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ASABİYET Skip to content Aynı soydan gelenlerin veya bir başka sebeple aralarında yakınlık bulunanların muhaliflere karşı birlikte hareket etmelerini sağlayan dayanışma duygusu.
Câhiliye döneminde, aralarında baba tarafından kan bağı bulunan akrabanın oluşturduğu topluluğa “asabe”, bu topluluğun bütün fertlerini birbirine bağlayan ve herhangi bir dış tehlikeye karşı koymak veya saldırıda bulunmak söz konusu olduğunda bütün topluluk üyelerinin harekete geçmesini sağlayan birlik ve dayanışma ruhuna da “asabiyet” denilmekteydi. Asabiyet, esas itibariyle soy (nesep) birliğinden kaynaklandığından, aynı soydan olanlar arasında organik yakınlık (kurbü’l-luhme قرب اللحمة ) arttıkça asabiyet de güçlenir, buna karşılık bu yakınlık aileden başlayarak aşirete, kabileye doğru yayıldıkça asabiyet de zayıflardı. Bu gerçek asabiyet yanında bir de hükmî veya itibarî asabiyet vardır ki bu kan bağına dayanmayıp herhangi bir akid, antlaşma, kefalet vb. uygulamalarla kurulan asabiyettir. Bunlardan gerçek asabiyet, modern sosyolojinin temel kavramlarından olan ve ırk birliğini aşarak vatan, tarih, kültür, gelenek ve görenek gibi müştereklere dayanan milliyet fikrinden çok, yalnızca ırk birliğinden kaynaklanan kavmiyete benzemekte, ancak bugün anlaşıldığı manadaki ırkçılığa göre daha dar çerçeveli ve kabilevî bir karakter arzetmektedir.
Düzenli bir siyasî birlikten ve hukukî yapıdan mahrum olan Câhiliye döneminde, bir kabilenin veya kabileden bir kişinin başka kabile tarafından -hangi sebeple olursa olsun- tecavüze uğramasını önleyen veya herhangi bir tecavüzün vukuu halinde, bunun doğurduğu maddî ve mânevî zararın telâfîsini sağlamaya sevkeden en önemli ve tesirli âmil asabiyet kanunu idi. Saldırıya mâruz kalan tarafın kendi kabilesini yardıma çağırması (istigāse) halinde bütün kabilenin galeyana gelerek (hamiyye) bu çağrı uyarınca hareket etmesi asabiyet kanununun kaçınılmaz bir gereği idi ki Câhiliye döneminde ardı arası kesilmeyen kabileler arası savaşların temelinde bu kanun vardı.
Asabiyetin siyasî ve hukukî alanlardaki otorite boşluğunu doldurmak, mal, can ve ırz güvenliğini sağlamak gibi olumlu yönleri yanında aile, aşiret veya kabilenin, yahut benzer bir topluluğun hak ve menfaatlerine tecavüz etmek, onlara karşı şiddete başvurarak üstünlük sağlamak gibi olumsuz ve zararlı yönleri de vardı. Böyle bir asabiyet anlayışı, Cündeb b. Anber b. Temîm’e isnat edilen (Meydânî, II, 334) bir şiirde, “İster zalim ister mazlum olsun kardeşine yardım et” şeklinde ifade edilmiş, zamanla Arap atasözleri arasına giren bu ifade, yazısız bir kanun olarak telakki edilmişti. Şair Asla‘ b. Abdullah’ın, “Kardeşim bir topluluğa karşı haksızlık yapınca ben ona yardım etmeyeceksem haksızlığa uğrayınca da yardım etmem” anlamına gelen beyti (Ebü’l-Mehâsin eş-Şeybî, I, 325), başka bir şairin, “Senin gerçek kardeşin seninle birlikte hareket eder; sen zalim olursan o da seninle birlikte zalim olur” mânasındaki beyti (Ebü’l-Hilâl el-Askerî, I, 58-59), Câhiliye dönemindeki asabiyet anlayışının tipik ifadeleridir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de “asabiyye” kelimesi geçmemekle birlikte ona yakın bir anlam ifade eden “hamiyye” kelimesi mevcuttur (bk. el-Feth 48/26). Her ne şekilde olursa olsun bu zihniyetin temelini teşkil eden soy üstünlüğü, kabilecilik ve kavmiyet davalarının tümüyle reddedildiği (bk. et-Tekâsür 102/1-8), samimi dindarlık ve ahlâkî hassasiyet demek olan takvâ dışında bir üstünlük sebebi görülmediği, gruplar arasında baş gösterebilecek çekişmeleri -asabiyet gayretiyle daha da arttırmak yerine- öncelikle, adalet ve hakkaniyete dayanan uzlaşma yoluna gitme ve her durumda haksız tarafın karşısında olma vecîbesinin getirildiği açıkça görülmektedir (bk. el-Hucurât 49/9-13). Âl-i İmrân sûresinin 103. âyetinde müslümanlara hep birlikte Allah’ın dinine (hablüllah) sarılmaları emredildikten sonra, Allah’ın -Câhiliye asabiyetinden kaynaklanan- düşmanlıkları nasıl kardeşliğe dönüştürdüğü ve böylece onları bir ateş çukuruna düşmekten nasıl kurtardığı hatırlatılır. Başka bir âyette ise (bk. el-Mâide 5/2) kötülük ve düşmanlık istikametinde dayanışma yasaklanarak “iyilik ve takvâ üzerinde yardımlaşınız” emriyle dayanışmaya ahlâkî bir muhteva kazandırılmıştır.
