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BAHÂEDDİN NAKŞİBEND Skip to content Hâce Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Buhârî (ö. 791/1389)
Nakşibendiyye tarikatının kurucusu.
718’de (1318) Buhara yakınlarında daha sonra Kasrıârifân adını alacak olan Kasrıhindûvân köyünde doğdu. Hz. Peygamber’in neslinden olduğunu, dedeleri arasında İmam Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın da bulunduğunu ileri süren rivayetler ihtiyatla karşılanmalıdır (bk. Gulâm Server Lâhûrî, I, 545). Mürşidi Emîr Külâl’in Hüseynî bir seyyid olduğuna işaret eden eski kaynaklar ona böyle bir nesep atfetmemektedirler. Bu hususta Bahâeddin’in aile nesebiyle tarikat silsilesinin birbirine karıştırılmış olması mümkündür.
Bahâeddin üç günlük bebek iken o sırada doğduğu köyde bulunan dedesinin mürşidi Baba Muhammed Semmâsî tarafından mânevî evlât olarak kabul edildi. Semmâsî, beraberinde bulunan müridi Emîr Külâl’i Bahâeddin’in tasavvuf terbiyesi için görevlendirdi. Onun Semmâsî ve Emîr Külâl ile ilişkileri hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi yoktur. Muhtemelen evlenme çağına geldiğinde dedesinin kendisi için seçtiği gelin adayı ile evlenmesi hususunda görüşünü alması için huzuruna gönderdiği zamana kadar Semmâsî’yi görmemiştir (Câmî, s. 381).
Bahâeddin Nakşibend uzun yıllar Emîr Külâl’in yanında kaldı. Henüz kemale ulaşmadığı halde halinden memnun görünmesi üzerine mürşidi onu tekkeye abdest suyu taşımakla görevlendirdi (Mevlânâ Şehâbeddin, vr. 40a-b , 49a ). Tarikat âdâb ve erkânını öğrendiği bu dönemde gördüğü bir rüya üzerine, kendisinin doğumundan yaklaşık bir asır önce (617/1220) vefat etmiş olan Abdülhâliḳ-ı Gucdüvânî’nin ruhaniyetine intisap etti ve Üveysî lakabını aldı. Onun ayrıca uzun yıllar Hakîm et-Tirmizî’nin (ö. 320/932) ruhaniyetinden faydalanması da Üveysîliği ile ilgilidir (bk. ÜVEYSÎLİK ). Bir gün Buhara’da mezarları dolaşırken yakın zamanda vefat eden Semmâsî’den Gucdüvânî’ye kadar ulaşan sûfîleri mâna âleminde müşahede etti. Bu sırada Gucdüvânî kendisine dinin emir ve yasaklarına uymasını, ruhsat lara ilgi göstermemesini, azîmet lere sadık kalmasını, Hz. Peygamber ve ashabının yolundan gitmesini tavsiye etmiştir. Bu olay Bahâeddin’in ruhî hayatında büyük bir değişiklik yaparak cehrî zikirden hafî zikre yönelmesine yol açtı. Bahâeddin’in bu olaydan sonra Emîr Külâl’in mürid halkasından ayrılarak kendisini yalnız hafî zikre vermeye başlaması dervişler arasında tartışmalara ve memnuniyetsizliklere sebep oldu. Fakat şeyhi Emîr Külâl’e gösterdiği saygıda bir değişiklik olmadı ve onun gittikçe artan iltifatını kazandı. Emîr Külâl de müridlerine Bahâeddin’e karşı olan bu tutumlarının yanlış olduğunu söyleyerek onu savundu. Emîr Külâl, doğduğu Sûhârî köyünde yapılan bir camiye tuğla taşımakta olan Bahâeddin’i çağırarak sülûkünü tamamladığını, artık Türk ve Tacik bütün şeyhlerden faydalanabileceğini söyledi. Bundan sonra Hâce Bahâeddin şeyhinin bir diğer müridi Mevlânâ Ârif Dikgerânî’nin sohbetlerine katıldı. Daha sonra Yûsuf el-Hemedânî’nin neslinden Yeseviyye tarikatı mensubu iki Türk şeyh ile ilgi kurdu. Bunlardan Kusem Şeyh ile ilişkisi kısa sürdü; Halil Ata’nın yanında ise on iki yıl kaldı. İlgili kaynaklarda görülen bütün karışıklıklara rağmen Halil Ata’nın, 748 (1347) yılına kadar Çağatay Hanlığı’nda hüküm süren Kazan (Gazan) Han ile aynı kişi olabileceği ileri sürülmektedir (Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş , s. 63). Menâḳıb-ı Emîr Külâl ’e göre Bahâeddin bu zalim hükümdar bir isyanla devrilinceye kadar onun yanında bulunmuştur. Bu ilişki tarikat ehlinin yöneticileri ikaz etmesi şeklinde yorumlanmış ise de (Togan, “Gazan-Han Halil ve Hoca Bahâeddin Nakşbend”, Necati Lugal Armağanı , s. 775-784) söz konusu dönemi onun mânevî hayatı açısından bir duraklama devri olarak değerlendirmek daha doğru olur.
