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BEY‘ bi’l-VEFÂ Skip to content Bedeli iade edildiğinde geri alınmak üzere bir malın satılmasını konu edinen satış akdi.
Tarafların usulüne uygun olarak yaptıkları vaadleri yerine getirmek (vefâ) zorunda bulunmaları sebebiyle bey‘ bi’l-vefâ (bey‘u’l-vefâ) adı verilen bu alışveriş bey‘ bi-şarti’l-vefâ, bey‘u’l-câiz, bey‘u’l-muâmele diye de anılır. Bu tür alışverişe bazı Arap beldelerinde bey‘u’l-emâne, bey‘u’l-itâa (bey‘u’t-tâa) adları da verilmiştir.
Bey‘ bi’l-vefâ, müslüman halkın faizsiz borç para temin etmekte karşılaştığı güçlükleri faiz sayılmayacak bir usulle ortadan kaldırmak ve sermaye sahiplerinin verdikleri krediye karşılık bir teminat ve bir kazanç elde etmelerini sağlamak gayesiyle V. (XI.) yüzyıl Hanefî fakihleri tarafından ortaya konmuş bir akid nevidir. Meydana gelişi ve sonuçları bakımından normal satış akdinden farklı olduğu için bu akid üzerinde İslâm hukukçularının değişik değerlendirmeleri söz konusudur. Bazı hukukçular bunu rehin, bazıları sahih, bazıları da fâsid satış akdi sayarken bir kısım fakihler de bey‘ bi’l-vefâyı sahih satış akdi ile rehinin, ya da rehin, sahih ve fâsid satış akidlerinin birleşmesinden meydana gelmiş bir akid kabul ederler. Değerlendirmede ortaya çıkan bu dört ayrı görüş hükümlerde de bazı farklılıkların belirmesine yol açmıştır.
a) Ebû Hafs Ömer en-Nesefî’nin (ö. 537/1142-43) belirttiğine göre Ebü’l-Hasan Ali es-Suğdî (ö. 461/1069) ve çağdaşları kadı Ebü’l-Hasan el-Mâtürîdî ile Seyyid Ebû Şücâ‘ başta olmak üzere birçok fakih bunun bir rehin akdi olduğu görüşünü benimsemiştir. Çünkü taraflar böyle bir akde her ne kadar satış (bey‘) adını verseler ve akdi “sattım, aldım” sözleriyle yapsalar da asıl maksatları mülkiyetin karşı tarafa geçmesi değil alacağın teminat altına alınmasıdır. Akidlerde ve genel olarak hukukî işlemlerde ağızdan çıkan sözlere ve ifade biçimine değil o sözlerin ne maksatla söylendiğine bakılır. Dolayısıyla söz konusu akdin rehinden farkı yoktur.
Bey‘ bi’l-vefânın bir rehin akdi sayılması durumunda şu sonuçlar ortaya çıkar: Bu akidle alıcı (rehine alan) mala sahip olamaz. Taraflardan hiçbiri diğerinin izni olmadan akde konu olan malı üçüncü şahsa satamaz. Malın alıcı elinde telef olması halinde değeri borca mahsup edilir. Telef olan malın kıymeti borçtan az ise artakalan borç miktarı satıcı tarafından alıcıya ödenir; eğer borçtan fazla ise malın değerinden borca eşit olan kısım düşürülür. Bu durumda mal alıcının haksız bir fiili sonucu telef olmuşsa alıcı üst tarafını satıcıya öder, böyle bir durum söz konusu değilse ödeme yapılmaz. Malın vergisi, giderleri, tamiri, zekâtı ve şüf‘a hakkı satıcıya aittir. Ayrıca malın bu yolla el değiştirmesi satış değil rehin olarak kabul edildiğinden bu akid başkaları için şüf‘a hakkı doğurmaz. Taraflardan biri ölünce akdi fesih hakkı vârislerine geçer. Müşteri alacağını tahsil etmedikçe vefâen satın aldığı mala satıcının diğer alacaklıları müdahale edemez. Alıcı satıcının izni olmadan malı kullanamaz, gelirinden faydalanamaz ve tüketemez. Aksi halde tazmin etmesi gerekir. Meselâ bey‘ bi’l-vefâ ile satın aldığı bahçenin meyvesini sahibinden izinsiz olarak yemiş olan veya bazı kuru dallarını yakmış bulunan bir müşterinin bunların bedellerini satıcıya ödemesi gerekir. Satıcının izniyle malı kullanması ve gelirinden istifade etmesi ise câizdir; bu bir hibe sayılır. Ancak satıcı bu izni her an geri alabilir. Borç karşılığında verilen rehinden borç verenin faydalanması rehin akdi sırasında şart koşulursa bu bir çeşit faiz olacağından haram görülmüştür. Bazı fakihler ise bunu mekruh sayarlar (İbn Âbidîn, VI, 522; Bilmen, VII, 44). Yine rehin telakkisinin sonucu olarak alıcı söz konusu malı satıcıya (asıl sahibine) kiralayamaz (aş.bk.). Aksi halde akid bâtıl olacağından kira bedelinin ödenmesi gerekmez. Satıcı borcunu ödeyince malı geri alır.
