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BULAK Skip to content Mısır’da matbaasıyla ünlü tarihî bir şehir.
1/2 Müellif: CENGİZ KALLEK Bölüme Git
XIII. yüzyılda, Nil’in yatağını batıya doğru 1-1,5 km. kadar değiştirmesiyle terkettiği kumsallar üzerinde eski liman şehri Meks’in yerinde kurulmuştu…
2/2 Müellif: TURGUT KUT Bölüme Git
Bulak Matbaası. Mehmed Ali Paşa 1805’te Mısır valiliğine getirildikten sonra siyasî, askerî, ziraî ve iktisadî alanlarda reform hareketlerine girişti….
XIII. yüzyılda, Nil’in yatağını batıya doğru 1-1,5 km. kadar değiştirmesiyle terkettiği kumsallar üzerinde eski liman şehri Meks’in yerinde kurulmuştur. Günümüzde eski Kahire’nin 2 km. kuzeybatısında ve Nil nehrinin batı kıyısında yer alan Bulak’ın kuruluşu Memlük Sultanı I. Baybars (1260-1277), şehir olarak gelişmesi ise Muhammed b. Kalavun (1309-1340) dönemine rastlar. Muhammed b. Kalavun’un 1325’te kazdırdığı Nâsırî Kanalı’yla Kahire’den ayrılan Bulak, milletlerarası ticaret yolları üzerindeki stratejik konumu sayesinde hızlı bir gelişme kaydetti. XIV ve XV. yüzyıllarda temel yapısı ortaya çıkan ve büyümesini sürdüren şehir, ticaretle birlikte gelişen sanayii sayesinde bir endüstri merkezi durumuna geldi. O dönemlerde şeker ve yağ imalâthaneleri, tabakhâne ve değirmenleri yanında bilhassa ağaç işçiliğiyle dikkati çeken Bulak’ta Memlük Sultanı Barsbay’ın (1422-1437) Kıbrıs seferinde kullandığı gemilerin yapıldığı tersane de bulunuyordu. XV. yüzyılda ana limanı olduğu Kahire’nin ülkedeki en önemli ekonomik merkez haline gelmesinde rol oynadı.
Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Mısır’ı fethiyle (1517) Osmanlı idaresine giren Bulak bu dönemde de ticarî önemini korudu. Evliya Çelebi’ye göre XVII. yüzyılda “resâle ağası” denilen bir yönetici ve Mısır kadısına bağlı bir nâib tarafından idare ediliyordu. 45 mahallesi ve 6700 hânesi olan şehirde 400 civarında cami-mescid, on bir medrese, altı dârülkurrâ, üç dârülhadis, kırk sıbyan mektebi, 1600 dükkân, yirmi ambar, yetmiş üç han, altı hamam vardı ve buradaki ambarların bir kısmında Haremeyn zahiresi depolanıyor, tersanede de İstanbul’dan Yemen için gönderilen gemi inşa malzemesi ve mühimmat bulunuyordu.
Napolyon’un Mısır seferi sırasında yakıp yıktığı (1799) şehri tekrar imar eden Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa burada birçok dükkân ve dökümhane yaptırmıştır. Bulak ile ada arasında inşa edilen Ebü’l-‘Alâ’ Köprüsü (1912) son dönem mimari eserlerindendir.
Bulak ticaret ve sanayi merkezi olmasının yanı sıra güzel bir dinlenme yeri de olduğu için birçok sultan, vezir ve vali tarafından imar edilmiştir. Burada mevcut XV. yüzyıldan Osmanlı idaresinin sonuna kadar olan döneme ait en yaygın yapılar vikâlelerdir (han). Kayıtlara geçmiş toplam altmış beş vikâlenin başlıcaları Hamûb, Gûrî, Kayıtbay, İbrâhim Serhân, Süleyman Paşa ve Gül Muhammed vikâleleridir. En önemli camileri Alâyâ, Kadı Yahyâ, Sinan Paşa, Mustafa Mirzâ, Hatîrî ve Ebü’l-‘Alâ’dır; ancak bunlar Kahire’dekilere kıyasla daha küçük ve mimari açıdan önemsizdirler. Bugün Osmanlı dönemine ait on iki sebilden ancak birkaçı işlevini kaybetmiş olarak ayakta durmakta, yedi hamamdan ise yalnız Hoca, Şeyh Ramazan ve Sinan Paşa faal durumda bulunmaktadır.
