cemiyeti’nin açıldığı gün dağıtılan küçük bayrakları taşıması dikkatleri Vahdetî’nin üzerine çekti. Volkan ’da yayımlanan yazılar ve özellikle Vahdetî’nin 1 Nisan 1325’te (14 Nisan 1909) II. Abdülhamid’e yazdığı açık mektup halkı ve askerleri tahrik edici nitelikte bulundu. Ayrıca meşrutiyet anlayışı ve adem-i merkeziyetçi fikirleriyle İngilizler’e ve Prens Sabahaddin’in başında bulunduğu Ahrar Fırkası’na yakın olan Kâmil Paşa ile oğlu Said Paşa’ya yakınlığı ile tanınan, hatta bu yüzden daha sonraları bazılarınca İngiliz ajanı olmakla suçlanan Vahdetî 17 Nisan’da sorgulanmak üzere mahkemeye çağrıldı.
Derviş Vahdetî İttihatçılar’ın adaletine güvenmediği için 18 Nisan’da İstanbul’dan kaçtı. Beykoz, Gebze, Hereke ve Sapanca’da gizlendi. Son olarak gittiği İzmir’de hemşerisi olan Abdullah Nâdirî tarafından ihbar edilince 25 Mayıs’ta tutuklandı. İstanbul’a getirilip dîvânıharpte yargılandı. Görünüşte “Abdülhamid’e Açık Mektup” adlı makalesinden dolayı hakkında dava açılan Vahdetî, 31 Mart Vak‘ası’nın müsebbibi olarak idama mahkûm edildi ve karar 19 Temmuz 1909’da infaz edildi.
Derviş Vahdetî, Volkan ’daki yazılarından başka basılı herhangi bir eseri olmadığını ifade etmekle beraber (Volkan , nr. 95 [23 Mart 1325], s. 4) Ali Birinci, “Melhameler-Mutranlar” başlığıyla yayımlanan makalesinin (Volkan , nr. 23 [4 Kânunusâni 1324], s. 1-2) Büyük Felâket Geliyor (İstanbul 1324) adıyla on dört sayfalık küçük bir risâle halinde basıldığını belirtmektedir. Ancak Vahdetî’nin, bir yıl sonra İttihâd-ı Muhammedî Cemiyeti’ne izâfe edilerek yayımlanan Cellâd dolayısıyla yaptığı yukarıda işaret edilen açıklaması göz önüne alınarak bu risâlenin onun bilgisi dışında basılmış olabileceği söylenebilir.
Derviş Vahdetî’nin şahsiyeti, fikirleri, gazeteciliği, siyasî muhalefetteki tavrı “31 Mart” ve “irtica” gibi muğlak kavramların arkasına sığınılarak yapılan açıklamaların gölgesinde hatta karanlığında kaybolmuştur. Vahdetî’nin gençliğinde ciddi bir tahsil görmediğini söylemek mümkündür. Yazılarında medrese kültürü ve tarikat neşvesinin izleri de zayıf kalmaktadır. Volkan ’ın muhalif siyasî bir yayın organı haline gelmesinde Vahdetî’nin çok önemli rolü olduğu kesindir. Fakat gazetenin dinî muhtevası ile dinî semboller ve öğeler kullanılarak muhalefet yapılmasında, Said Kürdî (Nursi) başta olmak üzere İttihâd-ı Muhammedî Cemiyeti içinde yer alan ulemâ ve meşâyihin de etkisi olmalıdır.