b) Ahmed b. Îsâ el-Keşşî’nin (ö. 550/1155) rivayetine göre bazı selef âlimleri bey‘ bi’l-vefânın sahih bir satış akdi olduğu görüşündedirler. Çünkü taraflar akid sırasında herhangi bir şart zikretmeksizin “aldım, sattım” ifadelerini kullanmaktadırlar. Niyetlerini gösteren başka bir söz söylemediklerine göre ağızlarından çıkan irade beyanına itibar etmek gerekir. Nitekim bir insan hiçbir beyanda bulunmadan bir yıl sonra boşama niyetiyle bir kadını kendine nikâhlasa bu hukuk açısından müt‘a değil sahih bir nikâh akdi sayılır. Vefaen satışta borcun garantiye alınması yanında alıcının maldan faydalanması maksadı da vardır. O halde alıcının maldan faydalanmasına müsaade edip onu rehin saymak mümkün değildir.
Akid sırasında “aldım, sattım” sözlerinin kullanılması halinde bunun bir rehin akdi olamayacağını belirten Kādîhan, tarafların akid esnasında bey‘i feshetme şartını ileri sürmeleri veya bunun bey‘ bi’l-vefâ olduğunu belirtmeleri halinde ise bey‘in fâsid olacağı görüşündedir. Ancak satış akdi şartsız olarak yapıldıktan sonra taraflar vefâ şartını karşılıklı vaad şeklinde belirtirlerse bu durumda satış câiz ve vefâ şartı da bağlayıcı olur. Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre fâsid şart akid bittikten sonra akde eklenebilir (Kādîhan, II, 165).
Bey‘ bi’l-vefânın sahih satış akdi sayılması durumunda bundan bazı sonuçlar doğmaktadır. Alıcı satın aldığı malı kullanabilir, kiraya verebilir, meyve vb. semerelerinden faydalanabilir. Eğer bu mal taşınmaz ise alıcı malı teslim almadan önce de kira akdi yapabilir. Yılın bir bölümü geçtikten sonra satıcı parayı iade edip akdi bozacak olursa elde edilecek gelir on iki eşit parçaya bölünür ve alıcı bundan kendi payına düşene sahip olur. Bey‘ bi’l-vefâya konu olan malın vergisi, tamir masrafları ve diğer giderleri alıcıya aittir. Satıcı masrafları üstlenmişse bu kendi arzusuyla yaptığı bir teberru sayılır. Bedel veya mal geri verilmek suretiyle akdin bozulabileceğine dair sözleşmeden sonra eklenen şart geçerlidir. Malın değerini düşüren bir ayıp meydana gelmişse (meselâ evin harap olması) satıcı malı geri almaya zorlanamaz; çünkü geri alma işlemi aslında yeni bir satış akdidir. Mal alıcının elindeyken telef olsa taraflardan hiçbirinin diğerinde bir hakkı kalmaz. Bununla beraber bey‘ bi’l-vefâ sahih satış akdinin bütün sonuçlarını doğurmaz. Alıcı satın aldığı diğer mallar gibi bu malı başkasına satamaz. Aksi halde asıl mal sahibinin bu satışı bozma yetkisi doğar.