XIX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren gümrük vergisinin kaldırılması, demiryollarının inşasıyla nakliyatın kara yollarına kayması ve uygulamaya konulan ekonomik reformlarla bütün ülkenin mâmur bir hal alması gibi faktörlere bağlı olarak ticaret trafiği ve gelirleri azalan şehrin stratejik önemi kaybolmuştur. Bugün gelişen Kahire’de önemsiz bir semt durumunda olan Bulak, Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın siyasî sebeplerle İstanbul’daki Osmanlı devlet matbaası Matbaa-i Âmire’ye rekabet amacıyla kurduğu Matbaatü Bûlâk (aş.bk.) ile ünlüdür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ , I, 199.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , X, 291-295.
N. Hanna, An Urban History of Bulaq in the Mamluk and Ottoman Periods , Le Caire 1983.
Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm , II, 1393.
el-Ḳāmûsü’l-İslâmî , I, 394-395.
TA , VIII, 365.
J. Jomier, “Būlāḳ”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1299.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 387 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.
Bulak Matbaası. Mehmed Ali Paşa 1805’te Mısır valiliğine getirildikten sonra siyasî, askerî, ziraî ve iktisadî alanlarda reform hareketlerine girişti. Çeşitli ilmî sahalarda eğitim ve öğretim yapacak uzmanları Avrupa’dan, bazı teknik elemanları da İstanbul’dan getirtti. Askerî kara ve deniz okullarının yanı sıra tıp, veteriner, ziraat, bando, eczacılık, mühendislik ve dil okulları açtı. Bütçeden para ayırarak Avrupa’dan ve İstanbul’dan kitaplar satın aldırdı. Tercüme heyetleri kurdurarak Batı dillerinden genellikle fen kitaplarını Arapça’ya, askerlik ve denizcilik kitaplarını da Türkçe’ye çevirtti; Batı kültürünün Mısır’a yerleşmesini sağlamaya çalıştı. 1813-1848 yılları arasında tahsil için değişik Avrupa ülkelerine gönderdiği 339 talebe içinde matbaacılığı öğrenmeye gidenler de vardı.
Mısır’da ilk matbaalar, 1557’de Gershon b. Eliezer Soncino ile 1740’ta daha önceleri İstanbul’da matbaacılık yapan Abraham b. Moses Yatom tarafından Kahire’de kurulmuştu. Yarım yüzyıla yakın bir süre sonra da Napolyon Bonapart’ın Mısır seferi sırasında (1798-1802), biri Jean-Joseph Marcel tarafından Haziran 1798’de İskenderiye’de (Imprimerie Orientale et Française), diğeri Marc Aurel tarafından Ağustos 1798’de Kahire’de (Imprimerie de Marc Aurel) olmak üzere iki matbaa kuruldu. İskenderiye’de, Napolyon Bonapart’ın Roma’dan el koyup getirdiği Arapça hurufatla, halka dağıtılan beyannâmeler ve ilk defa Alphabet Arabe, Turk et Persan, à l’Usage de l’Imprimerie Orientale et Française (An VI/1798) adlı kitap basıldı. İskenderiye’deki matbaa Ekim 1798’de Kahire’ye taşınarak Ocak 1799’da Imprimerie Nationale adını aldı. Marc Aurel de Kahire’de kendi matbaasında Courrier de l’Egypte gazetesiyle (116 sayı) La Décade Egyptienne adlı derginin ilk üç sayısını bastı. Bu iki matbaada çeşitli konularda Arapça, Türkçe, Fransızca ve İtalyanca olarak basılmış kitapların ancak yirmi bir tanesi bilinmektedir. Fransızlar’ın çıkarmak istedikleri et-Tenbîh adlı gazetenin çıkıp çıkmadığı ise tartışmalıdır. Fransız ordusu 1801’de Mısır’ı terkederken geride matbaa ile ilgili hiçbir malzeme bırakmadı. Bu malzeme bugün Paris’te Imprimerie Nationale’de saklanmaktadır.
Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın giriştiği yenilik hareketleri arasında matbaanın özel bir yeri vardır. Matbaayı kurmadan önce baskı, dizgi ve harf dökümünü öğrenmeleri için 1815’te Suriyeli Nikola Masabaki ile birlikte dört öğrenciyi Milano’ya gönderdi. Matbaayı da Dârüssınâati’l-âmiriyye adıyla bilinen Bulak Tersanesi’nde kurdu. Matbaa binasının ana kapısındaki üç beyitlik Türkçe kitâbeden, binanın dârüttıbâa olarak 1 Muharrem 1235 – 1 Muharrem 1236 (20 Ekim 1819 – 9 Ekim 1820) arasında inşa edildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bir arşiv kaydına göre de matbaa 18 Safer 1237’de (14 Kasım 1821) resmen açıldı.
Milano’dan üç baskı makinesi, Leghorn ve Triyeste’den mürekkep, kâğıt ve başka malzeme geldi. Arapça hurufat önce İtalya’dan, sonra da Fransa’dan sağlandı. Nikola Masabaki baskı makinelerini Eylül 1821 ile Ocak 1822 arasında yerlerine monte etti. Matbaa ile kütüphanenin denetimi Bulak Mühendishânesi hocalarından Osman Nûreddin Efendi’ye verildi. Kendisi bu görevde Temmuz 1824’e kadar kaldı.
Bulak Matbaası’nda basılan kitaplarla ilgili bibliyografyalarla bu matbaa üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda, Dom Raphael’in (Rufeil b. Antun Zahhur) Dizionario Italiano e Arabo / Ḳāmûsü İṭalyanî ve ʿArabî (1238/1822) adlı lugatı Bulak’ta basılan ilk kitap olarak kabul edilir. Ancak matbaayı kuruluş yıllarında ziyaret eden (Aralık 1822), G. B. Brocchi’nin basılan ilk kitabın Türkçe bir askerlik kitabı olduğunu ve İtalyanca-Arapça lugatın da baskı sırasını beklediğini belirtmesi, ayrıca kitabın İtalyanca ve Arapça ön kapaklarında baskı tarihi olarak sadece yıl verilmesi bibliyografya ve kaynakların görüşünü şüpheli hale getirmektedir. Öte yandan Bulak Matbaası’nda ilk basılan Arapça ve Türkçe kitapların hâtimelerindeki hicrî ay ve yıl hesaba katılıp incelendiğinde, Şânîzâde Mehmed Atâullah Efendi’nin 1806’da Fransızca’dan çevirdiği, Prusya Kralı II. Frederick’in generallerine askerî bir tâlimatı olan ve Vesâyânâme-i Seferiyye adıyla bilinen kitap (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hüsrev Paşa, nr. 805), 1238 Rebîülevvelinin sonunda (1822 Aralık ortası) Bulak’ta basılan ilk kitap olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu arada Kānunnâme-i Asâkir-i Piyâdegân-ı Cihâdiyye (Türkçe, 1238 Receb ortaları / Mart 1823 ortaları), Kitâb fî ṣınâʿâti ṣıbâġati’l-ḥarîr (Arapça, 12 Zilkade 1238 / 21 Temmuz 1823) gibi kitaplar da matbaanın kurulduğu yılda basılan ilk eserlerdir.
İtalya’dan getirilen Arapça hurufat matbaada basılan ilk kitaplarda kullanıldı; ancak pek fazla beğenilmediğinden Senglâh el-Fârisî ta‘lik, Türk hattatlarından Abdullah Zühdî Efendi de nesih harflerin kalıplarını yeniden yaptı. Bu kalıplardan dökülen harfler 1241’den (1825) sonra kullanılmaya başlandı.
