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ANÂSIR-ı ERBAA Skip to content İlkçağ Yunan, Ortaçağ İslâm ve hıristiyan felsefesinde tabii varlıkların ilkesi sayılan dört madde.
Anâsır kelimesi sözlükte “asıl, kök, soy; şeref ve asâlet” gibi mânalara gelen unsur kelimesinin çoğuludur. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de unsur ve anâsır kelimeleri geçmemektedir; hadislerde ise “kök, kaynak” anlamında bir iki defa unsur kelimesi kullanılmıştır (bk. Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 37; İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “ʿunṣur” md.). Anâsır-ı erbaa “dört unsur” demek olup klasik felsefede toprak, su, hava ve ateşten ibarettir. İslâm kaynaklarında anâsır-ı erbaa yerine ustukussât-ı erbaa, erkân-ı erbaa, tabâi‘-i erbaa, mevâdd-i erbaa, ümmehât-i erbaa, ümmehât-i süfliyye, usûl, mebâdî ve kavâbis gibi daha başka terimler de kullanılmıştır. Bu terimler pek çok âlim ve düşünür tarafından eş anlamlı sayılmışsa da aralarında bazı küçük farklar bulunmaktadır. Şöyle ki, bir birleşiğin içinde onun bir parçası olarak yer alan şeye rükn (çoğulu erkân), birleşiğin çözülmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkan şeye ustukus (çoğulu ustukussât), birleşiği meydana getiren maddeye asıl (çoğulu usûl), yeni bir madde teşkil etmek üzere eski şeklini bırakıp bozulan şeye de unsur (çoğulu anâsır) denir.
İslâm felsefesindeki anâsır-ı erbaa anlayışı antik Yunan düşüncesinden gelmektedir. Antik Yunan’da antropomorfik tanrı inancı hâkim olduğu için yaratma veya yoktan var olma (ex-nihilo) fikri mevcut değildir. Bu sebeple Grekler’e göre tanrı (veya tanrılar) kâinatı yoktan var etmiş değildir; aksine o, kendisi gibi ezelî olan kâinatın ilk maddesine sadece şekil verip onu düzene sokmuştur. İşte tanrı gibi ezelî olan bu ilk maddenin ne olduğu Grek düşüncesinin kuruluş döneminde çok tartışılmıştır. Arkhe diye ifade edilen bu ilk madde Thales’e göre su, Anaximenes’e göre hava, Herakleitos’a göre ateştir. Empedokles ise bunlardan her birini arkhe olarak kabul etmek yerine, toprakla birlikte dördünün kâinatın ana maddesini teşkil ettiğini söylemiştir. Eflâtun’un da dört unsur fikrini savunduğu bilinmektedir. Dört unsur teorisini sistemleştirerek tabiat bilimlerinde hâkim görüş haline getiren ise Aristo olmuştur. Ona göre kâinat, ay üstü ve ay altı olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Ay üstü âlem ebediyet diyarı olduğu için burada oluş (kevn-géneration) ve bozulma (fesad-corruption) yoktur ve bu sebeple ay üstü âlemde bir tek unsur vardır. Aristo buna esîr adını verir. Ay altı âlem ise oluş ve bozulma evreni olduğu için burada birden fazla unsurun bulunması gerekir. Aksi takdirde etkileme (fiil) ve etkilenme (infiâl) olamaz. Her ne kadar bazı İlkçağ filozofları ay altı âlemde madde olarak değişik şeylerden söz etmişlerse de klasik düşünceye hâkim olan Empedokles’in zikrettiği dört unsur (ateş, hava, su, toprak) görüşüdür. Zira bütün varlıkların yapısında bu dört madde değişik şekillerde bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan mutlak ağır olan unsur (toprak) aşağıya doğru, mutlak hafif olan (ateş) yukarıya doğru, izâfî ağırlık ve hafifliğe sahip bulunan diğer ikisi ise bunların arasında hareket ederler.
Aristo fiziğinin temel konusu olan dört unsur teorisi Helenistik dönemde daha çok benimsenmiş, sonradan Süryânîler aracılığıyla Arapça’ya aktarılmış ve tabâi‘-i erbaa, keyfiyyât-ı erbaa, ahlât-ı erbaa ve ilel-i erbaa terimleriyle fizikten tıbba, tıptan ahlâka kadar geniş bir alana uygulanmıştır.