c) Akid sırasında fâsid bir şartın zikredilmesi durumunda akid fâsid olacağından bazı âlimler bey‘ bi’l-vefâyı fâsid bey‘ kabul etmişlerdir. Buna göre her iki taraf akdi dilediği vakit feshedebilir. Alıcı malı teslim aldıktan sonra kiraya vermişse kira bedelini alabilir, ancak satıcısına kiraya veremez. Çünkü zaten bu malı satıcısına geri vermek zorundadır.
d) Bazı hukukçulara göre belirli yönleriyle önceki üç akde benzemekle birlikte bey‘ bi’l-vefâ onlardan ayrı müstakil bir akiddir. Diğer bir ifadeyle bazı hükümleri bakımından her üç akidle de ilgisi olan mürekkep bir akiddir.
Bir görüşe göre bey‘ bi’l-vefâ sahih satış ve rehinden mürekkep bir akiddir. Bu durumda vefâ şartı akid esnasında zikredilmezse bu muamele alıcı hakkında sahih bir satış akdi sayılır ve müşteri aldığı maldan kendi malı gibi istifade eder. Aynı muamele satıcı hakkında ise bir rehin telakki edilir ve satıcının bedeli iade etmesi durumunda alıcı bunu kabul edip malı geri vermek mecburiyetindedir.
Diğer bir görüşe göre ise bey‘ bi’l-vefâ sahih satış, fâsid satış ve rehinden mürekkep bir akiddir. Alıcının maldan faydalanmasına bakarak sahih satış akdi, iki tarafın fesih yetkisine sahip olmasına bakarak fâsid satış akdi ve alıcının bu malı başkasına satamamasına, telef olduğu takdirde borcun düşmesine ve malda tahribat vuku bulduğu takdirde borcun o miktar azalmasına bakarak rehin akdi hükmündedir. Bu görüşü benimseyenler bey‘ bi’l-vefâyı bu üç akidden mürekkep fakat rehin olma tarafı ağır basan bir akid saymışlardır. Mecelle ’de bu son görüş kabul edilmiştir (md. 118). Bey‘ bi’l-vefânın, “bedeli iade edildiğinde geri alınmak üzere bir malın satılmasını konu edinen satış akdi” diye tanımlanması bu sonuncu telakkiye uygun düşmektedir. Buna göre maldan doğacak menfaatlerin bir kısmının yahut tamamının alıcıya ait olması şart koşulursa bu şarta uyulur. Meselâ vefâ yoluyla satılan bir bağın üzümünün satıcı ile alıcı arasında yarı yarıya paylaşılması şart koşulmuş olsa o şarta uymak gerekir. Halbuki rehinde koşulacak böyle bir şartı rehin veren her zaman değiştirebilir.
Sonuç olarak şunu söylemek mümkündür ki Hanefî fakihleri tarafından ortaya konulan bey‘ bi’l-vefâ, her ne kadar birçok hükümleri bakımından rehine benzemekte ise de meşruluğunda tereddüt bulunmayan rehinin yanı sıra, geçerliliği konusunda farklı görüşlerin ileri sürüldüğü böyle bir akid nevinin ortaya çıkarılmasından da anlaşılacağı üzere rehinden farklıdır ve sadece borcu teminat altına almak maksadıyla kabul edilmiş değildir (Bedreddin Simâvî, I, 247). Bu akdin getirdiği en büyük imkân, borç veren kimseye bunun karşılığında satın almış olduğu maldan istifadeyi sağlaması, rehinin aksine bu istifadenin devamlı olması ve borç alanın sonradan bundan dönememesidir. Mâlikî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî hukukçular bunu menfaat sağlayan borç kapsamı içerisinde değerlendirmiş ve faiz olarak mütalaa etmişlerdir. Hanefî fakihlerin bir kısmı da bu tür bir akdi yapılış şekline göre helâl veya mekruh sayarken diğer bir kısmı kanuna karşı bir hile olarak değerlendirerek haram telakki etmişlerdir (bk. FAİZ ).