Derviş Vahdetî’nin yazılarında ve Volkan ’ın genel yayın siyasetinde iddia edildiği gibi istibdat idaresine geri dönüşü (irtica) çağrıştıracak görüşler yoktur, aksine birçok yazıda “devr-i istibdâdın avdetinin, iadesinin imkânsızlığı” vurgulanmış, böyle bir korku ve ihtimalin canlı tutularak muhalefetin susturulması tenkit edilmiştir (meselâ bk. Volkan Gazetesi [haz. M. Ertuğrul Düzdağ], s. 62, 74, 93, 149, 158, 188, 239, 277 vd.). 31 Mart Vak‘ası’nın yaklaştığı ve Volkan üzerindeki baskıların arttığı günler dışında gazetede II. Abdülhamid’e karşı en küçük sempati ifade eden bir yazı çıkmadığı gibi padişahla münasebet içinde bulunulduğunu gösteren işaretler de yoktur (istisnaî yazılar için bk. a.g.e. , s. 495, 505, 510, 530).
Derviş Vahdetî, meşrutî idareyi savunan ve esas itibariyle İttihatçı ruhu taşıyan bir gazetecidir. Prens Sabahaddin, Ali Kemal, Hoca Kadri, Abdullah Cevdet, Mizancı Murad gibi kişileri “Türkiye’nin dreyfüsleri” olarak takdim etmesi; Ali Kemal dışındaki dört ismi “dört halife”yi çağrıştıracak şekilde “dört yâr-ı vefâ” olarak anması (a.g.e. , s. 3, 10, 12, 28); ayrıca, “Niyâzîler, Enverler… zamanın Hâlid b. Velîd’leridirler” gibi ifadeler kullanması (a.g.e. , s. 462, ayrıca bk. s. 277) bunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte Vahdetî’yi -doğuştan getirdiği özellikler dışında- muhalefete iten ve sonunu hazırlayan sebepler de olmuştur. Bunlardan ilki, İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra yeni bir istibdat yönetimi ortaya koyması ve meşrutî ilkelerden gittikçe uzaklaşmasıdır. Vahdetî’nin ağır tenkitlerle meşrutî ilke ve uygulamalara davet ettiği İttihatçılar bu tenkitleri istibdat ve irtica taraftarlığı olarak yorumlamakla hem Volkan ’ı zor durumda bırakmak hem de kendilerini temize çıkarmak istemişlerdir. İttihatçılar’ın eski sadrazam Kâmil Paşa’yı saf dışı etmeleri ikinci bir sebep olarak gözükmektedir. Vahdetî, kendisi gibi Kıbrıslı olan ve İngiltere’nin görüşlerine paralel politikalar takip eden Kâmil Paşa’yı sürekli savunmuş ve bu yüzden İttihatçı yönetimi tenkit etmiştir. Derviş Vahdetî’nin İngiliz ajanı olduğu veya İngiliz taraftarlığı yaptığı yolundaki iddiaların bir dayanağı da budur ve bunlar gittikçe Almanya’ya yaklaşan İttihat ve Terakkî idaresinin tepkisini şiddetlendirmiştir. Bütün bunlardan dolayı belirginleşen muhalif tavrı bir yana bırakılırsa Vahdetî’yi ve Volkan gazetesini siyasî ve dinî mânada muhafazakâr, gelenekçi, mürteci saymak mümkün değildir.
Vahdetî’nin 31 Mart Vak‘ası’ndaki rolü üzerinde kaynaklarda çeşitli görüşler mevcuttur. Resmî kaynaklarda olaya istibdat idaresine dönüş açısından bakılarak II. Abdülhamid ve Vahdetî sorumlu tutulmaktadır. Tarık Zafer Tunaya ve Sina Akşin gibi araştırmacılar, bu hadiseyi Ahrar-İngiltere iş birliğine dayandırarak Vahdetî öncülüğündeki İttihâd-ı Muhammedî’nin kışkırtıldığını belirtmektedirler. Olaylardan İttihat ve Terakkî’yi sorumlu tutanlar da Vahdetî’yi figüran olarak görürler. O dönemi yaşamış olan Ali Cevad Bey, Mevlânzâde Rifat ve daha sonra Ahmet Bedevî Kuran gibi kişiler ise Vahdetî ile Volkan ’ın olaylarda önemsiz bir unsur olduğunu, her şeyin Ahrar – İttihat ve Terakkî mücadelesinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıktığını söylerler. Genellikle olaylar sırasında Vahdetî’nin Abdülhamid ve ilmiye sınıfıyla birlikte hareket etmediği ve öncülerden biri olmakla beraber müsebbip olmadığı görüşü ağırlık kazanmıştır. Sırât-ı Müstakîm yazarları ile Beyânülhak ’ta Mustafa Sabri Efendi’nin Cem‘iyyet-i İlmiyye-i İslâmiyye adına Vahdetî’ye karşı çıktıkları ve meşrutî idareyi savundukları da bilinmektedir. Vahdetî de Said Kürdî ile birlikte Volkan ’da yayımlanan yazılarında askerleri Meşrutiyet’e sahip çıkmaya davet etmiş ve çoğu subaylardan oluşan İttihatçılar’ın zorbalıklarını Meşrutiyet’e yönelmiş bir tehlike olarak görmüştür.
