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BEZM-i ELEST Skip to content Allah’la yaratılışları sırasında insanlar arasında yapıldığı kabul edilen sözleşme için kullanılan bir tabir.
1/2 Müellif: YUSUF ŞEVKİ YAVUZ Bölüme Git
Farsça’da “sohbet meclisi” anlamına gelen bezm kelimesiyle Arapça’da “ben değil miyim” mânasında çekimli bir fiil olan elestüden oluşan bezm-i elest t…
2/2 Müellif: İSKENDER PALA Bölüme Git
EDEBİYAT. Bezm-i elest dinî-tasavvufî edebiyatta bazan yalnızca “elest” şeklinde geçer ve “bezm-i ezel” olarak da bilinir. Bezm-i elest terkibi kelime…
Farsça’da “sohbet meclisi” anlamına gelen bezm kelimesiyle Arapça’da “ben değil miyim” mânasında çekimli bir fiil olan elestü den oluşan bezm-i elest terkibi, “Ben sizin rabbiniz değil miyim” hitabının yapıldığı ve ruhların da “evet” diye cevap verdikleri meclis anlamını ifade eder. Bu tabirdeki “elest” kelimesi A‘râf sûresinin 172. âyetinden alınmıştır. Bu âyette, geçmişte Allah’ın Âdem oğullarından yani onların sırtlarından (veya sulplerinden) zürriyetlerini çıkardığı, kendilerini nefislerine şahit tuttuğu ve onlara, “Ben sizin rabbiniz değil miyim” diye hitap ettiği, onların da “evet” dedikleri belirtilmiştir. Allah’la insanlar arasında vuku bulan bu sözleşmeye “mîsâk”, “kālû belâ”, “ahid”, “belâ ahdi”, “rûz-i elest”, “bezm-i ezel” ve “bezm-i elest” gibi çeşitli adlar verilmiştir. Bunlardan en çok kullanılanı, özellikle Osmanlı dinî-tasavvufî edebiyatında meşhur olanı “bezm-i elest” terkibidir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in diğer bazı âyetlerinde de aynı konuya dair açık veya dolaylı ifadeler bulmak mümkündür. Rûm sûresinde yer alan bir âyette (30/30) “ed-dînü’l-kayyim” (süreklilik özelliği taşıyan dosdoğru din) tâbiriyle anılan Hak dinin Allah tarafından insan fıtratına tevdi edildiği ve onun bu temel özelliğinin değişmeyeceği ifade edilir. Peygamberler tarihinde tevhid inancının büyük savunucusu Hz. İbrâhim başta olmak üzere diğer peygamberler de tebliğ hayatlarında dîn-i kayyim denilen bu ilâhî-fıtrî inancı bir irşad aracı olarak kullanmışlardır (meselâ bk. el-En‘âm 6/161; Yûsuf 12/40). Yine Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in muhtelif âyetlerinde Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın Hz. Âdem’den, Âdem oğullarından, çeşitli peygamberlerin ümmetlerinden Hak yoldan sapmayacakları konusunda söz aldığı ve onlarla bir nevi antlaşma akdettiği ifade edilir (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ʿahd”, “mîs̱âḳ” md.leri; ayrıca bk. MÎSÂK ).
Konu ile ilgili olarak hadis diye nakledilen bazı ifadeler de mevcuttur. Bu rivayetlerde belirtildiğine göre Allah Âdem’i yaratınca kıyamete kadar gelecek olan bütün insanları onun sırtından (sağ ve sol tarafından) veya sulbünden zerreler halinde çıkarmıştır (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ḳader”, 2; Müsned , I, 272). Übey b. Kâ‘b’dan kendi görüşü olarak nakledilen bir rivayete göre Allah bu zerrelere ruh ve şekil verip onları konuşturmuş, sonra da kendilerini şahit tutarak, “Ben sizin rabbiniz değil miyim” hitabında bulunmuş, kıyamet gününde bundan habersiz olduklarını ileri sürmemeleri için bütün kâinatı ve Âdem’i şahit tutmuş ve daha başka tavsiyelerde bulunmuş, onlar da bütün bunları kabul etmişlerdir (Müsned , V, 135).