Bey‘ bi’l-vefânın değişik bir türü bey‘ bi’l-istiğlâl (البيع بالاستغلال ) adını almıştır. İstiğlâl sözlükte “bir şeyin kâr ve gelirini almak” mânasına gelir. Bir malı vefaen satın alan kimse bunu ya bizzat kullanma veya kiraya vererek hukukî semerelerinden faydalanma hakkına sahip olmaktadır. Kiraya vermenin en çok rastlanan türü de bizzat satıcısına kiralamaktır ki bu yolla satılan mal asıl mâlikin kullanımından hiç çıkmamış olur. Bir malın gelirinden faydalanmak için onun bizzat satıcısına kiralanması suretiyle yapılan bu tür satışına bey‘ bi’l-istiğlâl adı verilmiştir (Mecelle , md. 119). Bey‘ bi’l-vefâ için sabit olan hükümler bey‘ bi’l-istiğlâl için de geçerlidir.
Genel olarak bey‘ bi’l-vefâya karşı çıkan âlimler aynı gerekçelerle bey‘ bi’l-istiğlâle de karşı çıkmakta, burada ayrıca şu gerekçeyi ilâve etmektedirler: Vefaen satılan mal kendi satıcısına kiraya verildiği takdirde kişi aslında borçlu olduğu kimsede rehin olarak bulunan ve kendi mülkiyetinde olan bir mal için kira ödemektedir ki bu hukuken mümkün değildir. İnsanların borç para bulma ihtiyacını göz önüne alarak bey‘ bi’l-vefâyı geçerli kabul eden fakihler ise aynı gerekçe ile bey‘ bi’l-istiğlâli de geçerli sayarlar. Yalnız bunlara göre bu tür satışta kira akdinin malın alıcıya tesliminden sonra yapılması gerekir. Ancak bazı hukukçular, taşınmazların teslim alınmadan önce satılmasının mümkün olduğunu göz önünde bulundurarak bu tür malların teslim alınmadan önce kiralanabileceğini de kabul etmişlerdir.
Bey‘ bi’l-istiğlâlde asıl mal sahibi vefaen satmış olduğu malını sözleşmede belirtilen kira bedeli karşılığında kullanır. Kira süresi sona erdiğinde malı kullanmaya devam ederse bu süre için artık belirlenen ücreti değil rayiç ücreti (ecr-i misl) öder. Kira süresinin bitiminden sonra ücret ödenmesinin gerekmediğini ileri süren hukukçular da vardır (bk. Bâz, s. 68). Bu şekilde vefaen satmış olduğu malı bir kira ilişkisiyle tekrar zilyetliğine alan mâlik-satıcı, onu alacaklı-müşterinin izni olmadan başkasına satamaz.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Sahnûn, el-Müdevvene , V, 317.
Kādîhan, el-Fetâvâ , II, 165; III, 262.
Bedreddin Simâvî, Câmiʿu’l-fuṣûleyn , Kahire 1300, I, 234-247.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî (Herrâs) , IV, 426.
Nevevî, el-Mecmûʿ , III, 217.
Bezzâzî, el-Fetâvâ , IV, 405-423.
el-Fetâva’l-Hindiyye , III, 209.
Çatalcalı Ali Efendi, Fetâvâ , İstanbul 1257, I, 1310.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire) , V, 276-281; VI, 522.
Hacı Reşid Paşa, Rûhu’l-Mecelle , İstanbul 1327, II, 20-22.
Ali Haydar, Dürerü’l-hükkâm , I, 224-225, 663-667.
Senhûrî, Meṣâdirü’l-ḥaḳ , VI, 94.
Zerkā, el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî , I, 205, 544-547.
Ahmed ez-Zerkā, Şerḥu’l-ḳavâʿidi’l-fıḳhiyye (nşr. Abdüssettâr Ebû Gudde), Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 15-17.
Mahmûd Vefâ, Ebrezü ṣuveri’l-büyûʿi’l-fâside , Kahire 1404/1985, s. 65.
Bilmen, Kamus2 , VII, 44.
Zühaylî, el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî , IV, 485, 514.
Mecelle , md. 118, 119.
Selîm Rüstem Bâz, Şerḥu’l-Mecelle , Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 67-68.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 20-22 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.