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1/3 Müellif: NERMİN SİNEMOĞLU Bölüme Git
Bugünkü Türkçe’de ayna telaffuzuyla kullanılan kelimenin aslı Farsça âyîne veya âyene olup âyen (âhen) “demir” kelimesinden türetilmiştir. Arapça karş…
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3/3 Müellif: İSKENDER PALA Bölüme Git
EDEBİYAT. Ayna (âyîne), bilhassa eşyayı aksettirmesi, bu aksin sadece gölgeden ibaret oluşu, parıltısı, aydınlık ve lekesizliği, saf, cilâlı ve siyah …
Bugünkü Türkçe’de ayna telaffuzuyla kullanılan kelimenin aslı Farsça âyîne veya âyene olup âyen (âhen ) “demir” kelimesinden türetilmiştir. Arapça karşılığı mir’ât tır. İnsanlar önceleri ayna olarak durgun su yüzeylerine bakmışlardır. Bilinen ilk ayna Cilâlı Taş devrine aittir ve milâttan önce VII. binyılda Çatalhöyük’te (Çumra ilçesi yakınında) kullanılmıştır. Volkanik cam denilen çok sert obsidyenden yapılmış olan bu aynanın o günün imkânlarıyla bu derece mükemmel perdahlanmış olması şaşırtıcıdır. Milâttan önce III. binyılda Mısırlılar altın ve gümüş, I. binyılda da bronz aynalar kullanmışlardır. Mısır’da kadınların dinî törenler süresince ellerinde güneşin sembolü olarak ayna taşıdıkları ve tanrılara sunulan armağanlar arasında aynanın da yer aldığı bilinmektedir. Eski Giritliler de dinî amaçlarla ayna kullanmışlardır. Madenî aynaları eski Ön Asya, Yunan ve Etrüsk medeniyetleri de saplı veya ayaklı biçimleriyle kullanmaya devam etmişlerdir. İlk cam aynalar II. yüzyılda Romalılar tarafından siyah camdan yapılmıştır. Bu ayna türü Ortaçağ boyunca madenî aynalarla birlikte kullanılmış, ilk sırlı aynalar ise XV. yüzyılda Flandra’da yapılarak Rönesans devrinde bütün Avrupa’ya yayılmıştır. XIII. yüzyıldan itibaren arkasına gümüş veya kurşun levha konularak kullanılan cam ve kuvars (kaya kristali) aynalar sırlı aynaların prototipi veya basit örnekleri sayılabilirler. XVI. yüzyılda Venedikliler, Murano’daki cam tesislerinde elde ettikleri bir alaşımla, kusursuz görüntü veren fakat pahalıya mal olan gümüş sırlı aynaların kalitesine yakın kalitede ayna yapmayı başarmışlardır. Böylece Venedik aynaları dünyada ün yapmış ve XVII. yüzyılda Venedik’ten çeşitli ülkelere başlayan ayna ihracatı XX. yüzyıla kadar sürmüştür. XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında barok çağda çok zengin kabartma, oyma ve yaldızlı süslemelerle zenginleştirilmiş çerçeveler içinde büyük boy duvar aynası imalâtına başlanmıştır. Bu tür göz alıcı aynaların en gösterişli örnekleri Fransa’nın Versailles ve Fontainebleau saraylarında bulunmaktadır. Bugün müze olarak kullanılan Versailles Sarayı’nın en dikkat çekici mekânlarından biri “Aynalı Salon”dur ve bu salon için 483 parça camın kullanılmış olduğu bilinmektedir. XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar tıbbî ve fizikî aletlerde kullanılan aynaların arka yüzü bakır ve kalay alaşımından yapılmıştır. Optik aynalarda ise ön yüze gümüş kaplanmaktadır; fakat bu kaplamanın sık sık yenilenmesi gerektiğinden 1934 yılından bu yana gümüş yerine alüminyum tercih edilmektedir. Nikel ve bakır karışımı olan silveroid (yalancı gümüş), krom ve paslanmaz çelik aynalar XX. yüzyılda tekrar ve çok yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlanmışlardır.
Ortaçağ İslâm sanatlarında aynanın önemli bir yeri bulunmakta ve Eskiçağ dünyasında olduğu gibi bu alete dinî-sihrî bir değer verildiği görülmektedir. Halk arasında aynanın sahibine şans ve şifa verdiğine inanılmış ve döküldüğü alaşımı oluşturan madenlerin cins ve oranlarına göre etkili oldukları kabul edilmiştir. Bu madenler, yedi gezegenle ilgileri bulunduğuna inanılan altın (Güneş), gümüş (Ay), bakır (Venüs), kurşun (Satürn), kalay (Jüpiter), demir (Mars) ve civadır (Merkür).