Aristo’nun De Génératione et Corruptione adlı eseri İshak b. Huneyn ve Ebû Osmân ed-Dımaşkī tarafından Kitâbü’l-Kevn ve’l-fesâd adıyla Arapça’ya tercüme edilince bu fikirler İslâm dünyasında da tartışılmaya başlandı. Konuyu ana hatlarıyla ilk defa ele alan İslâm filozofu Kindî olmuştur. Ona göre unsur bütün fizikî varlıkların ilkesidir (tînet-madde). Ustukus ise nesnelerin kendisinden meydana geldiği ve yine ona döndüğü şeydir. Oluş ve bozulma birbirinin zıddı olan keyfiyetlerde meydana gelir. Bu zıt keyfiyetler sıcaklık ve soğukluk, kuruluk ve nemliliktir. Ay üstü âlemde bu keyfiyetler bulunmadığı için orada oluş ve bozulma da yoktur. Ay altı âlemin unsurları ise dört tanedir. Bunlar belirli oranlarda karışıp birbirini etkileyerek varlıkları meydana getirirler; birbirlerine dönüşürken yok olup gitmezler; parçaları birbiri içine girer, kendileri ise Allah’ın takdir ettiği süreye kadar bâkidirler. Kindî’ye göre unsurların kendilerine has tabii mekânları (hayyiz) vardır. Ay altı âlemin en üst kısmında ateş küresi, onun altında hava, onun altında su, onun altında toprak küresi yer alır. Düz çizgi doğrultusunda hareket eden unsurlardan ateş ve havanın hareket yönü merkezden çevreye toprak ve suyunki ise çevreden merkeze doğrudur.
Fârâbî ise unsurdan çok ustukustan söz eder. Ona göre birleşik cevherlerin ilkeleri olan ustukuslar basittirler ve varlık mertebesinin en alt basamağında yer alırlar. Daha sonra madenler, bitkiler ve hayvanlar mertebesi gelir; en üstte de nâtık (düşünen) canlı bulunur. Küre biçiminde olan ustukuslar dört tane olup her birinin maddesi kendi sûretini de zıddının sûretini de alabilir durumdadır. Ay altı âlemdeki bütün maddeler onlardan teşekkül eder.
Unsurlar teorisine son şeklini veren İslâm filozofu İbn Sînâ olmuştur. Bazan unsur, bazan da ustukus terimlerini kullanan İbn Sînâ, Sokrat öncesi filozofların arkhe görüşlerini ele alıp eleştirdikten sonra ay altı âlemdeki varlıkların oluş ve bozulmalarının neticede belirtilen dört ana maddede son bulduğunu ifade eder. Evâil adı verilen ilk keyfiyetler (sıcaklık, soğukluk, kuruluk ve nemlilik) unsurları meydana getirirler. Ateşe hâkim olan keyfiyet sıcaklık, havaya hâkim olan nemlilik, suya hâkim olan soğukluk, toprağa hâkim olan da kuruluktur. Keyfiyetlerin unsurları nasıl oluşturduğunu gösteren bazı şahsî tecrübe ve müşahedelerini tesbit eden filozof, bozulmanın bir sûretin ortadan kalkması ve oluşun da yeni bir sûretin kazanılması olduğunu, bozulan unsurda yeni bir sûreti kazanma istidadının meydana geldiğini ve bunun da feyiz sahibi ve cömert (el-fâizu’l-cevâd) olan Allah tarafından sağlandığını bildirir; konunun ayrıntıları ile ilgili bilgilerde Aristo’dan beri gelişen unsurlar fikrini tekrarlar (bk. el-İşârât ve’t-tenbîhât , s. 142-166; ʿUyûnü’l-ḥikme , s. 32).
İbn Rüşd de ilk maddenin hiçbir şekilde işlenmemiş olduğunu, bundan dört unsurun veya ustukusun ortaya çıktığını ve bunların da dört tabiat veya dört keyfiyet ile nitelik kazandığını belirtir ve daha sonra Aristo’nun bu konudaki görüşlerini zikreder.
Mistik ve bâtınî kişiliğiyle İslâm düşüncesine gnostik bir yorum getiren Câbir b. Hayyân, sırrî (ésotérique) ve simyacı (alchimiste) denge teorisi içerisinde unsurlar görüşüne önemli bir yer verir. Ona göre basit olan ümmehâtın (ana ilkeler) aslı dört keyfiyettir. Fakat oluş için kemiyetin müdahalesi gerekir. Böylece dört unsur belirli bir birleşim içinde varlıkları meydana getirirler. Hem Aristocu heyûlâ görüşüne hem de unsurların birbirine dönüşmesine karşı çıkan Câbir’e göre âlemde önce Tanrı’dan başka hiçbir varlık yoktu; sonra keyfiyetler, ardından da dört unsur meydana gelmiştir. Nasıl kâinatta unsurlar dört tane ise bir yılda dört mevsim, insan bedeninde dört karışım (ahlât-ı erbaa) ve organlar arasında da dört ana organ vardır.