Uzun süren çok yönlü müridlik devresini tamamladıktan sonra doğum yeri Kasrıhindûvân’a dönerek müridlerini yetiştirmeye başlayan Bahâeddin daha sonra ikisi hac için olmak üzere üç defa Buhara’yı terketti. İkinci hac yolculuğunda üç gün kaldığı Herat’ta Zeyniyye tarikatının kurucusu Zeynüddin el-Hâfî’yi ziyaret etti. Bir müddet sonra Hükümdar Muizzüddin Hüseyin’in davetlisi olarak yine Herat’a bir defa daha giderek bu ziyaret esnasında tasavvuf anlayışını ve tarikatının esaslarını hükümdara anlattı (Câmî, s. 386).
3 Rebîülevvel 791 (2 Mart 1389) tarihinde doğduğu köyde vefat eden Bahâeddin cenaze merasiminde şu beytin okunmasını istemişti: “Büyük müflisleriz köyünde ey şâh / Cemâlinden kılarız şey’en lillâh.” Kasrıârifân daha sonraki yıllarda Bahâeddin (Buharalılar’ın telaffuzuna göre Baveddin) adını almış, Nakşibendiyye tarikatı kuruluşunu tamamlayıp yayıldıkça mezarın etrafında geniş bir külliye oluşmuştur. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında bu külliyenin aylık kira gelirleri binlerce ruble tutuyordu (K. Bendrikov, s. 29). Buhara ile Bahâeddin Nakşibend arasında kurulan mânevî bağ o kadar kuvvetli olmuştur ki Buharalılar onu “Hâce-i belâ-gerdân” (belayı defeden hâce) diye anmışlar (Câmî, s. 385) ve şehrin mânevî koruyucusu saymışlardır. Bahâeddin’in mânevî varlığı Buhara’nın bütün Orta Asya müslümanları için bir ilim ve kutsiyet merkezi haline gelmesinde önemli bir faktör olmuştur.
Bahâeddin kurduğu tarikatın mensuplarınca özellikle Türkiye’de Şâh-ı Nakşibend unvanıyla tanınır. Nakşibend unvanının taşıdığı mâna ve bu unvanın ona ne zaman ve nasıl verildiği konusunda ilk Nakşibendî kaynaklarında bilgi yoktur. Sonraları bu unvanın devamlı yapılan hafî zikrin kalpte bıraktığı “nakş”a (iz) bir işaret olduğu söylenmiş ve bu yorum genel kabul görmüştür (Abdülmecîd el-Hânî, s. 9).
Bahâeddin Nakşibend’in tasavvufî görüşlerini ihtiva eden herhangi bir eseri bugüne ulaşmadığı için bu konuda ancak kendisi hakkında telif edilen eserlerde nakledilen menkıbelerden hareketle bazı sonuçlara ulaşmak mümkün olmaktadır.
Semâ ve halveti mânevî gelişme yolları olarak kabul etmemesi, onun tasavvuf terbiyesinde hafî zikre verdiği önemle yakından ilgilidir (Câmî, s. 386). Bir tarikat silsilesine bağlanmanın kendi başına bir şey ifade etmeyeceğini söyleyen Bahâeddin Nakşibend kerametlerin de fazla bir değer taşımadığı kanaatindedir. Müridleri için belli bir giyim tarzından kaçınması, tekkede oturmayı sevmemesi, kısaca geleneksel sûfîliğin birçok yönünü kabul etmemesi, IV. (X.) yüzyılda Nîşâbur’da doğan Melâmetiyye hareketini hatırlatmaktadır. Nitekim Muhammed Pârsâ’ya göre Melâmetîler’i anlamak, Nakşibendîler’i anlamak için önemli bir adımdır (Tevhide Giriş , s. 597). Bu da Bahâeddin’in sadece silsilesinde adı geçen şeyhlerin değil aynı zamanda Melâmetîler’in de vârisi olarak kabul edilmesini mümkün kılar.
Döneminin sûfîleri yanında müderrisler de kendisine saygı duymuş, o da devrinin âlimlerine hürmet etmiştir. Nitekim Mevlânâ Hamîdüddin’e tasavvufî görüşlerini arzederek yanlışı varsa düzeltilmesini istemişti. Çünkü Bahâeddin’e göre, “Bilmiyorsanız zikir ehline sorunuz” (el-Enbiyâ 21/7) âyeti ilim adamlarına danışmayı emretmektedir (Câmî, s. 426).