İslâmî döneme ait aynalar arasında özellikle Selçuklu aynaları dikkat çekmektedir. Selçuklular’dan kalma ön yüzleri parlatılmış, arka yüzleri kabartma motiflerle süslü, çapları 6 ilâ 25 cm. arasında değişen çok sayıda bronz ayna müzelere intikal etmiş durumdadır. Tamamı yuvarlak olan bu aynalar, genellikle yıldızlara ait semboller veya efsanevî hayvan motifleriyle bezenmiş halkalı tip ile saplı tip aynalar olmak üzere iki grupta toplanır. Üzerlerinde yazılar, tarih ve sahibinin adı bulunan halkalı aynalar, uğur getirdiklerine inanılan tılsımlı aynalardır ve özel olarak bu amaçla kullanılmak için yapılmışlardır. Saplı aynalar ise günlük hayatta kullanılmışlardır. Selçuklular’dan kalma çelikten dökülmüş tek örnek, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’nde bulunan bir saplı aynadır (Envanter, nr. 2/1792). Ayna kısmının çapı 20 cm., sapıyla beraber uzunluğu 41 santimetredir. Çelik üzerine açılmış küçük deliklere çok ince altın parçalar yerleştirilip çekiçle dövülmek suretiyle süslenmiştir. XIII. yüzyılın ilk yarısına tarihlenen bu aynanın motifli yüzüne saraya ait bir konu işlenmiştir.
Osmanlılar altın, gümüş, yeşim, demir ve bronzdan yapılmış zengin bezemeli ve çoğunlukla saplı aynalar kullanmışlardır. XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısıyla XVII. yüzyıla tarihlenen bazı altın ve yeşim aynalar, Osmanlı sanatının ölçülü sadelik, zenginlik ve üstün tekniğinin örnekleri olarak Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’nin Hazine Dairesi’nde sergilenmektedir. XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren de Batı sanatının tesiriyle sarayların iç süslemelerinde, görkemli çerçeveler içindeki boy aynalarına yer verilmeye başlanmıştır. En zengin örnekler arasında Dolmabahçe ve Beylerbeyi sarayları ile Aynalıkavak Kasrı’nı saymak mümkündür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
D. S. Rice, “Bir Selçuk Aynası”, Milletlerarası Birinci Türk Sanatları Kongresi 1959 , Ankara 1962, s. 330-332.
Ülker Erginsoy, İslâm Maden Sanatının Gelişmesi , İstanbul 1978, s. 171-181, 319-327, 455-462.
Uygarlıklar Ülkesi Türkiye , Tokyo 1985, nr. 21.
Fulya Bodur, Türk Maden Sanatı , İstanbul 1987, rs. 9, 31, lv. A 25, A 30.
Nermin Sinemoğlu, “Aynalar ve Çerçeveleri”, Antika , sy. 4, İstanbul 1985, s. 4-10.
SA , I, 141-143.
EBr. , XV, 567-571.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 259-260 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TASAVVUF. Câhiliye dönemi kaynaklarında ayna ile ilgili ayrıntılı bilgi yoktur. Hz. Peygamber’in bir kutu içinde ayna, tarak, sürmedan, makas ve misvak gibi bazı temizlik araçları bulundurduğu, aynaya bakarak saçını, sakalını taradığı ve güzel koku süründüğü bilinmektedir (bk. Âmirî, II, 172). Ayrıca Hz. Ali tarafından rivayet edildiğine göre Hz. Peygamber’in aynaya bakarken, “Allah’a hamdolsun! Allahım, yaratılışımı güzel kıldığın gibi ahlâkımı da güzelleştir!” veya Enes b. Mâlik’in rivayetine göre, “Yaratılışımı düzgün kılan, yüzümün biçimini güzelleştirip şereflendiren ve beni müslüman olarak yaratan Allah’a hamdolsun!” dediği hadis kitaplarında kayıtlıdır (bk. İbnü’s-Sünnî, s. 70-71; Müttakī el-Hindî, VI, 693). Bu ve benzeri rivayetlere dayanılarak ahlâk ve âdâb kitaplarında birer temizlik aracı olarak ayna ve tarak kullanmanın, güzel koku sürünmenin müstehap olduğu belirtilir.