Canlı ve cansız varlıklarda bazı ortak özellikler bulunduğunu bildiren Endülüslü düşünür İbn Bâcce’ye göre bu ortak özelliklerin başında ustukuslar gelir. İbn Tufeyl de alegorik bir roman olan Ḥay b. Yaḳẓân ’da (s. 89-90) unsur fikrinin tabiatın yapısında mevcut olduğunu ve ıssız bir adada tek başına yaşayan Hay b. Yakzân’ın kendi tecrübesiyle keyfiyetleri ve dört unsuru bulduğunu anlatırken klasik unsurlar teorisini özet olarak nakleder.
Düşünce sistemini işrak felsefesi üzerine kuran Sühreverdî el-Maktûl, feleklerin ve unsurların nurların nuru olan ilk nurdan sudûr ettiğini belirterek kavâbis diye adlandırdığı unsurların bu nurlardan nasıl meydana geldiğini kendine has terimlerle anlatır.
Tasavvufî düşünceyi felsefî boyutlara kavuşturarak İslâm düşüncesinde büyük değişiklikler meydana getiren İbnü’l-Arabî, unsurların feleklerin hareketi sonunda ortaya çıktığını belirterek Tanrı’nın dört unsuru dört günde yarattığını, bunların içerisinde ateşin en üst mertebede bulunduğunu, fakat Hz. Âdem’in çamurunda yer alan suyun hepsinden daha etkili olduğunu söyler ve unsurlara kendi özelliklerini verenin Allah olduğunu belirtir. İbnü’l-Arabî ile paralel fikirler taşıyan İbn Seb‘în ise dört unsurdan söz ederken bunların keyfiyetleriyle fiilleri arasında denklik bulunduğunu, parlak olan ateşin cisimleri kendi tabiatına çevirdiğini, şeffaf ve latîf olan havanın sûretleri kolayca benimseyip bıraktığını, suyun da aynı özellikleri taşıdığını, toprağın ise yoğun bir cisim olduğunu belirtir.
Meşşâî felsefe ile İşrâkī düşünceyi birleştirerek yeni bir hikmet anlayışı kurmaya çalışan Şehrezûrî, bir ağaç şeklinde tasarladığı evrende hareketin keyfiyeti, keyfiyetin de unsurları doğurduğunu, diğer bütün şeylerin ise unsurlardan meydana geldiğini söyler. O da tıpkı İbn Sînâ ve arkadaşları gibi unsurların bir tane olmasının imkânsızlığını vurgulayarak analiz ve sentez metoduyla bunların dört tane olması gerektiğini bildirir (bk. eş-Şeceretü’l-ilâhiyye , vr. 74b -75b ).
İlk dönem kelâm bilginleri tabiat bilimleriyle ilgili değişik görüşleri tartıştıkları halde unsur konusuyla hemen hemen hiç ilgilenmemişlerdir. Sadece Mu‘tezilî düşünür Nazzâm’ın kümûn teorisinde arkhe olarak unsur fikri görülmektedir. Eş‘arî de dört unsurdan ziyade dört keyfiyetten söz etmekle yetinir. Âlemin kıdemi noktasından arkhe problemine yaklaşan İmam Mâtürîdî ise dört unsurdan çok dört tabiattan bahseder.
Müteahhirîn kelâmının hazırlayıcılarından olan İmam Cüveynî filozofların heyûlâ ve unsur konusundaki farklı görüşlerine temas ettikten sonra onların dört tabiatın kadîm olduğunu ileri sürdüklerini kaydeder ve çeşitli delillerle bu görüşün yanlış olduğunu ortaya koymaya çalışır.