Bulak Matbaası’nın işleri giderek yoğunlaşınca 1829 Ağustosunda matbaa tersanenin yakınlarında başka bir yere taşındı ve 1831’de Fransa’dan beş yeni baskı makinesi ısmarlandı. Artan ihtiyaçlar dolayısıyla 1833’te matbaanın yakınındaki gümrük binası da bu tesislere katıldı. 100 yıla yakın bir süre aynı yerde kalan matbaanın 1946’da kullanım sahası 10.549 m2 ’ye çıkarıldı.
Bulak baskısı kitapların hâtimelerinde matbaa adı olarak “Bulak Matbaası” ifadesi kullanıldığı (Bulak Matbaası Satış Katalogu ’nda [1260]) gibi “Dârüttıbâa” (kapı kitâbesinde ve Vesâyânâme-i Seferiyye ’de), “Matbaatü sâhibi’s-saâde” (Ḳāmûsü İṭalyanî ve ʿArabî ’de [1245]), “Dârü’t-tıbâati’l-ma‘mûre” (Siyer-i Veysî ’de [1245]), “Matbaatü Bulak” (Ravzatü’l-ebrâr ’da [1247]), “Matbaatü’l-kebîr” (Şerh-i Dîvân-ı Hâfız li-Sûdî ’de [1250]), “Dârü’t-tıbâati’l-hıdîvâne” (Şerhü’l-ebyât ’ta [1251]), “Dârü’t-tıbâati’l-âmire” (Tûtînâme ’de [1254]), “Dârü’t-tıbâati’l-bâhire” (Dîvân-ı Vâsıf ’ta [1257]), “Matbaa-i Âmire” (Bulak Matbaası Satış Katalogu ’nda [1262]), “Matbaatü Mısri’l-mahrûse” (Tercüme-i Milel ü Nihal ’de [1263]), “Dârü’t-tıbâati’l-Mısriyye” (İrâdât Divanı ile Bu Defa… ’da [1270]), “Matbaa-i Seniyye-i Mecbûre” (Silsile-i Safâ li-Muhammed Mustafâ ’da [1287]) adları da kullanıldı.
Faaliyete geçtiği yıllarda Bulak Matbaası’nda kaç kişinin çalıştığı kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Ancak G. B. Brocchi’deki bir kayda göre Aralık 1822’de matbaanın personel sayısı on altı kişiydi. Bu sayının 1825’te kırk kişiye, 1844-1845 yıllarına ait bir maaş listesinde 136 kişiye, matbaanın en parlak dönemi olan 1848’de ise 169 kişiye ulaştığı görülmektedir.
Mehmed Ali Paşa döneminde Nikola Masabaki 1821-1830, Abdülkerim 1830-1833, Ebü’l-Kāsım Şâhid Geylânî 1833-1835, Abdullah Fâtih Dağıstânî 1835-1840, Hüseyin Râtib 1840-1848 yılları arasında matbaa nâzırlığında bulundular. Matbaada nâzıra bağlı olarak nâzır muavini, ayrı ayrı Arapça, Farsça, Türkçe musahhihleri ve mürettipleri, baskı ustaları, hattatlar, cetvelciler ve başka elemanlar da çalıştı. Arapça musahhihleri genellikle Ezher hocaları arasından seçildi. Bunların bazılarına harf dökümü, mürettiplik, baskıcılık da öğretildi.
Türkçe musahhihlik yapanlar arasında Abdülvehhâb Dağıstânî, Ahmed Efendi Kırkkimsevî (قرق كمسوى ), Mahmud Dağıstânî, Mehmed Efendi, mühendis Mehmed Mazhar, Nakşibendiyye şeyhi Mehmed Murad, Müftîzâde Mehmed Necib, Mehmed İsmet, Mustafa Mestî, Mustafa Moravî, Sâdullah Said Âmidî, Şerif Mehmed ve Yâkub Efendi bulunmaktadır.