Bezm-i elestte yapılan sözleşmenin zamanı, yeri ve keyfiyeti konusunda İslâm âlimleri farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bunları iki grupta toplamak mümkündür.
1. Allah’ın insanlardan aldığı ahid insan türünün fiilen dünyaya gelişinden önce gerçekleşmiş, bütün insanların zürriyeti Âdem’in sırtından zerreler halinde çıkartılmış, onlara ruh ve akıl verilerek ilâhî hitapta bulunulmuş, onlar da buna sözlü olarak cevap vermişlerdir. Bu tür haberlerin mecaz ve temsil yoluyla açıklanması uygun değildir, söz konusu olayın gerçekten vuku bulduğuna inanmak gereklidir. Zira âyet ve hadislerin zâhirî mânalarını terkedip te’vil yolunu benimsemek için haklı bir gerekçe yoktur. Selefiyye, Sünnî kelâmcıların ekserisi, sûfî âlimler ve Şîa bilginlerinin çoğunluğu bu görüşü benimser. Bu âlimler sözü edilen ahdin gerçekleştiği yer konusunda kesin görüş belirtmekten çekinmişlerdir. Çünkü bazı rivayetlerde bunun Hz. Âdem’in yeryüzüne indirilmesinden önce gökte vuku bulduğu, bazılarında Mekke yakınlarındaki Na‘man’da, diğer bazı rivayetlerde ise Hindistan’ın Dehnâ adlı bir bölgesinde gerçekleştiği bildirilmektedir (İbn Ebû Âsım, I, 87, 89; Taberî, Tefsîr , XIII, 226, 242; a.mlf., Târîḫ , I, 133-136).
2. İnsanların bedenleriyle birlikte dünyaya gelmelerinden önce zerreler halindeki zürriyetlerinden (ruhlarından) topluca alınmış bir ahid yoktur. Naslarda sözü edilen sözleşme mecazi anlamda olup bedenlerin yaratılmasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. Bu temel görüşü benimseyenlerin bazılarına göre mîsâk zürriyetlerin baba sulbünde yaratılışı sırasında, bazılarına göre anne rahmine yerleşip organik teşekkülünü tamamlaması esnasında vuku bulmuştur (Elmalılı, III, 2328-2331). Sözleşmenin dünyadaki yaratılışla tahakkuk ettiğini kabul edenlerin çoğunluğuna göre ise bu olay her insanın baba sulbünden anne rahmine intikal etmesiyle başlar, burada oluşum devresini tamamlayıp dünyaya gelmesinden sonra bulûğ çağına girinceye kadar sürer. Çünkü insanın kendisini ve çevresini tanıması, bilgi sahibi olması bu devreye ulaşmasıyla mümkündür. Böylece âkıl-bâliğ olan her insan yaratılmış olduğunu ve yaratıcısına itaat etmesi gerektiğini hem kendisi hem de diğer nesne ve olaylar hakkında tefekkür ve muhakemelerde bulunarak kabul eder. Şüphe yok ki Allah zihnî ve kalbî fonksiyonu insanların psikolojik muhtevasına fıtrî bir özellik olarak yerleştirmiş, iç ve dış âlemde kendi varlığına ve birliğine kılavuzluk edecek birçok delil yaratmış, insanları kendi ulûhiyyetini kavramalarına yetecek ölçüde bilgi kapasitesiyle donatmış, böylelikle sanki onlara, “Ben sizin rabbiniz değil miyim” diye sormuş, onlar da “evet” diyerek bunu tasdik etmişlerdir. İşte insanın Allah’ın varlığını ve birliğini kavrayabilecek bir nitelikte yaratılmış olması sözlü olmayan, fakat fıtrî denebilecek bir ahid ve mîsâk niteliğindedir. Esasen mecaz ve temsile dayanan bu tür ifadeler Arap dilinde sıkça kullanılır; ayrıca, “Allah göğe ve yere, isteyerek veya istemeyerek geliniz, dedi; onlar da, isteyerek geldik, dediler” (Fussılet 41/11) meâlindeki âyette olduğu gibi bunların örnekleri Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de de mevcuttur. Kaynaklarda Mu‘tezile’ye nisbet edilen bu görüş Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî’nin yanı sıra bazı Eş‘arî ve Şiî âlimlerce de benimsenmiştir. Fahreddin er-Râzî de tutarsız ve tenkit edilebilecek bir noktası bulunmadığını belirtmek suretiyle bu görüşe temayül göstermiştir (Tefsîr, XV, 47). Yukarıdaki iki görüşten ilkini insan türüne ait umumi bir sözleşme, ikincisini de her ferdin bizzat yaptığı sözleşme olarak değerlendirenler de vardır (Elmalılı, III, 2329).