Bugün halk arasında geceleri aynaya bakmanın günah olduğuna dair bir kanaat mevcutsa da bunun dinî bir dayanağı yoktur.
Hadislerde “ayna” anlamına gelen mir’ât kelimesinin zaman zaman mecazi anlamlarda kullanılması, sonradan tasavvuf düşüncesinde büyük ilgi görmüştür. Nitekim “Mümin müminin aynasıdır” (Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 49; Tirmizî, “Birr”, 18) meâlindeki hadis müslümanların birbirlerine ayna vazifesi gördüklerini ifade eder. Gazzâlî’nin de işaret ettiği gibi (İḥyâʾ , II, 18) insan, kendisinde mevcut olup doğrudan doğruya göremediği kusur ve hatalarını din kardeşi vasıtasıyla görür. Bunun içindir ki Hz. Ömer kendi kusurlarını Selmân-ı Fârisî’ye sorardı. Mümin mümine kusur ve hatalarını münasip bir dille söyleyerek ona ayna görevi yaptığı gibi bazan söz konusu kusur ve hataları kasten kendisi işleyerek ona bunların yanlış olduğunu anlatabilir.
Tasavvufta esas itibariyle huy ve ruh güzelliğine önem verilmekle beraber şekil ve beden güzelliğine, edep ve erkâna da değer verilmiştir. Çünkü dış için aynasıdır. İçteki güzellik mutlaka dışa akseder. Şu halde beden ve şekil güzelliğine bakılarak ruh ve ahlâk güzelliğine hükmedilebilir. Kişinin iç halleri bakımından güzel olduğuna sözü değil hali şahitlik eder. Ebû Hafs en-Nîsâbûrî’nin müridlerini askerî bir disiplin içinde gören ve edep kaidelerine titizlikle riayet etmelerine şaşıran Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî bu durumu şekle fazla bağlılık olarak gördüğünü söyleyince Ebû Hafs ona, “Zâhirî edepteki güzellik, bâtınî edepteki güzelliğin yansımasıdır” (Kuşeyrî, s. 458) demişti. Öteden beri sûfîler sadece kalp temizliği ve iyi niyet iddialarına bakmamışlar, daima zâhirî hal ve hareketleri iç hallerin aynası saymışlardır. Bâyezîd-i Bistâmî, ziyaretine gittiği bir velînin kıble tarafına tükürdüğünü görünce onun davranışındaki bu kusuru iç hallerindeki eksikliğin bir ifadesi sayarak kendisini ziyaret etmekten vazgeçmişti.
Tasavvufun doğuş döneminden itibaren sûfîler ayna imajını kullanmışlar, anlaşılması güç birçok nazarî düşüncelerini ayna ile yaptıkları teşbih ve temsillerle anlatmışlardır. Tasavvufta Allah’ın kendilerinde zuhur ve tecelli ettiği varlıklar (mezâhir, mecâlî) birer ayna olarak görülmüştür. İlk dönemlerde âriflerin Allah’ın aynası olduğu, bu aynada Allah’ın bütün sıfat, fiil ve isimleriyle tecelli ettiği hususu üzerinde ısrarla durulmuştur. Bâyezîd-i Bistâmî Allah’ın aynaya benzeyen birtakım kulları olduğunu, halka nazar etmeyi murat edince o kullara baktığını, halkı onlarda görüp onlardan halka nazar ettiğini söyler. Onlar kalplerinden Hakk’ın dışındaki her şeyi çıkarmışlardır. “İlâhî, sen bana ayna oldun, ben de sana” diyen Bâyezid başka bir sözünde Allah’ın otuz yıl müddetle kendisine ayna olduğundan, bundan sonra ise kendisine yine kendisinin ayna olduğundan bahseder. Rûzbihân-ı Baklî, Bâyezid’in bu sözü aynü’l-cem‘ halinde söylediğini bildirir ve bunun çeşitli yorumlarını yapar. On iki yıl nefsinin demircisi olduktan sonra kendisinin aynası olma mertebesine ulaştığını ve bu makamda beş yıl kaldığını söyleyen Bâyezid, bu sözüyle ağır riyâzetlerden ve çetin mücahedelerden sonra kalbini tam mânasıyla berraklaştırarak Allah’ın tecellisine müsait bir hale getirdiğini ve fenâdan fâni olma makamına ulaştığını anlatmak istemiştir. Ebû Abdullah es-Subeyhî bu durumu anlatmak için, “Ârifin bir aynası var ki ona bakınca Hakk’ı görür” (Baklî, Şerḥ-i Şaṭḥiyyât , s. 225) demişti. Baklî’ye göre bu ayna kalptir (âyîne-i dil, mir’ât-ı kalb); ilâhî nur insana buradan yansır. Kalbi nurlanan ârif için artık her zerre bir tevhid aynası olur. Bu sebeple velînin kalbine “âyîne-i şeş-cihet” (altı yönü birden gösteren ayna) adı verilmiştir.
