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ATASÖZÜ Skip to content Atalardan gelen ve onların yüzyıllar içindeki tecrübe ve müşahedelerine dayalı düşüncelerini öğüt ve hüküm şeklinde nakleden anonim mahiyette kısa ve özlü söz.
Atasözleri zamanla çok defa gerçek anlamları yerine mecazlı bir mâna kazanarak sözlü gelenek içinde nesilden nesile aktarılan ve halk hâfızasında yaşayan, halka mal olmuş, kalıplaşmış ifadelerdir. Bu sözlere Almanca’da Sprichwort , Arapça’da mesel , Farsça’da pend , Fransızca’da proverbe , İngilizce’de proverb , İslav dillerinde posloviçe denilmektedir. Türkiye Türkçesi’nde çoğul olarak atasözleri denmekle beraber eskiye doğru gidildiğinde atalar sözü, seyrek olarak da atalar sözleri şeklinde geçer. Türkçe’nin çeşitli lehçeleriyle Anadolu’nun bazı yöre ağızlarında atasözü terimini karşılayan kelimeler de vardır. Onun yerine, meselâ Çuvaşlar’da comak ve samah , oranlama , bazı Altaylılar’da ülgercomak , Kazan lehçesinde eski söz , Kırım lehçesinde kartlar sözü , hikmet , Doğu Türkistan’dan Kırım’a kadar uzanan sahada makal , Türkistan, İran ve Afganistan Türkmenleri’nde bunun yanı sıra nakıl , Doğu Türkistan’da tabma , ulular sözü , Kerkük ağzında darb-ı kelâm , emsâl ve cümle-i hikemiyye den başka deme , demece , deyişet , eskiler sözü , bazı Anadolu yörelerinde ise deyişet ve ozanlama denildiği de görülmektedir.
Atasözleri anonim halk edebiyatı verimleri arasında bulunmakla beraber mâni, türkü, masal gibi başlı başına bir edebî nevi durumunda değildirler. Çünkü atasözleri konuşmalarda, didaktik şiirlerde ve çeşitli ifade şekillerinde birer küçük söyleyiş halinde kalıp, tek başına bir eser veya parça teşkil etmezler. Ancak günlük dili süslemek, ifadeye canlılık vermek gibi bir vazife görmelerinden dolayı onları bir araya toplayıp ayrı bir nevi gibi incelemek ihtiyacı duyulmuştur. Bir kısım atasözlerinin söyleniş hikâyeleri de vardır. Yalnız bunlardan pek azı günümüze ulaşmış, diğerleri zaman içinde unutulup gitmiştir. Atasözleri çok defa ölçülü ve kafiyeli olur. Böylece akılda daha kolay tutulurlar. Ayrıca aliterasyon başta olmak üzere pek çok atasözünde cinas, kinaye, intak, teşbih, tezat gibi söz sanatları da bulunur. Mecazın ise başlı başına bir yeri vardır. Atasözleri günlük hayatta sık sık kullanılan bir ifade malzemesidir. Bir konudaki bir görüşü özetlemek, bir durum ve olay karşısındaki bir düşünceyi açıklamak için çok elverişli ve hazır birer malzeme olarak sık sık atasözlerine başvurulmak ihtiyacı duyulur.
Atasözleri her durum ve olayı, her türlü davranışı, bir ortamdan başka ortama değişen yönleri nüanslı olarak aksettirir. Bundan dolayı atasözleri arasında bazan birbiriyle çelişiyormuş gibi görünen örneklere de rastlanır. Meselâ, “Kardeş kardeşi atmış, yar başında tutmuş” ile “Kardeş kardeşin ne öldüğünü ister, ne onduğunu” örneğinde olduğu gibi. Atasözlerinin yorum ve açıklamalarında onların hangi duruma bağlı olarak söylendiğine bilhassa dikkat etmek gerekir.
Atasözleriyle deyimler ve vecizeler arasında fark vardır. Deyimler atasözlerinde olduğu şekilde bir hüküm taşımadıkları gibi çok defa kendi başlarına bir cümle yapısı göstermezler. Vecizeler ise atasözleri gibi anonim olmayıp adı bilinen kişiler tarafından söylenmişlerdir.
