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1/2 Müellif: SALİM ÖĞÜT Bölüme Git
Konuşma yeteneğinden yoksun bulunan kimse demektir. Arapça’daki karşılığı ahrestir. Bu kelime Türkçe’de de ahras, ahraz şeklinde kullanılır. Sözlü bey…
2/2 Müellif: ABDÜLKADİR ÖZCAN Bölüme Git
TARİH. Osmanlı sarayının Enderun kısmında görev yapan dilsizler, kelimenin Farsça karşılığı olan bîzebân adıyla da anılır. Osmanlılar’dan önceki devle…
Konuşma yeteneğinden yoksun bulunan kimse demektir. Arapça’daki karşılığı ahres tir. Bu kelime Türkçe’de de ahras, ahraz şeklinde kullanılır. Sözlü beyanın önem taşıdığı dinî ve hukukî meselelerde dilsizin konumu, hak ve görevleri İslâm hukuk kaynaklarında ayrıca ele alınmış ve dilsizle ilgili bazı özel hükümlere yer verilmiştir. Anadan doğma dilsizlerin konuşamamanın yanı sıra bilgi edinme ve anlama imkânlarının kısıtlı olduğunu göz önünde bulunduran fıkıh âlimleri, bu durumun dinî mükellefiyete ve edâ ehliyetine kısmen veya tamamen engel teşkil eden bir ârıza olduğu kanaatine varmışlardır. Buna karşılık günümüzde dilsizlerin özel eğitimle okuma yazma ve iletişim imkânına kavuşturulduğu da bilinmektedir. Konuyla ilgili olarak geçmiş asırlardaki tıbbî bilgilerin ve imkânların yetersizliği sebebiyle olmalıdır ki klasik literatürde dilsizle ilgili dinî ve hukukî hükümlere yer verildiği halde dilsizliğin kaynağı, derecesi, okuma yazma ve iletişim imkânı gibi açılardan birtakım ayırımlara ve farklı hükümlere pek rastlanmaz. Öyle anlaşılıyor ki İslâm hukukçuları dilsiz tabiriyle genelde söyleneni işiten ve anlayan, fakat diliyle ifade edemeyen kimseyi kastetmişlerdir. Halbuki anadan doğma dilsizlerle konuşma yeteneğini sonradan kaybeden veya söyleneni anlayan, okuma yazma bilen dilsizlerin farklı hükümlere tâbi olacağı açıktır.
İslâm’ı din olarak benimsediğini belirtmek kelime-i tevhidi söylemekle mümkündür, fakat dilsizlerin işaret yoluyla bunu ifade etmeleri câiz görülmüştür. Bazı Şâfiî fakihleri, böyle kimselerin İslâm’ı kabul ettikten sonra namaz kılmalarını şart koşmuşlar ve ancak bu durumda müslüman olduklarına hükmedilebileceğini söylemişlerse de mezhep içindeki hâkim görüş, namaz kılmanın şart olmadığı ve diğer mezheplerdeki gibi hâricî emârelerin yeterli bulunduğu şeklindedir. Namazda özellikle iftitah tekbiri ve kıraat esnasında telaffuz gerekli olmakla birlikte özel durumları göz önüne alınarak dilsizlerin bundan muaf oldukları konusunda görüş birliği vardır. Cemaatle kılınan namazlarda imamın herkesin duyacağı şekilde tekbir getirmesi ve cehren kılınan namazlarda açıktan okuması gerekli olduğundan dilsizin imam olması kabul edilmemiştir. Ancak Şâfiî ve Hanbelî fakihleri bu konuda cemaatin dilsiz veya konuşabilen kimseler olması arasında bir ayırım yapmaz ve her hâlükârda dilsizin imâmetini geçersiz sayarken Hanefî ve Mâlikî fakihleri dilsizin bir başka dilsize imam olmasını mahzurlu saymamışlardır. Dilsizin kestiği hayvanın şer‘an temiz sayıldığı ve yenilebileceği de kabul edilmiştir.