Allah’ın insanlardan ahid ve mîsâk almasını, kendi varlığı ve birliğinin idrakini insanın psikolojik muhtevasına yerleştirmesi ve bunun sonucu olarak onun akıl yürütmeye ihtiyaç duymaksızın bu gerçeğe vâkıf olması şeklinde anlayanlar da vardır. Başta İbn Teymiyye olmak üzere Selefiyye’nin müteahhir dönem âlimleri bu görüştedirler. Onlara göre Hz. Peygamber’in her doğan çocuğun “fıtrat üzere” yaratıldığını haber vermesi bunu teyit etmektedir. Sahih olmayan rivayetlere dayanarak bedenlerin yaratılmasından önce insanların ruhlarının Âdem’in sırtından çıkartılmış ve onlarla Allah arasında karşılıklı bir konuşma cereyan etmiş olduğunu iddia etmek doğru değildir. İbnü’l-Arabî de mîsâkla insan fıtratı arasında sıkı bir ilişkinin bulunduğuna dikkat çekmiştir.
Bezm-i elest ile ilgili olarak ileri sürülen iki ana görüşün ikincisini benimseyenler, söz konusu anlaşmanın bedenlerin yaratılmasından önce Allah ile insan zürriyetleri (ruhları) arasında karşılıklı bir konuşma şeklinde gerçekleşmediği hususunda ittifak etmiş bulunmaktadırlar. Onlara göre ilgili âyette zürriyetlerin Âdem’den değil de Âdem oğullarının sırtlarından çıkartıldığının bildirilmesi, kendilerinden nefisleri de şahit tutularak söz alındığının haber verilmesine rağmen böyle bir mîsâkın insanlarca hatırlanmaması, bu tür bir anlaşmanın fizik açıdan imkânsız olması, ayrıca mantıklı bir açıklamadan yoksun bulunması ve nihayet bu konuda ileri sürülen hadislerin sahih olmaması, bezm-i elestin Allah’la insan zürriyetleri arasında geçen karşılıklı konuşma anlamına gelmediğini gösteren delillerin başlıcalarıdır. Birinci görüşü savunanlara göre ise zürriyetlerin beyaz ve siyah zerreler halinde yaratılışına ilişkin hadisler zayıf görülse bile Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Âdem oğullarının sırtlarından çıkartılan zürriyetlere, “Ben sizin rabbiniz değil miyim” diye hitap edildikten sonra onların tekitli bir ifade ile “evet” diyerek cevap verdiklerinin açıkça belirtilmesi, insanların hitaba kabil olabilmeleri için belli bir bünyeye değil şuura sahip olmalarının gerekli bulunması, zürriyetlerin Âdem’in veya Âdem oğullarının sırtlarından çıkartılması insan gücüne ve bilgisine nisbetle imkânsız ve mantıksız görünmekle birlikte Allah’ın engin kudretine ve ilmine nisbetle mümkün ve mâkul olması, bezm-i elestin Allah’la insan zürriyetleri arasında karşılıklı bir konuşma şeklinde gerçekleştiğini gösteren delillerdir.