XV. yüzyıldan sonra pend ve mesel terimleri bizim yazılı kaynaklarımızda da görülmeye başlamıştır. Aslında “örnek” ve “örnek verme” anlamındaki mesel ve darbımesel Osmanlı Türkçesi’nde zamanla atasözünün karşılığı olmuştur. Bundan dolayı el yazması ve matbu birçok atasözü mecmua, risâle ve kitabında darbımeselin çoğul şekli olan durûb-i emsâl adına rastlanır. Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk ’te yer alan atasözleri bizzat Kâşgarlı Mahmud tarafından sav adı ile verilmekte, bunlar “Şu savda dahi gelmiştir” şeklindeki cümlelere bağlı olarak kelimelerin Arapça açıklamalarının arkasından tanık olarak gösterilmektedir.
Her millet ve kavmin dillerinde atasözleri var olmuştur. Yazıya geçmiş ilk atasözü örneklerine Mezopotamya’da bulunan tabletlerde rastlanmıştır. Bu tabletlerdeki atasözleri tarihin en eski atasözleri olarak ayrı bir değer taşır. Tevrat’ta “Süleyman’ın meselleri” diye anılan sözlerle bunlar arasında bir ilgi bulunduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Sumerler’in atasözlerinden bir eğitim vasıtası olarak okullarında faydalandıkları biliniyor. Bugün dünyanın birçok milletinin kullandığı atasözleriyle Sumer atasözleri arasında bir paralellik bulunduğu belli olmuştur. Günümüzde atasözleri konusunda çeşitli açılardan yürütülen derleme, inceleme ve araştırmalar “parémiologie” denilen bir ilim dalının doğmasına yol açmıştır. Atasözleri dil ve folklor kongrelerinde artık üzerinde en fazla durulan konulardan biridir.
Atasözlerinin kullanılmaya başlandığı İlkçağ’lardan bugüne kadar aynı kalmayıp, sosyal yapıya, değer yargılarına, zamana, bölgelere, görgüye, dilin gelişimine, din ve törelere, medeniyete, ağız özelliklerine göre değişmeye uğradıkları görülür. Zamanla büsbütün unutulan ve kullanıştan düşen atasözleri de vardır. Bütün yurtta bilinen ve kullanılan atasözleri yanında yalnızca bir yörede veya dar bir çevrede yaşayan mahallî atasözlerine de rastlanmaktadır. Yazılı kaynaklardan ve ağızlardan yapılan derlemeler kesin bir sonuca varmadığından Türk atasözlerinin mevcudu hususunda şimdilik belirli bir sayı söylemek mümkün değildir.
Türk atasözlerinin yazıya geçirilmiş en eski örneklerine VIII. yüzyılda Orhon yazıtlarında rastlanmaktadır. Bunlar ilk defa Ahmet Caferoğlu tarafından ele alınmış (“Orhon Abidelerinde Atalarsözü”, Halk Bilgisi Haberleri , nr. 3, 1 Kânunusâni 1930, s. 43-46), sonraki araştırmalar ve Göktürk alfabesiyle kâğıt üzerine yazılı metinlerde bulunanların da ilâvesiyle yirmi kadar en eski Türk atasözü tesbit edilmiştir (Osman F. Sertkaya, “Eski Türk Atasözleri Üzerine”, Şükrü Elçin Armağanı , Ankara 1983, s. 275-291). Uygur alfabesiyle yazılmış metinlerde de sav adı altında eski Türk atasözlerinden örnekler görülmektedir (Reşit Rahmeti Arat, Eski Türk Şiiri , Ankara 1965, s. 272-275; Osman F. Sertkaya, a.y. ). Kâşgarlı Mahmud ise Türk atasözlerinin adı bilinen ilk derleyicisidir. Birtakım fonetik ve morfolojik değişikliklerle büyük bir kısmı günümüzde de kullanılmakta olan bu sözler üzerinde çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır (Abdülahad Nûri, Atasözleri , İstanbul 1336; Necib Âsım, Eski Savlar , İstanbul 1338 r./1340; C. Brockelmann, “Altturkestanische Volksweisheit”, Ostasiatische Zeitschrift , c. VIII, 1920, s. 49-73; Ferit Birtek, En Eski Türk Savları , Ankara 1944). Öte yandan aynı yüzyılda Kutadgu Bilig ’i ile Yûsuf Has Hâcib ve Atebetü’l-hakāyık ’ı ile Edib Ahmed Yüknekî de atasözlerini nazım sahasına sokan ilk edebiyatçılarımızdandır. Bu eserlerde, XI. yüzyılda kullanılmakta olan atasözlerinden düşünce ve konu bakımından önemli ölçüde faydalanıldığı anlaşılıyor. Bunun yanı sıra, derlemeye dayanan Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk ’teki savlarla, bu iki telif eserdeki manzum parçalar arasında hem dış hem de iç benzerlikler bulunmaktadır.
