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BATTAL GAZİ Skip to content BATTAL GAZİ (ö. 122/740 [?]) Emevîler devrinde Anadolu’da Bizans’a karşı yapılan savaşlarda ün kazanmış, müslümanlar ve bilhassa Türkler arasında büyük bir gazi-velî hüviyetiyle yüceltilip destan kahramanı yapılmış müslüman emîr.
Müellif: Ahmet Yaşar Ocak
Tarihî şahsiyetiyle menkıbevî şahsiyeti kaynaklarda ve hâfızalarda birbirine karışmış, Endülüs’ten Orta Asya’ya kadar bütün müslüman milletlerin ortak malı haline gelmiş olan Battal Gazi’nin gerçek hüviyetiyle efsanevî hüviyetini birbirinden ayrı olarak ele almak gerekir. Battal Gazi’den bahseden Ya‘kūbî ve Taberî’den başlayarak Evliya Çelebi’ye gelinceye kadar Mes‘ûdî, İbn Asâkir, İbnü’l-Esîr, Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî, İbn Şâkir el-Kütübî, İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, Zehebî, İbn Kesîr, Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî gibi pek çok kaynakta tarih ve menkıbe iç içedir. Bu malzemeye dayanarak Battal Gazi’nin tarihî şahsiyetini ortaya koymak oldukça zordur. Mevcut rivayetler tarihî tenkide tâbi tutulup menkıbeler bir kenara bırakılınca Battal Gazi hakkında elde çok az ve yetersiz bilgi kalmaktadır.
Hemen hemen bütün kaynaklar, “Battal” kelimesinin onun asıl adı değil kahramanlığını belirten lakabı olduğunu ve asıl adının Abdullah olduğunu bildirirler. Buna karşılık aynı kaynaklar künyesi için Ebû Yahyâ, Ebû Hüseyin veya Ebû Muhammed, babası için Hüseyin, Ömer yahut Amr gibi farklı isimler kaydeder. Ayrıca ailesi hakkındaki bilgiler de birbirini tutmaz. Hatta İbnü’l-Esîr’e göre Battal Gazi aslen Arap bile olmayıp Emevîler’e intisap etmiş âzatlı bir köle ailesinden gelmektedir (el-Kâmil, V, 129).
Bazı rivayetlerde IX. yüzyılda, yani Abbâsî Halifesi Hârûnürreşîd zamanında (786-809) Malatya civarında yaşamış gösterilirse de (Târîh-i Taberî-i Kebîr Tercümesi, III, 512; Evliya Çelebi, III, 13-14) bu doğru değildir. Onun bu şekilde Abbâsîler devrine yerleştirilmesi Battalnâme’deki menkıbelerin tesiriyledir. Bundan dolayı Taberî ve zikredilen kaynakların çoğunluğunun da gösterdiği gibi Battal Gazi’yi VIII. yüzyılda Emevîler devrinde yaşamış kabul etmek gerçeğe daha yakındır. Nitekim Battal Gazi’den bahseden Bizanslı Theophanes ve Süryânî müellif Tell Mahreli Denys gibi klasik hıristiyan yazarlarının eserleri de bunu teyit etmektedir (meselâ bk. Brooks, s. 578 vd.).
Bu durumda Battal Gazi’nin bilhassa 717-740 yılları dolaylarında, Emevîler’in Bizans’a karşı yürüttükleri mücadelelerde rol aldığını ve hem müslüman hem de hıristiyan kaynaklara yansıyan efsanevî şöhretini bu sırada kazandığını kabul etmek gerekiyor. Belirtilen kaynaklar Battal Gazi’nin Bizanslılar’la Anadolu’da yaptığı mücadeleleri ayrıntılı olarak zikrederler. Târîḫu’ṭ-Ṭaberî’nin Ebû Ali Bel‘amî tarafından yapılan Farsça tercümesine göre o ilk defa 717 yılında Mesleme b. Abdülmelik’in yönettiği İstanbul kuşatmasında kendini göstermiştir (H. Zotenberg, IV, 239-240). Öteki kaynaklar da Battal Gazi’nin katıldığı yahut bizzat idare ettiği muharebeleri menkıbevî bir üslûpla ve bütün teferruatıyla anlatırlar. Bu hikâyelerde onun yanında Abdülvehhâb b. Buht adında bir başka kahraman daha dikkati çeker ki biz bu şahsiyete Abdülvehhab Gazi adıyla Türkçe Battalnâme’de de rastlıyoruz (meselâ bk. Menâkıb-ı Gazavât-ı Sultan Seyyid Battal Gazi, İstanbul 1317).
