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BEDAHŞAN Skip to content Kuzeydoğu Afganistan’da bir idarî bölge.
1/2 Müellif: MEHMET SARAY Bölüme Git
Afgan Türkistanı olarak da bilinen bölgenin kuzeyinde Amuderya, güneyinde Hindukuş dağları, doğusunda Doğu Türkistan, batısında ise Kunduz ırmağı bulu…
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
EDEBİYAT. Klasik Türk ve İran edebiyatlarında altından sonra adına en çok rastlanan kıymetli madenlerden biri olan la‘lin en meşhur cinsi, çıktığı Bed…
Afgan Türkistanı olarak da bilinen bölgenin kuzeyinde Amuderya, güneyinde Hindukuş dağları, doğusunda Doğu Türkistan, batısında ise Kunduz ırmağı bulunur. Kısmen dağlık görünüşte yüksek bir yayla olan Bedahşan’ın en hareketli kesimi ve en canlı ticaret alanı Gökçesu (Kökçesu) vadisidir. Önceleri Bedahşan isminin de bu vadide çok bulunduğu söylenen bedahş/belahş (> Fr. balais, İng. balas) adındaki pembe yakuttan (la‘l-i Bedahşî, la‘l-i Bedahşânî) geldiği ileri sürülmüşse de daha sonra bunun aksinin söz konusu olduğu ve taşın adını buradan aldığı görüşü kuvvet kazanmış (bk. İA , II, 435), son yıllarda ise kelimenin Sâsânîler’in bedahş/badahş (< Pehlevîce bidahş “müfettiş, yüksek yönetici”) unvanından türetildiği tesbit edilmiştir (EIr. , III, 361; IV, 242-244). Bedahşan ismi ilk defa VII-VIII. yüzyıllara ait Çin kaynaklarında Po-to Chang-na şeklinde geçer. Çinliler bu ülkeyi Tu-ho-lo’nun (Tohâristan) bir bölgesi olarak tarif ederler. İslâm coğrafyacıları Tohâristan ismini iki ayrı mânada kullanmışlar ve dar anlamda Belh ile Bedaşhan arasındaki bölgeye, geniş anlamda da Amuderya’nın iki kenarını kaplayan Belh’in doğusundaki bütün topraklara bu adı vermişlerdir; Bedahşan’a ise Türk hükümdarlarının taşıdığı “yabgu” unvanından dolayı “Cabgûye’nin ülkesi” dedikleri görülmektedir. Çin’den ve Doğu Türkistan’dan gelen eski İpek yolunun Bedahşan’dan geçmesi madenler yönünden zengin olan bu bölgede ticareti geliştirmiş ve özellikle yönetim merkezi olan Feyzâbâd şehrini ekonominin merkezi haline getirmiştir.
1964’teki genel idarî reformlarla eyalet statüsü kazanan Bedahşan’ın yüzölçümü 47.403 km2 olup nüfusu 520.620’dir (1983). Sayım sırasında ırklara göre ayırım yapılmadığından bölgede yaşayan etnik grupların kesin sayılarını tesbit etmek mümkün değildir. Nüfusun çoğunluğunu Türkçe konuşan Sünnî Özbekler ile Farsça’nın Derî lehçesini konuşan ve çoğunluğu Sünnî, bir kısmı Şiî olan Tacikler, geriye kalanını da Peştuca konuşan Peştunlar ile Kırgızlar teşkil eder. Halkın büyük kesimi göçebe veya yarı göçebe olup Özbekler’le Peştunlar Tacikler’e oranla daha uzun mesafeler arasında göç ederler. Deniz seviyesinden 3400 m. yükseklikte bulunan Şiva gölü civarındaki zengin otlaklar, göçebe ve yarı göçebeleri uzak mesafelerden hatta Hindukuş dağlarının güney taraflarından dahi buraya çeker. XVII. yüzyıla kadar sadece avcıların çıktığı yüksek Pamir platoları sonradan yerleşme alanı olmuş, önceleri mevsimlik gelen göçebeler daha sonra burayı devamlı yurt edinmişlerdir. Ancak Rus ihtilâlinden kaçarak buraya gelen 3000 kadar göçebe Kırgız 1979’da Kâbil hükümetinin komünizmi benimsemesi üzerine Pakistan’a ve Türkiye’ye göç etmiştir. Bu Kırgızlar’ın hepsi Sünnî müslüman olup Hanefî mezhebindendirler.