Daha sonra yazılmış ve yazıldığı çağda kullanılan atasözlerine geniş bir şekilde yer vermiş eserler arasında Dede Korkut Kitabı önemli bir yer tutar. Bu kitap, Oğuz Türkçesi’yle söylenmiş atasözleri bakımından oldukça zengin bir kaynaktır. Dede Korkut Kitabı ’nın giriş bölümünün yanı sıra içindeki hikâyeler arasına serpilmiş bir durumda geçen atasözleriyle Berlin Devlet Kütüphanesi’ndeki “Oğuznâme” diye adlandırılmış metinde (Pertsch, Katalog , IV, nr. 34; Orhan Şaik Gökyay, Dedem Korkudun Kitabı , İstanbul 1973, s. CXXIX) bulunan atasözleri ve Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı (Revan Köşkü, nr. 1390) diğer bir Oğuznâme ’de (O. Şaik Gökyay, a.g.e. ) geçen atasözleri birbirlerinin hemen hemen aynıdır. Gene XV. yüzyılda düzenlenen ve bir tıp kitabı sonuna konulmuş (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 3443) Kitâb-ı Atalar adlı yazmada yer alan atasözlerinin birçoğunun günümüze kadar gelmiş olması ayrıca dikkat çekmektedir. Bu yazmayı bazı açıklamalarla yayımlayan Veled İzbudak, kitabının arkasına tıpkıbasımını da koymuştur (Atalar Sözü , İstanbul 1936). XV. yüzyıla ait bir başka atasözleri yazması da Bibliothèque Nationale’dedir (Ancien Fonds Turc, nr. 237). Buradaki atasözleri Pertev Naili Boratav tarafından Latin harflerine aktarılarak yayımlanmıştır (“Quatre Vingt Quatorze Proverbes du XV. siècle Restés Inedits”, Oriens , VII, nr. 2, 1954, s. 223-250).
Türk atasözlerinin toplandığı bazı başka el yazmaları üzerinde de yapılmış çeşitli çalışmalar vardır (bk. Sadettin Buluç, “Eski Bir Elyazmasında Bulunan Türk Atasözleri”, Ömer Asım Aksoy Armağanı , Ankara 1978, s. 11-26; Şükrü Elçin, “British Museum’da Bulunan Yazma Bir Türk Atalar Sözü Mecmuası”, Halk Edebiyatı Araştırmaları , Ankara 1977, s. 216-228). Bunlarda da XVII ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda kullanılan atasözleri görülür.
Atasözleri âşık edebiyatında atasözü destanlarında başlı başına bir yer alır. XVIII. yüzyılın ünlü minyatürcüsü Levnî’nin destanı, bunların dikkate değer bir örneğidir (Dehri Dilçin, Edebiyatımızda Atasözleri , I. kitap, İstanbul 1945).
Divan şairleri de eserlerinde atasözlerine yer vermişlerdir. Bu hususta en önde gelen ad, Pendnâme ’siyle ünlü Güvâhî’dir (Güvâhî, Pendnâme , haz. Mehmet Hengirmen, Ankara 1983). Güvâhî’den başka başta Nâbî, Sâbit, Râgıb Paşa, Edirneli Hıfzî olmak üzere diğer şairler de şiirlerinde atasözü kullanma geleneğini sürdürmüşlerdir (Agâh Sırrı Levend, Divan Edebiyatı , s. 429-450).
Münevver zümre edebiyatında manzum eserler gibi mensur eserlerde de atasözleri yer bulmuştur. Mercimek Ahmed’in Kabusnâme tercümesi (nşr. O. Şaik Gökyay, İstanbul 1944) ile Molla Lutfî’nin Harnâme ’si bu alanda anılacak eserlerin başında gelir (O. Şaik Gökyay, “Tokatlı Molla Lûtfî’nin Harnâme’si”, Türk Folkloru Belleten 1986/1 , 1986, s. 155-182).