Battal Gazi’nin muharebelerini anlatan söz konusu kaynakların zikrettikleri bölge, şehir ve kasaba isimlerine bakıldığında onun başta Kayseri, Afyon ve Eskişehir yöresi olmak üzere, el-Cezîre (Güneydoğu Anadolu dahil) ve Suriye bölgelerinde faaliyet gösterdiği görülür. Hiç şüphesiz bu coğrafya gerçek muharebelerin vuku bulduğu coğrafyanın aynı olmalıdır. Battalnâme başta olmak üzere Evliya Çelebi, Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî ve Müneccimbaşı gibi Türk kaynakları ise onu daha ziyade Malatya yöresinde savaşmış gösterirler ki (meselâ bk. Evliya Çelebi, IV, 11) bu tamamiyle Abbâsîler dönemi Bizans mücadelelerinin menkıbeleşmiş şekillerinin Battal Gazi’nin şahsiyeti etrafında toplanmasından ileri gelmiştir. Osmanlı kaynakları bunları tarihî vak‘alar olarak kabul etmişlerdir.
Battal Gazi’nin ölümü ile ilgili rivayetler de muhteliftir. Fakat bunların gerçeği yansıtanı Theophanes, Taberî, İbnü’l-Esîr ve İbn Kesîr tarafından kaydedilen rivayet olup buna göre Battal Gazi, bugün Eskişehir’in güneybatısında yer alan Seyitgazi kasabasının bulunduğu antik Akroinon mevkiindeki bir muharebe sırasında şehid olmuş ve oraya defnedilmiştir. Belirtilen kaynaklar onun ölüm tarihini 113 (731), 122 (740) ve 123 (741) olarak zikrederler. Buna göre Battal Gazi’nin milâdî 730’lu veya 740’lı yıllarda Akroinon mevkiinde şehid düştüğü kabul edilebilir.
Battal Gazi’nin menkıbevî şahsiyetine gelince, Arap vekāyi‘nâmelerinde anlatılanların çizdiği Battal Gazi portresinin geniş ölçüde Türk kaynaklarının tasvir ettiği portreye benzediği hemen dikkati çeker. Arap vekāyi‘nâmelerine göre o hıristiyanların çok korktuğu bir cengâverdir. Anneler yaramazlık yapan çocuklarını onunla korkuturlar, çocuklarına onun kim olduğunu öğretmek için kiliselerinde portresini bulundururlar. Battal Gazi sık sık kilise ve manastırlara saldırır, rahiplerle temas halindedir. Ele geçirmek istediği kale ve şehirleri bazan kılıç kuvvetiyle bazan zekâsını kullanarak kendisine bağlar. Bu tablo Türkçe Battalnâme’ye de uygundur.
Battal Gazi’nin menkıbevî şahsiyeti Anadolu Türkleri arasında da kendisini kuvvetle ortaya koymaktadır. Onlar bu müslüman Arap kumandanını asıl hüviyetinden çıkarıp klasik bir Türk alpı şeklinde düşünmüşler ve Battalnâme’yi muhtemelen XI. yüzyılın sonlarıyla XIII. yüzyılın başları arasındaki dönem içinde bu anlayışa göre teşekkül ettirmişlerdir.