Kurak iklimli Bedahşan bölgesinin en önemli su kaynağı kar sularından beslenen Gökçesu’dur. Amuderya’nın bir kolu olan bu ırmağa ve doğrudan Amuderya’ya kavuşan pek çok küçük akarsu bölgenin su ihtiyacını önemli ölçüde karşılar. 300 km2 ’den fazla bir bölgeyi sulayan bu küçük nehirler bölgede özellikle iyi bir pamuk tarımının yapılmasını sağlar. Dar vadilerin iyi sulanan topraklarında yetişen pamuğun kalitesi oldukça yüksektir; ayrıca pirinç, buğday, arpa ve susam tarımı yapılır. Üzüm bağları ve meyve bahçeleri bol olan bölgede hayvancılık da oldukça ileri gitmiştir; büyük ve küçük baş hayvanlar arasında bol miktarda deve de bulunur. Yer altı kaynaklarının zenginliğine rağmen madencilik ve modern endüstri gelişmemiştir. Bölgede önemli bir ekonomik gelişme de görülmez; toprağa bağlı köylüler geçimlerini çiftçiliğe borçludurlar. Yer altı servetlerinden la‘l dışında yalnız lapis lazuli (lâcivert taş) çok önceden beri değerlendirilmektedir. Ön Asya ülkelerinde milâttan önce 3000 yıllarından beri tanınan ve İslâmî devirlerde Afrika’da Moritanya’ya kadar gönderilmiş ve oralarda meşhur olmuş olan bu taşın kıymeti Marco Polo tarafından da belirtilmiştir. Günümüzde Gökçesu vadisinin sol tarafında yer alan ocaklardan yılda 2 ilâ 4 ton kadar lapis lazuli çıkarılır. Coğrafî sınırları Sovyetler’in Tacikistan Cumhuriyeti’ne de taşan Bedahşan’da sadece iki yerleşim merkezi kayda değer büyüklükte olup bunlardan biri bölgenin merkezi 140.300 (1979) nüfuslu Feyzâbâd, diğeri ise Sovyet Rusya tarafındaki Khorog’dur.
Bedahşan V. yüzyılda Akhun Türkleri tarafından işgal edildi. Bölgenin Araplar tarafından ne zaman alındığı kesin olarak bilinmemekle beraber İslâmiyet’in buraya Talas Savaşı’ndan (751) sonra yayıldığı tahmin edilmektedir. Taberî ülkenin ismini sadece bir defa, 736 yılının olayları içinde Cabgûye ülkesindeki Kişm’e karşı yapılan hücum ve diğer uzak bölgelere yapılan askerî seferler sebebiyle zikreder. Ya‘kūbî’ye göre Bedahşan’da bulunan Cirm şehri İslâmiyet’in Tibet ticaret yolu üzerinde geldiği son noktayı oluşturur. Aynı yerde Humâr Bey adında bir Türk emîrinden de Bedahşan’ın hâkimi olarak bahsedilir. İstahrî ise Bedahşan’ı Ebü’l-Feth’in ülkesi olarak tanımlar ki bundan maksadı Bedahşan’ın Ebü’l-Feth el-Yaftalî’ye bağlı bulunduğunu göstermektir. Sem‘ânî ve Yâkūt’a göre Yaftalî’nin oğlu Ebû Nasr burayı Sâmânîler’in kumandanı Karategin’e karşı savunmuştur (340/951-52). Bedahşan’ın ilk devir İslâmî döneme ait siyasî durumu hakkında başkaca bilgi yoktur. Daha sonra XI. yüzyılın ortalarında şair Nâsır-ı Hüsrev (ö. 1072) bölgeye İsmâilî mezhebini yaymıştır.