Öyle görünüyor ki Mu‘tezile tarafından ileri sürülen ve daha sonra bazı Sünnî ve Şiî âlimlerce de benimsenen ikinci görüşü savunanlar, naslarda ayrıntılı bir şekilde açıklığa kavuşturulmayan bezm-i elest hadisesini Sünnî çoğunluğun kabul ettiği şekliyle aklen izah etme imkânını bulamadıkları için reddetmişler ve ilgili nasları te’vil etme ihtiyacını duymuşlardır. Nasların haber verdiği bir olayın tecrübe dünyasının kanunlarını aşmış bulunması o nasların mutlaka te’vil edilmesini gerektirmez, görüşünden hareketle Sünnî çoğunluğun açıklamasını doğru kabul etmek mümkünse de bezm-i elestin mahiyetinin bilinemeyeceğine inanmak daha isabetli görünmektedir. Konu ile ilgili olarak ileri sürülen iki görüşe ait delil ve itirazların incelenmesinden anlaşılacağına göre Sünnî çoğunluğa muhalif görüşün en önemli dayanağı, insanların söz konusu hadiseyi hatırlamaması ve birçok kişinin Allah’ın varlığını ve birliğini kabul etmemesidir. Halbuki kişiye irade hürriyetinin tanınması ve dünyanın bir imtihan sahnesi oluşu dikkate alınınca bu olayın insanlara unutturulmuş olması tabii karşılanabilir. Nitekim bir hadiste, Hz. Âdem’in kendisine yapılan uyarıya rağmen ilâhî buyruğu tutmadığı gibi zürriyetinin de dünyaya gelmeden önce (hilkatin başlangıcında) yaratıcının varlığı ve birliğini ikrar ettiği halde dünyaya geldikten sonra inkâra ve şirke saptığı, bütün bunların Hz. Âdem’e ve zürriyetine yapılan ilâhî hitabın unutturulması sonucunun ortaya çıktığı belirtilmiştir (Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 8). Birçok insanın inkâr ve şirk yolunu tutmasına gelince, aynı problem insanlardan alınan mîsâkı mecazi anlamda kabul edip onu yaratıcının varlığını ve birliğini idrak etmeye yardımcı olacak akıl ve fıtratla açıklayan görüş sahipleri için de söz konusudur. Zira inkâr ve şirk içinde bulunanlar selim bir yaratılışa ve akıl yürütme imkânına sahip olmalarına rağmen bu sapıklığa düşebilmekte, hatta bâtıl inançları için aklî gerekçeler bile ileri sürebilmektedirler. Kur’an’da insanların “ashâbü’l-yemîn” ve “ashâbü’ş-şimâl” gruplarına ayrılması (el-Vâkıa 56/89), bedenlerin yaratılmasından önce insan zürriyetlerinin Hz. Âdem’in sırtından zerreler halinde çıkarıldığı fikrini desteklemektedir. Nitekim bazı müfessirler yaratılışın başlangıcında “ashâbü’l-yemîn”e Hz. Âdem’in sağ tarafından, “ashâbü’ş-şimâl”e de sol tarafından yaratılanlar anlamını vermişlerdir (M. Reşîd Rızâ, III, 389; Elmalılı, III, 2329).