Bahâeddin’e atfedilen birçok şiir ve risâlenin ona ait olması imkânsız gibidir. Ancak eski Nakşibendî metinlerinde geçmeyip okunması da Nakşibendî âdâbının bir parçası olmamakla birlikte onun adını taşıyan el-Evrâdü’l-Bahâʾiyye kendisi tarafından telif edilmiş olabilir. Bahâeddin’in sözleri başkalarının telif ettiği eserler yoluyla günümüze intikal etmiştir. Bunların başlıcaları Fahreddin Ali Sâfî’nin Reşeḥât ’ı, Abdurrahman-ı Câmî’nin Nefeḥât ’ı, Selâhaddîn-i Buhârî’nin Enîsü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn ’i ve en önemlisi Hâce Muhammed Pârsâ’nın Risâle-i Ḳudsiyye ’sidir. Pârsâ (ö. 822/1419) Buhara’nın önemli âlimlerinden biri olup Bahâeddin’in önde gelen halifelerindendir. Bahâeddin Nakşibend’in bir hac esnasında onu başhalife olarak tayin ettiği sanılmaktadır. Bazı rivayetlere göre Bahâeddin bu tayini ölüm yatağında iken de tekrarlamış, ancak damadı Hâce Alâeddin Attâr başhalife olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Nakşibendî silsilesinin sürdürülmesini sağlaması bakımından en önemli halifesi Mevlânâ Ya‘kūb-i Çerhî’dir (ö. 851/1448). Çerhî’nin yetiştirdiği Ubeydullah Ahrâr (ö. 895/1490), Nakşibendî tarikatının Orta Asya’da en önemli tarikat olmasını ve bütün İslâm dünyasına yayılmasını sağlamıştır.
Bahâeddin’in, mensup olduğu silsilenin herhangi bir parçası olarak görülmeyip merkez halka sayılmasının sebebini tesbit etmek zordur. Nakşibendî silsilesinin Bahâeddin’den önceki devirleri hakkında bilgi veren kaynaklara göre tarikat, Yûsuf el-Hemedânî zamanından Bahâeddin zamanına kadar, Hemedânî ve ardından gelenlerin taşıdığı “hâce” lakabına işaret olarak “tarîk-i hâcegân” diye anılmakta iken Bahâeddin’den itibaren “tarîk-i Nakşibendî” adıyla tanınmıştır (bk. Bağdâdî, s. 22). Öte yandan Bahâeddin’in ölümünden bir asırdan fazla bir zaman geçtikten sonra Abdurrahman-ı Câmî tarikatın usullerini anlatan risâlesine Serrişte-i Ṭarîḳ-i Ḫâcegân (Kâbil 1343 hş.) adını vermiştir. Nakşibendiyye tarikatının başlangıcı, tarikatın prensiplerini “kelimât-ı kudsiyye” olarak bilinen Farsça sekiz terimle (bk. HÂCEGÂN ) özetleyen ve kendisinden hâcegân silsilesinin ilk halkası olarak bahsedilen Abdülhâliḳ-ı Gucdüvânî’ye kadar götürülebilir. Nitekim Bahâeddin’in Gucdüvânî’nin ruhaniyetine intisabı onun silsiledeki önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Bahâeddin’in, silsilenin daha önceki mensuplarınca zaman zaman uygulanan hafî zikir üzerindeki ısrarı onun adını taşıyan tarikatın hüviyetini tayin edici bir rol oynamıştır. Daha sonra gelen İmâm-ı Rabbânî (ö. 1034/1624) ve Hâlid el-Bağdâdî (ö. 1242/1827) gibi Nakşibendî müceddidleri yeni ve müstakil tarikat kurucuları değil Nakşibendiyye tarikatının muhtelif kollarının kurucuları olarak görülürler. Bahâeddin’in mânevî gelişmesinde Yeseviyye vasıtasıyla Türk tesirinin de göz ardı edilmemesi lâzımdır. Nakşibendîlik Bahâeddin’in ölümünden üç nesil sonra Orta Asya Türk kavimleri arasında yayılmaya ve giderek evrensel bir çekicilik kazanmaya başlamıştır.
Bahâeddin’e nisbet edilen bazı şiirlerle Silkü’l-envâr , Hediyyetü’s-sâlikîn ve tuḥfetü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn (Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 173; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 2042), Ḥayâtnâme , Delîlü’l-ʿâşıḳīn (Hüseyin Vassâf, II, 8-18) gibi risâleler büyük bir ihtimalle ona ait değildir.
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İBA , I, 302-306.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 458-460 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.