Battal Gazi’nin Türkler arasında bu kadar çok sevilip bir gazi-velî (veya alp eren) hüviyetiyle yüceltilmesinde, şehid düştüğü yerde eski bir Bizans manastırının yanında bulunan mezarının I. Alâeddin Keykubad’ın (1220-1237) annesi tarafından bir rüya sonucu keşfedildiğini nakleden rivayetin herhalde önemli bir katkısı bulunmalıdır. Nitekim I. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev, hanımının arzusu ile buraya derhal bir türbe ve bir de mescid yaptırmıştır. Böylece ileride Osmanlılar devrinde büyük bir külliye haline gelecek olan binaların (Seyyid Battal Gazi Külliyesi) ilkinin temeli atılmış oluyordu. Burası Anadolu Selçukluları devrinden itibaren kısa zamanda bir ziyaretgâh haline gelerek bir yerleşme merkezi olmuş ve bugünkü Seyitgazi kasabası kurulmuştur.
Battal Gazi daha Selçuklular devrinden itibaren Anadolu’da bilhassa heterodoks zümreler (önce Kalenderîler, sonra Bektaşîler ve Alevîler) tarafından çok benimsenip yüceltilmiştir. Bu olay sosyal psikoloji ve kültür tarihi açısından ayrı bir önem taşır. Burada dikkatlerden kaçmaması gereken husus, gerçekte Hz. Ali ve soyuna hiç de iyi gözle bakmayan bir hânedana, Emevîler’e mensup bir şahsiyetin, bu niteliğinin unutularak en ön safta gelen bir evliya mertebesine çıkarılmış olmasıdır. Böylece, tabir câizse, Emevî kumandanı Battal Gazi, heterodoks Türk zümreleri arasında yerini Hz. Ali soyundan gelen Seyyid Battal Gazi’ye bırakmıştır.
Battal Gazi Anadolu insanını gerek kahramanlığı gerekse evliya hüviyetiyle o derece etkiledi ki daha XIII. yüzyılda, o zaman Anadolu’nun hemen her tarafında kalabalık kitleler halinde görülmeye başlayan Kalenderî dervişleri onu kendilerine pîr kabul etmekte tereddüt göstermediler. Türbesinin yanındaki eski Bizans manastırı daha o zamanlar Kalenderîler’in merkez tekkesi durumuna yükseldi ve bu mevkiini XVI. yüzyılın son çeyreğine kadar korudu. Kalenderîler’in kurban bayramına rastlayan ve Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki bütün Kalenderîler’i bir araya toplayan “Mahya” denilen yıllık âyinleri bu tekkede icra ediliyordu (Menavino, s. 56-58; Baudier, s. 186-187). XVI. yüzyılın başlarında Kalenderîliğin içinden gelişip bağımsız bir tarikat halini alan Bektaşîlik, pek çok şey gibi Battal Gazi kültünü de devraldı. Bektaşî şairleri XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren gerek Battal Gazi’yi gerekse babası Hüseyin Gazi’yi hürmetle yâdeden nefesler söylediler. Aynı şekilde Alevî zümreler de onu büyük evliyadan saydılar. Alevî şairleri terennüm ettikleri nefeslerin bir kısmını ona adadıkları gibi bir kısmında da onu tebcil ettiler; ayrıca Battal Gazi’nin ve babasının kahramanlıklarını anlatan uzun manzum destanlar yazdılar (bk. Halid Turhan’ın Türk Yurdu dergisinin 1930 yılına ait bazı sayılarındaki seri makaleleri).
Battal Gazi Sünnî halk şairleri tarafından da XV. yüzyıldan beri hem gazilik ve kahramanlık, hem de evliyalık yönleri vurgulanarak methedilegelmiştir. Bugün de ona methiyeler yazan şairler vardır (meselâ bk. Köksal, s. 31-35).