XII. yüzyıldan itibaren Bedahşan’ın tarihindeki gelişmeler hızlandı. Bu yüzyılın başlarında Gurlular’ın Bâmiyân’daki kolunun hâkimiyetine giren bölge XIII. yüzyılda Hârizmşahlar’ın yönetimine geçti. Moğol istilâsına uğramamış şanslı ülkelerden biri olan Bedahşan XV. yüzyıla kadar yerli bir hânedan tarafından idare edildi. XV. yüzyılın başlarında ise Timurlular’ın hâkimiyetine girdi ve bu yüzyılın sonlarına kadar onların elinde kaldı. XVI. yüzyılın hemen başlarında Özbekler bölgeye hâkim oldularsa da bu hâkimiyet 1505’te sona erdi ve Bâbürlü İmparatorluğu’nu kuran Bâbür burayı fethederek kardeşi Nâsır Mirza’nın yönetimine verdi. XVI. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru II. Abdullah Han devrinde Özbekler Bedahşan’ı yeniden ele geçirdiler (1584) ve 1645-1647 yılları arasındaki iki yıllık yeni bir Bâbürlü istilâsı hariç uzun süre hâkimiyetleri altında tuttular.
İki buçuk asırdan fazla Özbek hâkimiyetinde kalan Bedahşan, Buhara Emîri Nasrullah Han’ın sert ve acımasız idaresi yüzünden 1859’da Afgan Şahı Dost Muhammed Han’ın idaresine geçmiştir. 1725 yılından beri kıymetli madenler sebebiyle burayı topraklarına katmak isteyen Ruslar buna XIX. yüzyılda da birçok defa teşebbüs etmişler, fakat başarı sağlayamamışlardır. Ancak 1895’te Afganistan’la yaptıkları sınır düzenlemeleri sırasında bölgenin bazı kısımlarını almaya muvaffak olmuşlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ya‘kūbî, Kitâbü’l-Büldân , s. 288-292.
İstahrî, Mesâlik (de Goeje) , s. 278-297.
İbn Havkal, Ṣûretü’l-arż , s. 327.
Makdisî, Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm , s. 303-346.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , I, 320.
Kazvînî, Âs̱ârü’l-bilâd , Beyrut, ts. (Dâru Sâdır), s. 306.
H. H. Howerth, History of the Mongols , London 1876-1927, II, 736-737.
Mevlevî Burhâneddin Han Kûşkekî, Rahnâme-i Ḳataġān ve Bedaḫşân , Kâbil 1302/1923.
A. Fletcher, Afghanistan: Highway of Conquest , New York 1960, s. 121.
T. G. Abaeva, Ocherki Istorii Badakhshana , Tashkent 1964.
P. Bernard, “Les mines de Lapis-Lazuli du Badakshan”, Etudes de géographie historique sur la plaine d’Aï Khanoum (Afghanistan) , Paris 1978, s. 49-51.
L. Dupree, Afghanistan , New Jersey 1980, s. 7, 8, 133, 160, 321.
Barthold, Türkistan , s. 68-73, 83.
a.mlf., “Bedahşan”, İA , II, 435-438.
a.mlf. – A. Bennigsen – H. Carrère – D’Encausse, “Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 851-855.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Türk Millî Kültürü , İstanbul 1984, s. 98-104.
Mehmet Saray, Afganistan ve Türkler , İstanbul 1987, s. 40.