Selefiyye’nin müteahhir dönem âlimlerince ileri sürülen görüş ise daha çok onların, ruhun bedenle birlikte yaratıldığı tarzındaki fikirleriyle irtibatlıdır (bk. İbn Kayyim, s. 252). Eğer bezm-i elestteki sözleşme birinci görüşe göre açıklanırsa ruhun önceden yaratıldığını kabul etmek icap eder ki onların kanaatine göre bu doğru değildir. Sünnî âlimlerin çoğuna göre ise ruhlar bedenlerden önce yaratılmıştır (Zemahşerî, I, 547). Esasen Selefiyye’nin bezm-i elestteki sözleşmeyi Allah’ın varlığı ve birliğine dair zaruri bilgilerin insan ruhunun derinliklerine yerleştirmesiyle açıklaması da dünyaya gelmelerinden önce ruhlara sözlü bir telkin yapılmasını gerektirir. Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır’ın da belirttiği gibi (Hak Dini , III, 2326-2327) bezm-i elestteki sözleşmenin keyfiyeti bilinmese bile bunun en azından bir “kelâm-ı nefsî” ile vuku bulduğunu kabul etmek gerekir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , “rûḥ” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ʿahd”, “mîs̱âḳ” md.leri.
el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî , s. 830-831, 1128.
el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ḳader”, 2.
Müsned , I, 272; III, 127, 129; V, 135; VI, 441.
Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 8.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , I, 28.
İbn Ebû Âsım, Kitâbü’s-Sünne (nşr. M. Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî), Beyrut 1400/1980, I, 87, 89.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Şâkir) , XIII, 222, 226, 241, 242, 244.
a.mlf., Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl), I, 133-136.
Mâtürîdî, Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân , Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., nr. 40, vr. 272b -273a .
Makdisî, el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ , II, 96.
Halîmî, el-Minhâc , I, 153-156.
Kuşeyrî, Leṭâʾifü’l-işârât (nşr. İbrâhim Besyûnî), Kahire 1981, I, 585.
Pezdevî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn (nşr. H. P. Linss), Kahire 1383/1963, s. 211-213.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf , I, 547; II, 128.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, Zâdü’l-mesîr , III, 284, 286.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XV, 46-50.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , VII, 314.
İbn Teymiyye, Derʿu teʿârużi’l-ʿaḳl ve’n-naḳl (nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim), Riyad 1979, VIII, 410-411, 414, 483-487.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, er-Rûḥ (nşr. M. Üneys İyâde – M. Fehmî el-Mercânî), Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’n-Nâsır), s. 252, 270-273.
Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳīdeti’ṭ-Ṭaḥâviyye (nşr. Abdullah et-Türkî – Şuayb el-Arnaût), Beyrut 1408/1987, s. 208-211.
Şa‘rânî, el-Yevâḳīt ve’l-cevâhir , Kahire 1378/1959, I, 114-116.
İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, Rûḥu’l-beyân , İstanbul 1389, III, 273, 275.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , IX, 103-104, 107-108.
Meydânî, Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳīdeti’ṭ-Ṭaḥâviyye (nşr. M. Mutî‘ el-Hâfız), Dımaşk 1402/1982, s. 80.
Reşîd Rızâ, Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , III, 389; IX, 294, 387.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , III, 2324-2331.
Muhammedî er-Reyşehrî, Mîzânü’l-ḥikme , Kum 1982, III, 101.
Mustafa Sâminâ, “Rûz-i Elest”, Neşriyye-i Dânişkede-i Edebiyyât ve ʿUlûm-i İnsânî , sy. 103, Tebriz 1974, s. 27 vd.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 106-108 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
EDEBİYAT. Bezm-i elest dinî-tasavvufî edebiyatta bazan yalnızca “elest” şeklinde geçer ve “bezm-i ezel” olarak da bilinir. Bezm-i elest terkibi kelime oyunları, edebî sanatlar, vezin ve kafiye endişesi vb. sebeplerle şiirde “bezm-i cân”, “kālû belâ” gibi çeşitli tamlama ve tabirler halinde de kullanılmıştır. Allah ile ruhlar arasındaki en eski meclisi ifade eden bu terkibin yerine “belâ ahdi” (belî ahdi) şeklinin kullanıldığına da rastlanır.