Hadislerde hem asabiyetin tarifi verilmiş, hem de asabiyet davasının İslâm’ın ruhuna aykırı olduğu açıkça ortaya konulmuştur. Buna göre asabiyet, bir kimsenin haksız olmasına rağmen kendi kavmine yardımcı olmasıdır (Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 112). Cübeyr b. Mut‘im’in rivayet ettiği ve Buhârî’nin Ṣaḥîḥ ’i dışındaki belli başlı hadis mecmualarında bazı varyantlarıyla yer alan aşağıdaki hadis, hem asabiyetin Câhiliye dönemindeki muhtevasını göstermesi, hem de Peygamber’in asabiyet temayüllerinin müslümanlar arasında yeniden baş göstermesinden duyduğu kaygıyı hatıra getirmesi bakımından son derece önemlidir: “Müslüman cemaatten ayrılan ve itaat yolunu terketmiş olarak ölen kimsenin ölümü Câhiliye ölümüdür. Ümmetime karşı harekete geçerek müminin imanına saygı duymaksızın ve sözleşmeli bulunduğu kimseye karşı olan ahdine vefa göstermeksizin suçlusuyla suçsuzuyla bütün ümmetimi vurmaya kalkışan kimse benim ümmetimden değildir. Asabiyet duygusuyla öfkelenen, asabiyet uğruna savaşırken yahut asabiyet davası güderken körü körüne açılmış bir bayrak altında ölen kimsenin ölümü Câhiliye ölümüdür” (Müslim, “İmâre”, 57; Nesâî, “Taḥrîm”, 28; İbn Mâce, “Fiten”, 7; Müsned , II, 306, 488). Hz. Peygamber’in müslümanlar arasında asabiyetin yeniden ortaya çıkmasından duyduğu kaygıyı gösteren ve bu tehlikenin işareti gibi görünen bazı olayları yansıtan daha başka hadisler de vardır. Nitekim Müslim’in kaydettiği bir olay böyle bir işaret taşımaktadır. Câbir’in naklettiğine göre muhâcirîn ve ensardan iki genç aralarında kavga etmişler ve Câhiliye döneminde olduğu gibi “Yetişin ey muhâcirler!”, “Yetişin ey ensar!” diyerek kendi taraflarını yardıma çağırmışlardı. Olayı haber alan Resûlullah, “Bu ne hal! Câhiliye davası mı?” sözleriyle taraflara çıkıştı. Olayın ayrıntılarını öğrendikten sonra, “Kişi zalim de olsa mazlum da olsa kardeşine yardım etsin” şeklindeki ünlü Câhiliye atasözünü tekrar edip zalime yardımın onun zulmüne karşı koymak demek olduğunu ifade ederek yukarıdaki meşhur söze yepyeni bir muhteva kazandırmıştır. İbn Teymiyye bu hadisi zikrettikten sonra kişinin, Câhiliye halkının yaptığı gibi -haklısına haksızına bakmaksızın- kendi topluluğu lehine asabiyet davası gütmesinin câiz olmadığını, buna karşılık düşmanlık hisleri beslemeksizin ve hak kaygısıyla kendi yakınlarına yardım etmesinin gerekli (vâcip) veya tavsiye edilebilir (müstehap) bir davranış olacağını belirtmektedir (İḳtiżâʾü’ṣ-ṣırâṭi’l-müstaḳīm , s. 70).