A. N. Zelinskiy, “Ancient Routes Through the Pamirs”, Central Asiatic Review (1965), s. 44-54.
E. Berthels, “Nâsır-ı Husrev”, İA , IX, 96-97.
X. de Planhol – D. Balland – W. Eilers, “Badaḵšān”, EIr. , III, 355-361; IV, 242-244.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 291-292 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
EDEBİYAT. Klasik Türk ve İran edebiyatlarında altından sonra adına en çok rastlanan kıymetli madenlerden biri olan la‘lin en meşhur cinsi, çıktığı Bedahşan şehrine nisbetle edebî eserlerde daha çok “la‘l-i Bedahşân” şeklinde geçer. Fakat bedahşan ile bunun muhaffefi olan bedahş kelimeleri tek başlarına la‘l-i Bedahşân’dan kinaye olarak “la‘l” mânasına da kullanılırlar. Bedahşî ve bedahşânî de aynı mânayı ifade etmektedir. Öte yandan rengi itibariyle mecazen “şarap” mânasına kullanılmasının yanı sıra erimiş la‘l (la‘l-i müzâb) şaraba benzetilir ve bir cins iyi şarabın adı olarak da geçer. Bâkî’nin, “İçelim la‘l-i müzâbı saçalım cür‘aları / Hâk-i gülzârı bugün kân-ı bedahşân edelim” beyti buna bir örnektir. Az da olsa “kan” mânasında kullanıldığı görülen bedahşan, ayrıca bölgede çıkan bir cins taşın ezilmesiyle elde edilen lâcivert rengin adıdır. Solmadığı için tezhipçilikte tercih edilen bu koyu lâcivert boyaya “bedahşî lâcivert” denilir. Edebî bir özellik arzetmemesine rağmen bölge halkı arasında belahşan şeklinde söylenen bedahşan kelimesi aynı zamanda bir cins iri yapılı ve kuvvetli koyun türünün adı olarak da kullanılır.
Bedahşan kelimesi la‘l-i Bedahşân’dan başka genellikle dâğ-ı Bedahşân, kân-ı Bedahşân, seng-i Bedahşân terkipleri içinde de kullanılır. Tanınmış müslüman coğrafyacılarından İbn Havkal’e göre bedahşânî, rengi, güzelliği ve işlemeye müsait oluşu gibi sebeplerle yakut kadar değerli bir taştır. Değişik renk tonuna sahip bu taşın en güzelleri “rummânî” veya “enarî” adıyla anılan nar renklisi, “şarabî” adıyla bilinen bir tonu, “erguvânî” diye tanınan gül renklisi ve “sürh” olarak adlandırılan kırmızısıdır.
Eski astrolojide güneşin ve bazı yıldızların madenlere tesir ederek onların mahiyetlerini değiştirdiği kabul edilir. Bedahşan’da çıkan la‘l de Süheyl yıldızının tesiriyle meydana geldiği ve rengini onun ışığından aldığı için çok güzel ve değerli sayılmıştır. Bu husus Hayâlî Bey’in, “Süheyl’in pertevi seng-i Bedahş’ı la‘l eder lâkin / Gözüm yaşını yâkūt eyledi dürr-i benâgûşu” beytinde ifade edildiği gibi Süheyl-taş-la‘l münasebetiyle şiire aksettirilmiştir. La‘l taşın içinde bulunduğu için taş kırılmadan ona ulaşılamaz. Aynı şekilde âşığın kanlı göz yaşı da sevgilinin bulunduğu yerin (kûy-i yâr) taşını la‘l-i Bedahşân’a çevirir. Necâtî’nin, “Ruhlarındır leblerini terbiyetler eyleyen / Mihr-i rahşândır yüzün la‘l-i Bedahşân’dır lebin” beytinde olduğu gibi sevgilinin dudağının rengi itibariyle la‘l-i Bedahşân’a benzetilmesi divan edebiyatında beğenilerek kullanılan bir teşbihtir. Ayrıca la‘lin dudak yerine yaygın bir şekilde kullanılması bir mecâz-ı örfîdir. Bu sebeple dudak yerine la‘l dendiği gibi la‘l yerine bedahşan da kullanılarak beyitlerde dudak-la‘l-Bedahşan arasındaki ilgi belirtilir. Ayrıca rengi yanında diğer bazı benzerlikleri sebebiyle dudak-kan-şarap-la‘l-Bedahşan-yakut kelimeleri beyitlerde bir arada zikredilerek teşbih, tenâsüp vb. edebî sanatlar yapılır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , “Bedahşân” md.
Mehmed Çavuşoğlu, Necâti Bey Dîvânı’nın Tahlili , İstanbul 1971, s. 70, 142, 167, 169.
Cemâl Kurnaz, Hayâlî Bey Dîvânı (Tahlili) , Ankara 1987, s. 163, 287.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1989, s. 131.
Pakalın , I, 184.
TDEA , I, 369.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 292-293 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.