Klasik Şark-İslâm edebiyatlarındaki yaygın anlayışa göre âşıklar sevgililerine elest bezminde âşık olmuşlardır. Elest günündeki ruhlar meclisinde âşık uyanık olduğunu, sevgilisini ilk defa orada gördüğünü ve görür görmez hemen âşık olduğunu söyler. Bu aşkın o günden beri sürüp geldiğini, aşk şarabının kendisine o gün içirildiğini ve cömertliğin o gün takdir edildiğini belirten âşık, sevgilinin en büyük âşığının da kendisi olduğunu ima eder. Âşığın elest günündeki uyanıklığı mecazidir, aslında âşık sevgilinin güzelliği karşısında sarhoş ve sergerdândır. Bu hal o günden beri devam ettiğinden âşığın olup bitenlerden haberi yoktur ve haberdar olmayı da istemez. Çünkü o gün herkes söz vermiş ve yemin etmiştir. Sevgilinin aşkına sadık kalacağına dair söz veren âşık da bunu yerine getirmek mecburiyetindedir.
Bazan işret meclisi (bk. BEZM-i CEM ) ile bezm-i elest arasında bir ilişki kurulur. Aynî’nin, “Sâkî-i bezm-i eleste hem-dem idim bir zaman / İşte o günden beri hâtır-nişânımdır kadeh” beytinde de ifade edildiği gibi içki meclisinde bulunan unsurların bezm-i elestte de bulunduğu söylenerek oradaki içkiden ve sâkîden söz edilir. O gün içilen aşk şarabının verdiği sarhoşluğun da ebedî bir etkisi olduğu dile getirilir.
Elest bezminde “belî/belâ” (evet) diyenlerin mümin, “hayır” diyenlerin ise kâfir oldukları hususundaki halk inancı edebiyata da yansımıştır. Bu inanıştan dolayı âşıklar o mecliste sevgili yüzünden küfre düştüklerini söylerler. Nâilî’nin, “Gönül ki kâfir-i deyr-i elest olup kalmış / Bakıp cemâline sûret-perest olup kalmış” beyti bu hususu ifade etmektedir. Dinî-tasavvufî edebiyatta bezm-i elest ile ilgili daha değişik inanış ve görüşlere de rastlamak mümkündür. Âşık, ruhlara dünyadaki hisse ve nasiplerinin bezm-i elestte paylaştırıldığını, akıl sahibi olanların o gün aşkı seçtiklerini anlatır. Ezel sâkîsinin sunduğu içki ile sarhoş olup hâlâ ayılmadığını belirten âşık, bu sarhoşluğun harâbat ehli olmakla dünyada da devam ettiğini çeşitli şekillerde ifade eder (ayrıca bk. MÎSÂK ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Levend, Divan Edebiyatı , s. 307 vd.
Mustafa Nihat Özön, Edebiyat ve Tenkid Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1954, s. 76.
Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, Alevî – Bektâşî Nefesleri , İstanbul 1963, s. 192.
a.mlf., Tasavvuftan Dilimize Geçen Deyimler ve Atasözleri , İstanbul 1977, s. 185.
a.mlf., Mesnevi ve Şerhi , İstanbul 1985, I, 296-299.
Harun Tolasa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası , Ankara 1973, s. 411.
Şemsettin Kutlu, Divan Edebiyatı Antolojisi , İstanbul 1983, s. 501.
Cemâl Kurnaz, Hayâlî Bey Dîvânı (Tahlili) , Ankara 1987, s. 102.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1989, s. 153.
Necmettin Halil Onan, İzahlı Divan Şiiri Antolojisi , İstanbul 1940 ⟶ 2. bs. 1989, s. 232.
Pakalın , I, 227-228.
Ahmet Debbağoğlu, “Bezm-i Elest”, TDEA , I, 423-424.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 108 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.