Battal Gazi, asıl erken devirlerden itibaren Osmanlı gazileri arasında da büyük bir saygıya mazhar olmuştur. Kaynaklarımız hiç olmazsa XV. yüzyıldan beri savaşa giden gazilerin onu “gazilerin ulusu” kabul ettiklerini gösteriyor (bk. Şeyhî Muhyiddin Çelebi, vr. 26a ). Askerler yola çıkmadan evvel onun türbesini ziyaret ediyor ve ruhaniyetinden yardım diliyorlardı. Michel Baudier, XVII. yüzyılın başlarında, artık cephelerde Avrupalılar tarafından sıkıştırılan ve seri mağlûbiyetlerin acısını tadan Osmanlı askerlerinin Battal Gazi’nin türbesine sık sık uğrayıp dua ve niyazda bulunmaya özen gösterdiklerini belirtir (Histoire Générale, s. 208).
Battal Gazi’nin kahraman bir evliya olarak günümüzde hâlâ halk tarafından saygı gördüğü ve başta Seyitgazi’deki ve eski Malatya’da Aspuzu Bağları içindeki türbesi olmak üzere (bk. Evliya Çelebi, IV, 11; müellif burada kendi zamanında bir de tekke olduğunu yazıyorsa da bugün bundan bir iz yoktur), ona nisbet edilen diğer türbelerin büyük bir saygıyla ziyaret edildiği bilinmektedir. Adına hâlâ romanlar yazılmakta, sinema filmleri yapılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ya‘kūbî, Târîḫ , II, 395. Taberî, Târîḫ (de Goeje), II, 1559, 1561, 1716. Târîh-i Taberî-i Kebîr Tercümesi, İstanbul 1328, III, 512. Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Meynard), VIII, 74. İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , V, 129, 132, 134, 186-187. İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, Mesâlik (Taeschner), s. 64-66. Zehebî, Târîḫu’l-İslâm, Kahire 1367, IV, 227; V, 26. A. Menavino, I Costumi et la Vita Turchi, Fiorenza 1551, s. 56-58. Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , III, 13-14; IV, 11. Şeyhî Muhyiddin Çelebi, Divan, İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 9495, vr. 26a . M. Baudier, Histoire Générale de la Religion des Turcs, Paris 1625, s. 186-187, 208. H. Zotenberg, Chronique d’Abou Dja’far Mohammed b. Djarir Tabarî Traduit sur la Version Persane, Paris 1874, IV, 239-240. Menâkıb-ı Gazavât-ı Sultan Seyyid Battal Gazi, İstanbul 1317. Şükrî, Seyyid Battal Gazi: Tarihçesi ve İlhamî Divanı, İstanbul 1334. F. W. Hasluck, Bektaşîlik Tedkikleri (trc. Râgıp Hulûsi), İstanbul 1928, s. 13, 64 vd. a.mlf., Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, Oxford 1929, II, 709-710. S. Nüzhet Ergun, Bektâşî Şairleri, İstanbul 1930, s. 233, 271 vd. Hasan Köksal, Battalnâmelerde Tip ve Motif Yapısı, Ankara 1984, s. 31-35. E. W. Brooks, “The Sources of Theophanes and the Syriac Chronicles”, BZ , XV (1906), s. 578 vd. Th. Menzel, “Das Bektâši-Kloster Sejjid-i Ghâzi”, MSOS , XXVIII/2 (1925), s. 92-125. Irène Mélikoff, “Notes turca-caucasiennes: Bâbek le Hurremî et Seyyid Battal”, Revue de Kartvélologie, sy. 41-42, Paris 1962, s. 72-81. a.mlf. – M. Canard, “al-Baṭṭāl”, EI2 (Fr.), I, 1136. a.mlf.ler, “el-Baṭṭâl”, UDMİ , IV, 597-601. Suraiya Faroqi, “Seyyid Gazi Rivisited”, Turcica, XIII, Paris 1981, s. 90-122. Pertev N. Boratav, “Battal”, İA , II, 344-351.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 204-205 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.