Asabiyet kavramını ilk defa ilmî ve objektif bir metotla inceleyen İslâm mütefekkiri tarih ve devlet felsefesini açıklarken bu kavrama en büyük ağırlığı veren İbn Haldûn’dur. İbn Haldûn asabiyet teriminin kendi felsefesinde ihtiva ettiği mânayı tam olarak ifade eden bir tarifini vermemiştir. Bu yüzden çeşitli araştırmacılar, asabiyet teriminin Muḳaddime ’de dayanışma ruhu, cemaat ruhu, grup duygusu, kabilecilik, kan bağı, sosyal dayanışma gibi kavramlardan biri veya birkaçı karşılığında kullanıldığını öne sürmüşlerdir. Bununla birlikte İbn Haldûn, asabiyeti dar mânada savunma (müdafaa) veya saldırı (mütâlebe) maksadına yönelik mücadele enerjisi sağlayan toplumsal şuur şeklinde anlamaktaysa da, Muḳaddime ’nin bu konuyu işleyen ilk bölümlerinden anlaşıldığına göre asabiyeti ırkî bağların veya coğrafî, siyasî yahut da dinî sebeplerin doğurduğu birlik ve dayanışma ruhu olarak incelemiştir. Bu sebeple o asabiyeti şu veya bu dönemdeki ya da çevredeki uygulanış biçimine göre değil, doğrudan doğruya beşerin fıtrî bir özelliği ve en küçük içtimaî birliklerden en büyük devletlere kadar bütün toplulukların kuruluş, gelişme ve yıkılışlarında rolü bulunan bir kitle enerjisi olarak ele almakta ve öfke, şehvet vb. öteki biyolojik ve psikolojik yetenekler gibi asabiyetin de müsbet veya menfî yönlerinin mevcut olduğunu söylemektedir. Buna göre Hz. Peygamber’in yerdiği asabiyet, haksız ve yanlış uygulamalarla ortaya çıkan Câhiliye asabiyetidir. Buna karşılık asabiyetin hakka ve Allah’ın emrini gerçekleştirmeye hizmet yolunda kullanılması arzu edilir bir şeydir. Esasen dinler ve şeriatlar bile asabiyet desteğiyle kurulur, bu destekten mahrum kalınca da yıkılırlar (Muḳaddime , I, 180-181).
İbn Haldûn’a göre asabiyet, en iptidai şekliyle, beşerin tabiatında bulunan zulüm ve düşmanlık temayüllerine karşı yine aynı tabiattan gelen akraba vb. yakınlara acıma duygusunun doğurduğu yardımlaşma ve dayanışma eğilimidir (a.g.e. , s. 116-117). Gerçekte soy birliğinden, başka bir deyişle organik yakınlıktan kaynaklanan, dolayısıyla en ileri derecede ilkel (bedevî) topluluklarda bulunan asabiyet, toplulukların yerleşik ve medenî (hadarî) hayata geçmeleri nisbetinde gücünü kaybeder (a.g.e. , s. 118, 125). Zira bu durumda çeşitli nesepler arasında homojenliğin ortadan kalkması soy birliğini olumsuz yönde etkileyecektir. Nitekim en güçlü asabiyet, birbirine en yakın akraba (en-nesebü’l-hâssa) arasında bulunur ve nesep uzak akrabaya (en-nesebü’l-âmme) yayıldıkça asabiyet de zayıflar (a.g.e. , s. 119).
İbn Haldûn, kendi dönemine kadar İslâm kültür ve medeniyetinin hâkim olduğu ülkelerdeki hânedan, kabile ve milletlerin tarihleri üzerinde yaptığı objektif inceleme ve tahlilleri neticesinde ilkel hayattan medenî hayata, aile, aşiret, kabile birliklerinden devlet yapısına, kaba kuvvet döneminden hukuk düzenine geçişin her safhasında rol oynayan temel faktörün asabiyet dinamizmi olduğu hükmüne varmaktadır. Hatta o devletin kurulmasından sonra bile asabiyetin bu fonksiyonuna ihtiyaç duyulacağı görüşündedir. Hükümdar veya hânedan siyasî prestijini (mecd) korumak ve güçlendirmek için asabiyeti canlı tutmak zorundadır. Aksi halde daima pusuda bekleyen başka bir asabiyet grubu, güç üstünlüğünün kendisine geçtiğini anladığı anda hâkimiyeti ele geçirebilir.
İbn Haldûn’un tarih ve devlet felsefesinin bu şekilde bir nevi asabiyet diyalektiğine dayandığı muhakkaktır. Öyle ki ona göre her yeni fikir ve inanca karşı insanların tabiatında bulunan menfi tavır onlara galebe çalıp hâkimiyet altına almak (mülk) için zora başvurmayı gerekli kılar. Bu da ancak gayesi egemenlik ve mülk olan asabiyetle mümkündür. Dolayısıyla, bir hâkimiyetin hatta peygamberlik veya herhangi bir ideolojinin başarıya ulaşması, öncelikle asabiyet ruhunun gücüne bağlıdır (a.g.e. , s. 117). Bu güce olan ihtiyaç bakımından peygamber ile dinî mesaj taşımayan başka hâkimiyet hareketleri arasında fark yoktur. Hz. Peygamber’in, “Allah, kavminin himayesinden destek almayan hiçbir peygamber göndermemiştir” (Müsned , II, 533) anlamındaki sözü de bu gerçeği vurgulamaktadır (Muḳaddime , I, 143). Nitekim realitede de peygamberler risâletlerini tebliğ ederken kâfirlerin baskılarına karşı korunmalarını sağlayacak olan kabile asaletine (hasep), asabiyet ve kudrete (şevket) sahip olmuşlardır (a.g.e. , s. 86).