Hukukî işlemler açısından söz, akidle ilgili iradeyi yansıtan vasıtaların başında gelmektedir. Ancak belli ihtiyaç ve zaruret hallerinde bu irade başka usullerle de dışa yansıtılabilir. Dilsizin işareti bunlardan biridir. İslâm hukukunda yerleşik, “Dilsizin anlaşılan işareti dil ile beyan gibidir” (Mecelle , md. 70) ilkesi de bunu ifade eder. Bununla birlikte nazariyede, dilsizin okuma yazma bilmesi halinde yazısının en geçerli irade beyanı aracı olduğu ve bu takdirde onun işaretinin kabul edilmemesi, hukukî işlemlerinin ancak yazılı beyanı ile sahih olacağı görüşü ağırlık taşımaktadır (Zerkā, I, 328). İslâm hukukçuları alışveriş, kiralama, hibe, rehin, nikâh, talâk ve ibrâ gibi hukukî işlemlerde, yazı bilmeyen dilsizin başkalarınca bilinen ve anlaşılan işaretlerinin sözlü irade beyanı yerine geçeceğinde görüş birliği içindedir. Sonradan konuşamaz hale gelen kimsenin dil tutukluğu kalıcı ise onun da işareti irade beyanı olarak kabul edilmekle birlikte bu usulle meydana gelen hukukî işlemlerin ölümüne veya dilinin açılmasına kadar askıda (mevkuf) olacağı ifade edilir. Ancak dilin bir yıl süre ile tutulmasının aslî dilsizlik hükmünde kabul edileceği şeklindeki ikinci görüş daha isabetli görünmektedir. Öte yandan dilsizin işareti kural olarak sözlü irade beyanı yerine geçiyorsa da belli konularda farklı hükümlere tâbi tutulmuştur. Bu hükümler şöylece özetlenebilir:
Hanefî ve Mâlikî fakihleri dilsizin işaretiyle boşamanın meydana geleceğine hükmetmişler, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler ise bu konuda bir ayırım yaparak işaretin herkes tarafından anlaşılması halinde sarih, aksi durumda ise kinaye sayılacağını ve buna göre hukukî hükümler doğuracağını belirtmişlerdir (bk. TALÂK ). Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre dilsizin anlaşılır işaret veya yazı ile yapmış olduğu ikrarı geçerlidir. Bu ikrar bir hukukî işlemin veya bu işlemden doğan bir borcun kabul edilmesi şeklinde olabileceği gibi kısas veya haddi gerektiren bir suçun itiraf edilmesi şeklinde de olabilir. Çünkü bu hukukçulara göre geçerli bir ikrarın konusuna göre farklı değerlendirilmesi ve bazı suçlarda geçerli kabul edilip diğerlerinde edilmemesi tutarlı değildir. Hanefî fakihleri ise dilsizin işaretle veya yazı ile yapmış olduğu ikrar ve itirafı her türlü hukukî işlemde ve ta‘zîr suçlarında geçerli saymışlarsa da işaretin yanlış anlaşılabileceği ve bu sebeple suçun sabit olması bakımından bir şüphe doğurabileceği endişesiyle, ayrıca, “Şüphe durumunda hadleri uygulamayın” (İbn Mâce, “Ḥudûd”, 5; Tirmizî, “Ḥudûd”, 2) hadisinin de desteğiyle had ve kısası gerektiren suçlarda bu tür itirafın geçerli olmamasını ihtiyata daha uygun bulmuşlardır.
Hanefîler’e ve Şâfiî mezhebinde hâkim görüşe göre dilsizin şahitliği kabul edilmez. Çünkü şahitliğin şüphe ve tereddüde yer vermeyecek şekilde açık ve kesin ifadelerle yapılması gerekir. Bu ise dilsizin işaretinde yoktur. Hanbelîler dilsizin yazılı şahadetini kabul ederler. Mâlikîler ise yazılı şahitliğin yanı sıra anlaşılan bir işaretle yapılan şahadetin de geçerli olduğu görüşündedirler. Hanefî ve Mâlikî fakihleri, dilsizin anlaşılabilir mahiyette bir işaretle yapacağı yeminin geçerli olduğuna hükmettikleri halde Şâfiî ve Hanbelî fakihleri bu konuda olumlu ve olumsuz iki görüş belirtmişlerdir.