Vahdet-i vücûdcu anlayışa göre Hallâc, Hak kendisine kendisi de Hakk’a ayna olduğunda “enelhak” demiştir. Tecelli edenle tecelli mahalli birbiriyle karışıp birleştiğinden bu makama iltibas ve ittihad makamı denilmiştir. Aynülkudât el-Hemedânî, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Allah’ın isimleri arasında gösterilen “el-mü’min” ile “Mümin müminin aynasıdır” anlamındaki hadiste geçen “mümin” kelimeleri arasında tasavvufî bir alâka kurarak müminin aynı zamanda Allah’ı yansıtan bir ayna olduğu sonucuna varmıştır. Ona göre Hak kendini halk aynasında, halk da Allah’ı insan aynasında görür. Başka bir hadise göre Allah insanın kalbine nazar eder (Müslim, “Birr”, 22), yani kendini kalp aynasında temaşa eder; mümin de Hakk’ı kendi kalp aynasında seyreder. Mutasavvıflara göre Hz. Peygamber, “Beni gören Hakk’ı görmüştür” (Buhârî, “Taʿbîr”, 10; Müslim, “Rüʾyâ”, 10) derken Hakk’ın kendisinde tecelli ettiğini, dolayısıyla kendisinin ilâhî tecelliyi yansıtan bir ayna olduğunu anlatmak istemiştir.
İbnü’l-Arabî’de ayna unsuru büyük bir önem kazanmıştır. Vahdet-i vücûdla ilgili birçok fikrini ayna misaliyle açıklayan İbnü’l-Arabî hem yaratma ve birlik-çokluk (vahdet-kesret), hem de mârifet meselesini ayna misaliyle izah etmiştir. Ona göre Allah isim ve sıfatlarının aynlarını (bk. A‘YÂN-ı SÂBİTE ) görmeyi dileyince bir ayna olmak üzere âlemi yaratmıştır. Âlem dümdüz, ruhsuz, cilâsız ve karanlık bir halde iken Allah Âdem’i yaratınca yokluk aynası da denilen âlem cilâlanmış oldu. Başka bir ifade ile Allah, ayna mesabesinde olan a‘yân-ı sâbitede tecelli edince âlem yaratılmış oldu. Aslında varlık birdir, çokluk itibarî ve zâhirîdir. Bir varlık çeşitli büyüklük, şekil ve uzaklıktaki aynalarda nasıl değişik ve çok sayıda görülürse çeşitli ayn-ı sâbitelerde tecelli eden tek varlık da (Allah) öylece çok olarak görünmektedir. Varlığın bir oluşu hakiki, çok oluşu itibarîdir. Ancak aynaların nitelik bakımından farklı olmaları, varlığın bunlardaki görüntüsünün mükemmellik derecesini tayin etmiştir. İnsan aynasında Allah, öbür varlık aynalarında olduğundan daha iyi tecelli etmiştir. Allah’ın velî ve nebîlerdeki tecellisi ise diğer insanlardaki tecellisinden daha üstündür. Şu halde âlem Hakk’ın aynası olduğu gibi, daha özel bir mânada âlemin bir parçası olan insan da O’nun aynasıdır. Bu sebeple âleme ve insana “mir’âtü’l-Hak” denilmiştir. Fakat Hakk’ın en doğru, en iyi ve en mükemmel olarak göründüğü ayna Hz. Muhammed ve insân-ı kâmil dir. Onun için ârif her şeyde Allah’ı görür ama insân-ı kâmilde onu daha iyi temaşa eder. Ancak burada Allah’ın ulûhiyyet mertebesinde değil çeşitli tecelli mertebelerinde görülebileceğine dikkat çekmek gerekir. Zira Hak, ulûhiyyet mertebesinde hiçbir zaman görülmez. Aslında halk Hakk’ın aynası olduğu gibi Hak da halkın aynasıdır. Biri (vahdet) çok (kesret) gösteren aynaya “mir’âtü’l-halk”, çoğu bir gösteren aynaya “mir’âtü’l-Hak” denir. Hak hem âlemin hem de kâmil insanın aynasıdır. Fakat insan Hak aynasında Hakk’ı değil kendini görür.