31 Mart olaylarında İngilizler’in desteğini sağlayan Prens Sabahaddin ile Ahrar Fırkası’nın payı büyüktür. İttihatçılar’ın, hânedana mensup oluşu dolayısıyla Prens Sabahaddin’e ceza verememeleri yüzünden muhalefeti sindirmek üzere adı sivrilmiş birkaç kişiyi astırdıkları ileri sürülmektedir ki Vahdetî de onlardan biridir. Ayrıca Vahdetî’nin dîvânıharpte yargılanırken, İstanbul’dan kaçmadan önce Kâmil Paşa’nın oğlu Said Paşa ile Şehzade Vahdeddin’i birkaç defa ziyaret ederek onlardan yardım talep ettiğini açıklaması, olayın geri planında kimlerin bulunduğu hakkında bazı ipuçları vermektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Volkan Gazetesi 1908-1909 (haz. M. Ertuğrul Düzdağ), İstanbul 1992, sy. 2 (12 Aralık 1908); sy. 3 (13 Aralık 1908); sy. 9 (19 Aralık 1908); sy. 16 (9 Ocak 1908); sy. 17 (10 Ocak 1908); sy. 18 (11 Ocak 1908); sy. 19 (12 Ocak 1908); sy. 26 (26 Ocak 1908); sy. 27 (27 Ocak 1908); sy. 32 (1 Şubat 1908); sy. 41 (10 Şubat 1908); sy. 48 (17 Şubat 1908); sy. 66 (7 Mart 1909).
Ali Cevat, İkinci Meşrutiyetin İlânı ve Otuzbir Mart Hadisesi (haz. Faik Reşit Unat), Ankara 1960, s. 45-46.
Mustafa Baydar, 31 Mart Vakası , İstanbul 1955, s. 11-12.
Hasan Âli Yücel, Hürriyet Gene Hürriyet , Ankara 1960, s. 183-192.
Celâl Bayar, Ben de Yazdım , İstanbul 1967, I, 180-185.
Sina Akşin, 31 Mart Olayı , İstanbul 1972, s. 39-45, 121-122, 219-224.
a.mlf., Jön Türkler ve İttihat ve Terakki , İstanbul 1987, s. 116-132.
Tarık Zafer Tunaya, Türkiye’de Siyasal Partiler , İstanbul 1984, I, 148, 182-198.
İttihad , İstanbul 20 Mayıs 1325.
Ahmet Bedevi Kuran, “31 Mart Hadisesi Nasıl Oldu”, Tarih Dünyası Dergisi , II/13, İstanbul 1950, s. 557-560.
M. Ertuğrul Düzdağ, “31 Mart’a Doğru, 31 Mart Günleri”, Zaman , İstanbul 31 Mart – 12 Nisan 1988.
Ali Birinci, “Volkan’ın Yeniden Neşrinin Düşündürdükleri”, Dergâh , sy. 29, İstanbul 1992, s. 22.
İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, “Otuzbir Mart Vak’ası”, TA , XXVI, 197-199.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 198-200 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.