Atasözlerini manzum ve mensur eserlerde kullanma geleneği Tanzimat’tan sonraki edebiyat devrinde de devam etmiştir. Yenileşme çağı edebiyatında Ziyâ Paşa “Terkîb-i Bend” ve Abdülhak Hâmid Sabr ü Sebât adlı piyes ile bu geleneği sürdüren sanatçılardandır. Fakat bu çağ yazarlarının bu konudaki asıl çalışmaları, atasözlerini derleme ve yayımlama şeklinde olmuştur. Tanzimat döneminde bu sahada basılan ilk eser, Şinâsi’nin Meclis-i Maârif’ten arkadaşı olan Vâcid Efendi’nin Durûb-i Emsâl ’idir (İstanbul 1275). Şinâsi Durûb-i Emsâl-i Osmâniyye (İstanbul 1280, 2. bs. 1287) adlı eserinde atasözlerini deyim ve benzeri diğer sözlerden ayırmayarak birlikte yayımlamıştır. Ahmed Vefik Paşa, Atalar Sözü-Türkî Durûb-i Emsâl (İstanbul 1288) adlı kitabı ile Şinâsi’yi takip eder. Bu kitabın Bursa’nın ihtiyarlarından derlenen atasözleriyle daha da genişletilmiş ikinci baskısı Müntehabât-ı Durûb-i Emsâl-Atalar Sözü adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Akün, İA , XI, 558; ayrıca bk. AHMED VEFİK PAŞA ). Ahmed Midhat Efendi de Durûb-i Emsâl-i Osmâniyye-Şinâsi Hikemiyyâtının Ahkâmını Tasvir adlı kitabında (İstanbul 1288) Şinâsi’nin eserinden seçtiği on yedi atasözüne uygun olarak yazdığı hikâyelerini toplamıştır. Ebüzziya Tevfik, Şinâsi’nin ölümünden sonra onun kitabını yeni eklediği atasözü ve deyimlerle daha da zenginleştirip sonuna bir de “mülâhaza” adlı bir kısım ilâvesiyle üçüncü defa yayımlamıştır (İstanbul 1302). Ahmed Midhat Efendi ayrıca bir atasözümüzle ilgili olarak bir hikâye yazmış ve o atasözünü kitabına ad olarak seçmiştir: Kısmetinde Olanın Kaşığında Çıkar (İstanbul 1304). Recâîzâde Mahmud Ekrem de Ahmed Midhat Efendi gibi bir atasözünü bir eserine ad olarak seçen yazarlardandır: Çok Bilen Çok Yanılır (İstanbul 1332). Yenileşme devri edebiyatçılarının atasözleriyle bu kadar yakından ilgilenmelerinde, onların halk diline ve kültürüne karşı duydukları yakın alâkanın büyük rolü olmuştur. Bu ilgi Cumhuriyet devrinde iyice artmış, araya halkevleri ve Türk Dil Kurumu gibi bazı kuruluşların ve derneklerin desteği de katılarak yeni derleme, inceleme ve araştırmalarla daha da ileri götürülmüştür.
Atasözleri, başta dilci ve folklorcular olmak üzere birçok meslek adamını da kendi alanına çekerek üzerinde en çok durulan, çeşitli yazıların ve kitapların yayımlandığı bir konu haline gelmiştir. Özellikle il folkloruna dair eserlerde atasözleri derlemelerine rastlamak daima mümkündür. Bölge ağızlarında yaşayan atasözleriyle deyimler Türk Dil Kurumu’nca derlenip yayımlanmıştır (Bölge Ağızlarında Atasözleri ve Deyimler , I-II, Ankara 1969-1971). Ömer Asım Aksoy’un aynı kurum tarafından bastırılan Atasözleri ve Deyimler (Ankara 1965), Atasözleri ve Deyimler Sözlüğü (I-III, 1. bs. Ankara 1971; 4. bs. Ankara 1984) adlı kitaplarında atasözleri ile deyimler, daha önceki derleyicilerin yayımlarında aralarına karışmış bulunan diğer sözlerden ayıklanarak iki ayrı grupta açıklamalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Bunu sözlük tertibiyle hazırlanan diğer benzerleri takip etmiştir.
Bu arada atasözlerini konularına göre kümelendirerek bir araya getiren çalışmalar da görülür. Bunlar içinde en derli toplu ve en geniş eser olarak İ. Hilmi Soykut’un Türk Atalar Sözü Hazinesi (İstanbul 1974) adlı çalışması bilhassa anılmaya değer. Çok daha sınırlı bir konu üzerinde yapılmış toplamalar arasında şu yayınlar sayılabilir: Kerim Yund, Ağaç, Orman Üzerine Atasözleri ve Açıklamaları (Ankara 1944) ve Ormancılıkla İlgili Atasözleri, Deyimler, Dilekler, Mecazlar, Türk Ormancılık Folkloru (İstanbul 1966); Şemseddin Bekşioğlu, 1001 Ziraî Atasözü (Ankara 1952); Necati Âsım Uslu, Türkçe’de Yalnız Göze Ait Deyimler ve Atasözleri (İstanbul 1985).