Bu suretle asabiyet peygamberin, dolayısıyla dinin başarıya doğru ilerlemesi için hareket enerjisi sağlarken din de asabiyete toplayıcı, kaynaştırıcı bir nitelik kazandırır; ilkel şekliyle maddî menfaatlere yönelik olan asabiyeti idealize ederek dinî öğretilerin yayılması, hakikatin gün ışığına çıkarılması, daha faziletli bir toplum kurulması gibi yüksek hedeflere yöneltir. Aynı şekilde din, israf ve ihtişam tutkusu ile itibar ve menfaat çekişmelerini dizginlemek suretiyle devlete süreklilik kazandırır. Ayrıca hâkimiyet ve iktidarın emniyet altına alınması için siyasî ahlâka riayet edilmesinin ve idareyi elinde bulunduranların siyasî erdemlerle donanmalarının gerekliliğini de vurgulayan İbn Haldûn, böylece asabiyet diyalektiğini ahlâkî ve mânevî unsurlarla yumuşatmış bulunmaktadır. Nitekim ona göre en iyi siyaset Allah’ın hükümlerini uygulamakla gerçekleşir. Asabiyet mülkün kaynağı (asl) ve kuruluş sebebidir. Cömertlik, af, müsamaha, sabır, vefa, halkın sıkıntılarıyla ilgilenme, kanuna ve ilme saygı, hayâ, merhamet, doğruluk gibi dinî, ahlâkî faziletler ve hayırlar da mülkün devamını sağlayan hasletlerdir. Bunlarsız bir idare, uzuvları kesilmiş insan gibidir. Dolayısıyla kötülükler (mezmûmât) ve fenalıklar (rezâil) işleyen bir milletin iktidarı, Allah’ın koyduğu kanun gereğince yıkılıp gider (a.g.e. , s. 129-131; ayrıca bk. IRKÇILIK ; MİLLİYETÇİLİK ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , II, 306, 488, 533.
Müslim, “İmâre”, 57.
İbn Mâce, “Fiten”, 7.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 112.
Nesâî, “Taḥrîm”, 28.
Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Cemheretü’l-ems̱âl (nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl – Abdülmecîd Katâmiş), Kahire 1384/1964, I, 58-59.
Meydânî, Mecmaʿu’l-ems̱âl (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Dımaşk 1972, II, 334.
İbn Teymiyye, İḳtiżâʾü’ṣ-ṣırâṭi’l-müstaḳīm , Kahire 1400/1980, s. 70.
İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime , I, 86, 116-134, 142-143, 164-165, 167-168, 180-182.
Ebü’l-Mehâsin eş-Şeybî, Tims̱âlü’l-ems̱âl (nşr. Esad Zübyân), Beyrut 1402/1982, I, 325.
Hilmi Ziya – Ziyaeddin Fahri, İbn Haldun , İstanbul 1940, s. 62, 64-65.
F. Rosenthal, The Muqaddimah , London 1958, I, Giriş, s. LXI, LXVIII vd., LXXXII vd., CX.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , IV, 392-398, 402.
Mâcid Fahrî, Târîḫu’l-felsefeti’l-İslâmiyye , Beyrut 1974, s. 449-451.
T. J. de Boer, Târîḫu’l-felsefe fi’l-İslâm (trc. M. Abdülhâdî Ebû Rîde), Beyrut 1981, s. 411-415.
Muhammed Âbid el-Câbirî, Fikru İbn Ḫaldûn: el-ʿaṣabiyye ve’d-devle , Dârülbeyzâ 1982, s. 271-336.
Ronart, CEAC , s. 57.
Ünver Günay, “İslâm Dünyasında Bir Din Sosyolojisi Öncüsü: İbn Haldun”, EAÜİFD , VI (1986), s. 78-80, 90-101.
Ahmet Ateş, “Asabiyet”, İA , I, 663-664.
F. Gabrieli, “ʿAṣabiyya”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 701-702.
a.mlf., “ʿAṣabiye”, UDMİ , XIII, 360-361.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 453-455 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.