Dilsizin diline yönelik haksız fiillerde “hükûmet-i adl” denilen ve miktarını meydana gelen zarara göre hâkimin belirlediği bir tazminata hükmedilir. Dilsizin bu organından gerektiği gibi faydalanamadığı, dolayısıyla bu tür haksız fiille herhangi bir menfaatin tam olarak zâil olmadığı göz önüne alınarak kısas uygulaması veya sabit bir ceza-tazminat mahiyetinde olan diyetin (erş) ödenmesi gerekli görülmemiştir. Şâfiî fakihleri, hükûmet-i adl ile yetinilmesi için haksız fiille dilin tat alma duyusunun izâle edilmemesi kaydını getirmişler, söz konusu duyunun yok olması halinde diyet gerekeceğini söylemişlerdir. Hanbelî mezhebindeki bir görüşe göre ise diyetin üçte biri takdir edilir. Çünkü Hz. Peygamber, görmeyen göz ve tutmayan ele yönelik haksız fiilde diyetin üçte birini takdir etmiştir (Nesâî, “Ḳasâme”, 43).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Mâce, “Ḥudûd”, 5.
Tirmizî, “Ḥudûd”, 2.
Nesâî, “Ḳasâme”, 43.
Sahnûn, el-Müdevvene , VI, 310.
Şîrâzî, el-Müheẕẕeb , II, 291.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , VII, 3, 307, 308, 311, 323.
Mergīnânî, el-Hidâye , İstanbul 1986, IV, 270.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî (Herrâs) , I, 463; III, 566, 600; VIII, 15-16, 195-196, 716, 717, 723; IX, 219.
İbn Ebü’d-Dem, Edebü’l-ḳażâʾ (nşr. Muhammed Mustafa ez-Zühaylî), Dımaşk 1402/1982, s. 70, 74.
Nevevî, el-Mecmûʿ , IX, 77, 86.
Mevsılî, el-İḫtiyâr , II, 114.
İbnü’l-Hümâm, Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr (Bulak) , I, 260; II, 350; III, 42, 93, 259; IV, 117; VIII, 511-513.
Şirbînî, Muġni’l-muḥtâc , I, 152; III, 284; IV, 346.
Buhûtî, Keşşâfü’l-ḳınâʿ , I, 331, 378; VI, 209, 227; V, 392, 552, 556, 557.
a.mlf., Şerḥu Müntehe’l-irâdât , Beyrut, ts. (Âlemü’l-kütüb), II, 246; III, 130, 207-208, 407, 570.
Haraşî, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣarı Ḫalîl , IV, 130.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire) , I, 324, 399; II, 425, 589, 590; III, 144, 162; IV, 302, 379; V, 353, 369.
Desûkī, Ḥâşiye ʿale’ş-Şerḥi’l-kebîr , I, 131, 233; II, 106, 313, 327, 384, 464.
Mecelle , md. 70.
Zerkā, el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî , I, 328-329.
Mv.Fİ , IV, 133-147.
Mv.F , XIX, 91-98.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 303-304 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TARİH. Osmanlı sarayının Enderun kısmında görev yapan dilsizler, kelimenin Farsça karşılığı olan bîzebân adıyla da anılır. Osmanlılar’dan önceki devletlerin hükümdar saraylarında da bulunan bu görevlilerin istihdamında hükümdara, hânedan üyelerine ve devlet adamlarına hizmet etmeleri dolayısıyla güvenlik ve konuşulan devlet işlerinin dışarıya yansıtılmama gerekçesi rol oynamış olmalıdır. Dilsizlerin Osmanlı sarayına alınmaları Fâtih Sultan Mehmed döneminde veya bir rivayete göre Yıldırım Bayezid zamanında gerçekleşmiştir.
Doğuştan sağır ve dilsiz olan siyah veya beyaz hadım ların en zekilerinden seçilen bu zümre mensupları esas olarak Seferli Koğuşu’na bağlıydılar. Ayrıca Enderun koğuşlarında da her birinde üç veya beş görevli bulunmak üzere istihdam edilirlerdi. P. Rycaut’ya göre XVII. yüzyıl ortalarında sayıları kırk olan dilsizlerin aynı yüzyılın ortalarında Harem’de bir, Has Oda’da iki, Hazine Koğuşu’nda yedi, Kiler Koğuşu’nda dört, Seferli Koğuşu’nda ise on bir olmak üzere yirmi beş kişi kadar oldukları anlaşılmaktadır. Bunların başlarında “başdilsiz” adı verilen idarecileri bulunurdu.