Son yıllarda bu alanda yapılan çeşitli çalışmalar arasında, Türk atasözlerini diğer milletlerin atasözleriyle karşılaştıranların da çoğaldığı görülmektedir: İzzet Hamid (Ün), Mukayeseli Türkçe ve Fransızca Durûb-i Emsâl ([Proverbes Turcs et Français] , İstanbul 1339r./1923); Kaya Öztaş, Türkçe-Fransızca ve Fransızca-Türkçe Atasözleri (Ankara 1967); Nikolai II. Ikonomov, Balkanska Narodna Midrost (Sofia 1968, Bulgar, Sırp, Romen, Yunan, Arnavut ve Türk atasözleri ve deyimlerinin paralelleri); Semahat Şenaltan, Studien zur sprachlichen Gestalt der Deutschen und Türkischen Sprichwörter (Marburg 1968); Aydın Dağpınar, Türkçe-İngilizce / İngilizce Türkçe Atasözleri ve Deyimler (İstanbul 1982).
Öte yandan, Türkiye dışındaki Türkler’in atasözlerini toplayan çalışmalar arttığı gibi bunlar arasında Türkiye’de kullanılan atasözleriyle karşılaştırarak inceleyenler de ayrıca dikkati çekmektedir: H. Zeynallı, Azerbaycan Atalar Sözü (Bakü 1926); Yusuf B. Kerimof – B. Şişmanoğlu, Atasözleri ve Özlü Sözler (Sofya 1955-1960); Şâkir Sâbir Zâbit, Irak Türkmanları Ağzında Atalar Sözi (Bağdad 1961); Ata Terzibaşı, Kerkük Eskiler Sözü (Bağdad 1381/1962); Abdullah Battal Taymas, Kazan Türkçesinde Atasözleri ve Deyimler (Ankara 1968); Müstecib Ülküsal, Dobruca’daki Kırım Türklerinde Atasözleri ve Deyimler (Ankara 1970); İhsan S. Vasfî, Irak Türkleri’nde Deyimler ve Atasözleri (İstanbul 1985).
Batılılar’ın Türk atasözlerine ilgisi çok eskiden başlamış, Avrupalı müelliflerce bu konuda başlı başına derlemeler, kitaplar yayımlanmıştır. Meselâ Hieronymus Megiser, Paroemiologia Polyglottes (Leipzig 1605); Schlechta-Wssehrd, Osmanische Sprichwörter (Durûb-i Emsâl-i Osmâniyye , Wien 1865); J. A. De courdemanche, Mille et Un Proverbes Turcs (Paris 1878); E. J. Davis, Osmanli Proverbs and Quaint Saying (London 1897-1898). Bu ilgi günümüzde de çeşitli çalışma ve yayınlarla devam etmektedir. Türk dilini öğretmek üzere hazırlanmış bulunan bazı el kitaplarında en çok kullanılan malzemelerden birinin Nasreddin Hoca fıkraları ile atasözleri olması, ayrıca üzerinde durulması gereken dikkate değer bir noktadır.
Şehirleşme ve endüstrileşmenin bir sonucu olarak bütün folklorik ürünlerin ve halk kültürünün giderek erozyona uğramasından dolayı atasözleri de yeni ürünler vermede eski hızını ve verimliliğini kaybetmeye başlamıştır.
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Ömer Faruk Akün, “Atalar Sözüne Dair”, Şadırvan , nr. 28, İstanbul 1949.
a.mlf., “Şinasî”, İA , XI, 558.
Şükrü Elçin, “Türk Dilinde Atalar Sözü”, HSBBD , nr. 2 (1969), s. 169-181.
[burada ayrıca gösterilmeyen diğer çalışma ve yayınlar için bk. Ömer Asım Aksoy, Aydın Oy, İ. H. Soykut ve E. Kemal Eyüboğlu’nun eserlerindeki bibliyografyalar ve bir de Türk Folklor ve Etnografya Bibliyografyası , Ankara 1971-75, I-III].
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 44-46 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.