Cüveynî’nin talebesi Gazzâlî, filozofların görüşlerini özetlediği Maḳāṣıdü’l-felâsife ’de (s. 247) cisimlerin basit ve birleşik olmak üzere ikiye ayrıldığını, basit cisimlerin de göklere ait cisimler gibi oluş ve bozulma kabul etmeyenlerle unsurlar gibi oluş ve bozulma kabul eden cisimler şeklinde ikiye ayrıldığını belirttikten sonra unsurların neden sadece dört tane olması gerektiğini Meşşâî filozoflarının görüşleri olarak açıklamaktadır. Ona göre unsurlar arazdırlar ve araz oldukları için de değişime mâruzdurlar; bu yüzden kevn ve fesada uğrarlar. Süflî oldukları için de ay ve güneş gibi gök cisimlerinin etkisi altındadırlar. Tehâfütü’l-felâsife ’de (s. 66-67) filozofların tabiat bilimleriyle ilgili görüşlerinin din ile ilişkili yönü bulunmadığını söyleyen Gazzâlî diğer eserlerinde unsurlar konusuna temas etmez.
Antik Grek filozoflarının ve İbn Sînâ’nın görüşlerini özetlerken unsurlar teorisine geniş yer ayıran Şehristânî bu hususta ayrıca kendi kanaatini beyan etmez.
Kelâmın felsefî muhteva kazanmasında önemli rol oynayan Fahreddin er-Râzî, İbn Sînâ’nın el-İşârât ve’t-tenbîhât ve ʿUyûnü’l-ḥikme adlı eserlerine yazdığı şerhlerde onun Sünnî yorumunu verirken kendi eserlerinde Meşşâî unsurlar teorisini zaman zaman eleştirerek tekrarlar. Adudüddin el-Îcî de Meşşâî felsefede kemaline ermiş olan unsurlar teorisini olduğu gibi alarak kelâmî konulara intibak ettirir ve böylece felsefî kelâmın gelişmesinde önemli bir adım atar. Onun izinden giden Sa‘deddin et-Teftâzânî ise gerek el-Maḳāṣıd adlı eserinde gerekse bu eserine yazmış olduğu şerhte klasikleşen unsur ve ustukuslar teorisini olduğu gibi tekrarlar. Aynı ekolün son temsilcilerinden olan Cürcânî de et-Taʿrîfât ’ındaki tanımlarında ve Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf adlı eserindeki açıklamalarında konuyu klasik şekliyle tekrarlamaktadır.
Bundan sonra gelen İslâm düşünürleri genellikle eski görüşleri tekrar etmekle yetinirler. Halbuki Aristocu dört unsur teorisine XVI. yüzyılda Batı’da Paracelsus ile başlayan tepkiler, gittikçe gelişerek Dalton’un atom teorisiyle birlikte yerini elementer sisteme bırakır. XVIII. yüzyıl Türk düşünürlerinden Erzurumlu İbrâhim Hakkı Mârifetnâme ’de klasikleşen unsurlar teorisini tekrarlarken ondan sonraki yüzyıl müfessirlerinden Âlûsî de tefsirinde yer yer aynı görüşler doğrultusunda açıklamalar yapar.
Kelâmî ve tasavvufî muhtevası içerisinde divan edebiyatında bir mazmun olarak kullanılan anâsır-ı erbaa, yüzyılımızın başına kadar yazılan İslâm düşüncesine dair eserlerde sık sık görülmeye devam eder.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “ʿunṣur” md.
et-Taʿrîfât , “aṣl”, “rükn”, “ʿunṣur” md.leri.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , “ʿunṣur” md.
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Aristo, Metafizik (trc. Ahmet Arslan), İzmir 1985, s. 1014a .
Kindî, Resâʾil , s. 166, 217, 221.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , s. 309-348.
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a.mlf., ed-Deʿâvi’l-ḳalbiyye , Haydarâbâd 1349, s. 7.
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a.mlf., en-Necât , Kahire 1357/1938, s. 148.
a.mlf., ʿUyûnü’l-ḥikme (nşr. Abdurrahman Bedevî), Beyrut 1980, s. 32.
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Cüveynî, eş-Şâmil (nşr. Ali Sâmi en-Neşşâr v.dğr.), İskenderiye 1969, s. 226-227, 229-234.
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İbn Seb‘în, Büddü’l-ʿârif (nşr. C. Kettûre), Beyrut 1978, s. 114.
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E. Brehier, Histoire de la Philosophie , Paris 1926, I, 41-70.
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M. Daumas, Les Science Physiques au XVIe et XVIIIe siècles (Histoire de la Science içinde), Paris 1957, s. 850.
Abdurrahman Bedevī, La Transmission de la philosophie grecque au monde arabe , Paris 1968, s. 80.
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M. Abdülhâdî Ebû Rîde, İbrâhîm b. Seyyâr en-Naẓẓâm , Kahire 1989, s. 144-145.
M. Nazif Şahinoğlu, “Unsur”, İA , XIII, 40-41.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 149-151 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.