Dilsizler kıdemleri arttıkça “soyunuk eski, bıçaklı eski” gibi Enderun’a has unvanlar alırlar ve başdilsizliğe kadar yükselebilirlerdi. Kıdemli olanlar kendilerine ait camekânlarda dinlenme, eskiler sofrasında yemek yeme gibi birtakım imtiyazlar elde edebilirlerdi. Ancak başdilsiz Enderun’daki bütün dilsizlerin âmiri durumunda değildi. Dilsizler bulundukları koğuş âmirinin nezaretinde o koğuşun günlük hayat düzeni içinde yaşarlardı. Taklitçilikte usta olan dilsizler padişah musâhipliğine ayrılır ve cüceler gibi çeşitli soytarılıklarla padişahı eğlendirirlerdi. Dilsizlerin asıl vazifesi padişah kapısında nöbet tutmak, onun sadrazam ve şeyhülislâmla özel görüşmelerinde iç hizmette bulunmak, padişah haremde iken kapı beklemekti. Belli bir hizmet süresinden sonra başdilsiz ve dilsizlerden isteyenler muayyen maaşlarla emekli edilerek saraydan çıkarılırlardı; çıkmak istemeyenlerse ömürlerinin sonuna kadar sarayda kalabilirlerdi. Fakat başdilsizlik makamında uzun süre kalarak bu kadroyu işgal edenler, buraya aday olan dilsizlerin düşmanlığını kazanırlardı (Atâ Bey, I, 172). Uygunsuz durumları görülen dilsizler belli bir maaşla saraydan çıkarılır, suçu daha büyük olanlarsa uzak eyaletlere sürgüne gönderilirdi.
Önceleri sadece sarayda istihdam edilen dilsizler daha sonra Bâbıâli’de, özellikle XIX. yüzyılda Meclis-i Hâs’ta gizli meselelerin görüşülmesi sırasında da kullanılmaya başlandı. 1819 yılında İstanbul’a gelen Fransa elçisi Vicomte de Marsellus hâtıralarında, II. Mahmud tarafından kabulü sırasında sarayda siyah ve beyaz dilsizler gördüğünden bahsetmektedir. Bazı belgelerden anlaşıldığına göre câriyeler arasında da cüceler ve dilsizler vardı. Kalfalığa yükselen câriyelerin kendilerine mahsus dilsiz hizmetçileri olurdu; hatta dilsizlerden ustalığa yükselenlere bile rastlanırdı. II. Abdülhamid, imparatorluğu otuz üç yıl idare ettiği Yıldız Sarayı’nda gizli haberlerin dışarıya ulaştırılmasında ve bazı şeylerin saraya getirilmesinde cüce ve dilsizlerden faydalanmıştır (Uluçay, s. 8, 15). Bu zümre varlığını devletin yıkılışına kadar korumuştur.
Dilsizler padişah ve devlet erkânı ile özel işaretlerle anlaşır, verilen emirleri ustalıkla ve en kısa yoldan gerekli yerlere iletirlerdi. Bu bakımdan padişahın gizli emirlerini arz ağaları denilen Dârüssaâde ağasına, kapı ağasına, silâhdar ağaya, başçuhadar vb. ağalara çok defa bunlar tebliğ ederlerdi. Bu özellikleri sebebiyle oldukça rağbet gören dilsizlerin en kalabalık ve etkili oldukları dönem III. Murad’ın saltanatı zamanıdır (1574-1595). Dilsizler cücelerle birlikte padişahı etkileri altına almışlar, hatta uzun süre saraydan cuma selâmlığına çıkmasını dahi önlemişlerdi. III. Mehmed tarafından bunların çoğu saraydan uzaklaştırılmışsa da (Selânikî, II, 441) Sultan İbrâhim ve IV. Mehmed döneminde yine devlet işlerinde etkili bir rol oynamışlardır.