Bulak Matbaası’nda bir yandan çeşitli konularda kitaplar yayımlanırken bir yandan da idarî teşkilâtın her kademesi için birçok tâmim, tâlimat ve kanun bülteni basıldı. Bulak’ta açılan okulların ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak amacıyla zaman zaman küçük çaplı matbaalar da kuruldu. Bunların arasında uzun ömürlü olmayan ve çoğunlukla taş baskısı (litografya) basım yapan el-Kal‘a (1822), Ebû Zebel Tıp Mektebi (1827), Tarra Topçu Mektebi (1831), Dîvânü’l-cihâdiyye (1831), Dîvânü’l-medâris (1837’den sonra) ve Mühendishâne (1834’ten sonra) en önemlileridir. Bu matbaalardan başka Mehmed Ali Paşa İskenderiye’de Sarây-ı Re’sü’t-tîn Matbaası’nı (1833) ve Girit’te Türkçe-Rumca Vekāyi-i Giridiyye gazetesini basan (1830 [?]) bir matbaa kurdu.
Dîvânü’l-medâris’e bağlı olarak çıkarılan Arapça-Türkçe resmî Vekāyi-i Mısriyye gazetesi de 25 Cemâziyelevvel 1244-25 Safer 1249 (3 Aralık 1828 – 14 Temmuz 1833) tarihleri arasında (535 sayı) Bulak Matbaası’nda basıldı. Bu gazete daha sonra el-Kal‘a’da kendi adıyla anılan matbaaya taşındı; 1840 yılı ortalarına kadar burada basılan Vekāyi-i Mısriyye tekrar Bulak Matbaası’nda yayımlanmaya başlandı. Ayrıca Bulak Matbaası’nda basılan matematik, fizik, kimya ve askerlik kitapları için gerekli şekil, sembol, plan, harita ve özel işaretleri hazırlayıp basacak yardımcı bir taş baskısı matbaası da kuruldu.
Bulak baskısı kitapların bibliyografyaları 1832’de Hammer, 1834’te Reinaud, 1842’de Bianchi, daha sonra da başkaları tarafından düzenlendi. 1985’te Hsu Cheng-Hsiang’ın hazırladığı bir doktora çalışmasına göre 1238-1267 (1822-1851) yılları arasında Bulak Matbaası’nda 526, diğer matbaalarda kırk dört kitap olmak üzere toplam 570 kitabın basıldığı tesbit edilmiştir. Bu kitapların 259’u Türkçe, 255’i Arapça, on dördü Farsça’dır; kırk iki kitabın dili belirlenememiştir.
Bulak Matbaası’nda basılan kitaplar askerî kara ve deniz okulları ile diğer okullara dağıtıldıktan sonra geriye kalanların satılmasını isteyen Mehmed Ali Paşa, matbaada basılan kitapların fiyatlarını ve elde mevcut nüshalarını gösteren kataloglar yayımlattığı gibi taksitle kitap satışını ve çok sayıda kitap alanlara indirim yapılmasını da sağladı. Ayrıca baskı, dizgi, kâğıt, mürekkep masrafları ile diğer masraflar hesaplandıktan sonra mîrîye onda bir kâr vermeyi kabul eden şahısların yatırımcı (mültezim) olarak matbaada kitap bastırmalarına izin verip onları destekledi. Matbu kitapları satacak resmî bir satış merkezi de 1857’de hizmete açıldı.
Mısır’da ilk matbuat kanunu, Mühendishâne hocalarından İtalyan asıllı Bilotti’nin İslâmiyet aleyhine yazdığı “La Religion des Peuples Orientaux” adlı şiiri bastırma teşebbüsü üzerine 13 Temmuz 1823’te çıkarıldı. 1 Ocak 1859’a kadar yürürlükte kalan bu kanunla Mehmed Ali Paşa kendisinden izin alınmadan kitap basılmasını yasakladı ve buna teşebbüs edeceklere de ağır cezalar getirdi.
İç kapak ilk defa, Bulak Matbaası’nda 1822’de basılan Dom Raphael’in İtalyanca-Arapça sözlüğünde ortaya çıktı ve XIX. yüzyılın sonuna kadar tek örnek olarak kaldı. Matbaanın zimmet edildiği kişilerle nâzır ve musahhihlerinin adları, basılan kitapların basım yeri, yılı, ayı, günü gibi bibliyografik bilgiler yazma kitap geleneğine sadık kalınarak bu kitapların hâtimelerinde verildi.
Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın son döneminde Mısır valisi olan Abbas Paşa (1848-1854) Bulak Matbaası ile fazla ilgilenmedi. İşçi sayısı 108 kişiye düştü. Mehmed Said Paşa’nın (1854-1863) valiliği sırasında ise bütçenin yetersizliğinden dolayı matbaa ancak resmî evrakla özel yayınevlerinin ısmarladığı ders kitaplarını basabildi. Matbaa Nâzırı Ali Cevdet Bey ile işçiler arasında ücret yüzünden çıkan anlaşmazlık sonucu vali matbaayı 19 Ağustos 1861’de kapattı ve 1862 Ağustosunda da demiryolları müfettişi Abdurrahman Rüşdî Bey’e devretti. Matbaanın müdürlüğünü üstlenen Abdurrahman Rüşdî Bey, o sıralarda yeni bir matbaa kurmak için İskenderiye’de bulunan baskı ustası Antoine Mourès ile iş birliği yaptı. Antoine Mourès’i derhal Paris’e gönderip kısa sürede yeni malzeme ve makine getirtti. Matbaanın adı da Matbaa-i Abdurrahman Rüşdî oldu.
Hidiv İsmâil Paşa döneminde (1863-1879) matbaa Abdurrahman Rüşdî Bey’den satın alınarak yönetimi hidivlik dairesine bağlandı. Başına Hüseyin Hüsnü Efendi getirildi, matbaanın adı Matbaatü Bûlâkı’s-seniyye olarak değiştirildi. El ile çalışan baskı makinelerinin yerine buharlı makineler, iyice bozulan hurufat yerine de yenileri satın alındı. Avrupa’dan özel olarak baskı ustaları getirildi. Kitapların kalitesi süratle yükseldi. Bastığı örnek kitaplarla milletlerarası 1867 Paris (gümüş madalya) ve 1873 Viyana sergilerine katıldı. Hidiv Mehmed Paşa döneminde ise (1879-1892) matbaa 20 Haziran 1880’de millîleştirilip Matbaatü Bûlâkı’l-âmiriyye adını aldı.
Mısır’ın geçirdiği siyasî değişikliklerden sonra 13 Ağustos 1956’da çıkarılan bir kanunla resmî matbaalar özerkleştirilince Bulak Matbaası’nın denetimi de bir heyete (el-Hey’etü’l-âmme li’ş-şuûni’l-metâbi‘) verildi.
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a.mlf., “Maṭbaʿatü Bûlâḳ fî ʿahdihe’l-evvel”, a.e. , XXII/2 (1960), s. 65-99.
a.mlf., “Maṭbaʿatü Bûlâḳ fî ʿahdihe’s̱-s̱ânî”, a.e. , XXIV/1 (1962), s. 9-29.
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a.mlf., “Notice des Ouvrages Arabes, Persanes et Turcs Imprimés en Égypte”, a.e. , s. 333-344.
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Boris A. Dorn, “Catalogue des Ouvrages Arabes, Persans et Turcs Publiés à Constantinople, en Égypte et en Perse qui se trouvent au Musée Asiatique de l’Académie”, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg , X, Saint-Pétersbourg 1866, kolon 182-199 (tamamı kolon 168-213).
Albert Geiss, “Histoire de l’Imprimerie en Égypte”, BIE , V/1 (1907), s. 133-157.
a.mlf., “Histoire de l’Imprimerie en Égypte”, a.e. , V/2 (1908), s. 195-220.
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Richard N. Verdery, “The Publications of the Bulaq Press under Muhammad Ali of Egypt”, JAOS , sy. 91 (1971), s. 129-132.
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Michael W. Albin, “The Survival of the Bulaq Press under Abbas and Said (1848-63)”, International Association of Orientalist Librarious Bulletin , sy. 30-31, Michigan 1987, s. 11-17.
“Cairo”, EJd. , V, 31-32.
“Soncino”, a.e. , XV, 140-141.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 387-390 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.