Nöbette olmadıkları zamanlarda Ağalar Camii önünde toplu olarak bekleyen dilsizler aralarında işaretle konuşurlardı. Bu konuşma sadece bazı belirli şeyleri anlatmaktan ibaret olmayıp masal, hikâye nakletme, dinî ve hukukî konuları tartışma derecesine varabilirdi (Rycaut , s. 34). Bunların bir kısmının okuma yazma bildiği (Atâ Bey, I, 171), bazılarının da dışarıya bilgi sızdırdıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim Sadrazam Köprülüzâde Fâzıl Mustafa Paşa, kızlar ağasının Sultan II. Ahmed’e kendi aleyhinde söylediği sözleri Mehmed adlı bir dilsizden öğrenmişti (Kantemir, III, 211-212). Padişahların şehir içi gezilerinde halka çil para dağıtma hizmetini de dilsizler yapardı. Biniş denilen padişah gezilerine çok defa musâhip dilsizler de katılır, çeşitli komikliklerle padişahı eğlendirirlerdi (Hızır İlyas, s. 80-81). Dilsizler cellât olarak da vazife görmüşlerdir. Nitekim Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın oğlu Mustafa’nın bunlar tarafından boğularak idam edildiği bilinmektedir. XVII. yüzyılda İstanbul’a gelen J. B. Tavernier’ye göre dilsizler ve cüceler boş zamanlarını genellikle kavuk sararak geçirirlerdi (Topkapı Sarayında Yaşam , s. 82). Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın, son seferi esnasında Sigetvar’da vefatı üzerine öteki Enderun halkı gibi dilsizlerin de çullar giyip matem tuttuklarını Selânikî kaydeder (Târih , I, 50).
Mûtat ulûfelerinden başka öteki rikâb hizmetkârları gibi nöbetçi dilsizlerin de rikâb-ı hümâyuna dahil olanlardan aldıkları belli aidatları vardı. Ayrıca kendilerine bayramlarda üçer esvaplık kumaş verilirdi. Padişahın diğer iç oğlanlarıyla birlikte zaman zaman dilsizlere de birer altın ihsan etmesi âdetti (Koçi Bey, s. 83; TV , I, 468). Bahşiş tutarlarının yılda kişi başına 30 altını bulduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Dilsizlerin özel üniformaları ve merasim kıyafetleri vardı. Bayram ve cuma günleri bol yenli istüfeden ağır kaftan üzerine bol yenli kontoş kürk giyerler, başlarına Has odalılara mahsus “düz kaş” denilen işlemeli kavuk takarlar, bellerine de donluk şal kuşanırlardı; ayrıca bellerinde altın köstekli, mücevherli bıçak taşırlardı. Normal günlerde de başlarına, sol tarafına sırmadan uzunca bir dil resmi bulunan kısa takke, sırtlarına öteki koğuş mensuplarının giydiği kaftan ve dolama giyerler, bellerine de kanun kuşağı, yazın ise şal kuşanırlardı. Dolamaları gül, şeftali veya menekşe renkli çuhadandı. Dilsizler evlerine gidince öteki ağalar gibi başlarına paşalı kavuğu giyerler, bellerine donluk şal kuşanırlardı. Başdilsizlikten nanpâre alanların, yani belli bir tahsisat veya musâhiplikle çırağ buyurulanların öteki musâhipler gibi mevsime göre arkalarına bol yenli kürk, başlarına ise yine paşalı kavuğu giymeleri âdetti (Atâ Bey, I, 283).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , I, 50, 258, 264; II, 441, 444, 518.
Koçi Bey, Risâle (Aksüt) , s. 83.
“Sadrazam Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Paşa Lâyihası” (nşr. Faik Reşit Unat), TV , I, 468.
J. B. Tavernier, Topkapı Sarayında Yaşam (trc. Perran Üstündağ), İstanbul 1984, s. 82.
Rycaut , s. 34-35.
D. Kantemir, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Yükseliş ve Çöküş Tarihi (trc. Özdemir Çobanoğlu), Ankara 1980, III, 211-212, 442.
D’Ohsson, Tableau général , VII, 45.
Hızır İlyas, Târîh-i Enderûn , İstanbul 1276, s. 80-81, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Atâ Bey, Târih , I, 171-172, 283.
Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye , s. 305.
a.mlf., Saray Teşkilâtı , s. 55, 75, 88, 311, 330.
Danişmend, Kronoloji , II, 284.
İsmail H. Baykal, Enderun Mektebi Tarihi , İstanbul 1953, s. 62-65.
Reşat Ekrem Koçu, Topkapı Sarayı , İstanbul, ts., s. 133.
M. Çağatay Uluçay, Harem , Ankara 1985, s. 8, 15, 141.
TA , XIII, 277.
Pakalın , I, 237.
B. Lewis, “Dilsiz”, EI2 (Fr.) , II, 285-286.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 304-305 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.