Mutasavvıflar kalbin tasavvufî bilgiye (irfan, mârifet) hazırlanmak üzere temizlenip aydınlatılmasını açıklarken de yine ayna unsurundan faydalanırlar. Nitekim Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’de, Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin Mes̱nevî ’de, İbn Haldûn’un Şifâʾü’s-sâʾil ’de verdikleri ve Rum sanatkârlarıyla Çin sanatkârları arasındaki yarışmayı anlatan bir hikâyede kalbin ilâhî bilgilere hazırlanışı yine ayna örneğiyle açıklanmıştır.
Hakîkat-i Muhammediyye nazariyesinin gelişmesi sonunda Hz. Muhammed Hakk’ın en mükemmel aynası sayılmıştır. Süleyman Çelebi, “Zâtıma mir’ât edindim zâtını” derken Allah’ın zâtının Hz. Peygamber’in zâtında göründüğünü anlatır. Buna “âyîne-i zât” denir. En yüksek seviyedeki tecellî zâtın zât için tecelli etmesidir. “Mir’ât-ı vücûd” deyimi de bu mânada kullanılmıştır. Şeyh Galib, “Âyîne-i vahdet-i ilâhî / Mir’ât-ı vücûdudur kemâhî” derken bunu anlatmak istemiştir.
Vücûb ve imkân hazretlerinin (mertebelerinin) en yükseğine “mir’âtü’l-hazreteyn” denir. Mir’ât-ı hazret-i ilâhiyye de aynı mânaya gelir. Bu iki hazret in aynası insân-ı kâmildir. Kâmil insanın ve kutb un bir özelliği de mir’ât-ı Hak oluşudur. Niyâzî-i Mısrî’nin, “Halk içinde bir âyineyim herkes bakar bir an görür” mısraı ile başlayan gazelini şerheden Sezâî-yi Gülşenî bu hususu geniş olarak açıklamıştır.
Aynülkudât el-Hemedânî’ye göre pîrin kalbi saf su ve şeffaf aynadır. Kutsî ve ulvî şeyler onun kalbine akseder; kalbini onun kalbi cihetine çeviren müridin gönlüne ondaki şeyler akseder.
Bektaşî, Alevî ve Hurûfîler’ce insanın yüzünde Ali veya Fazlullah isminin yazılı olduğu öne sürülmüştür. Onlara göre insan aynaya bakınca Ali’yi yani Allah’ı görür. “Tuttum âyine yüzüme / Ali göründü gözüme / Kıldım nazar özüme / Ali göründü gözüme” gibi nefeslerde bu inanç ayna misaliyle anlatılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Buhârî, “Taʿbîr”, 10.
Müslim, “Birr”, 22, “Rüʾyâ”, 10.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 49.
Tirmizî, “Birr”, 18.
İbnü’s-Sünnî, ʿAmelü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle (nşr. Abdülkādir Ahmed Atâ), Kahire 1389/1969, s. 70-71.
Serrâc, el-Lümaʿ , s. 44.
Kuşeyrî, Risâle (trc. Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul 1981, s. 134, 458.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , II, 18; III, 12, 21.
Sühreverdî, Ḥikmetü’l-İşrâḳ (Mecmûʿa-i Muṣannefât-ı Şeyḫ-i İşrâḳ içinde), Tahran 1331 hş., II, 211.
Aynülkudât el-Hemedânî, Temhîdât (nşr. Afîf Useyrân), Tahran 1962, s. 9, 30, 293, 380.
Attâr, Tezkiretü’l-evliyâ (trc. Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul 1985, s. 74-75.
Baklî, Şerḥ-i Şaṭḥiyyât , s. 225.
a.mlf., ʿAbherü’l-ʿâşıḳīn (nşr. Muhammed Muîn – H. Corbin), Tahran 1981, s. 49.
İbnü’l-Arabî, Fuṣûṣ (Afîfî) , s. 46.
a.mlf., el-Fütûḥât , II, 190, 191; III, 62, 133; IV, 408.
a.mlf., Menzilü’l-ḳuṭb (Resâʾilü İbni’l-ʿArabî içinde), Haydarâbâd 1948, s. 2.
a.mlf., et-Tecelliyât (Resâʾilü İbni’l-ʿArabî içinde), s. 17.
İbn Kunfüz, Vesîletü’l-İslâm bi’n-nebî , Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 122.
Abdülkerîm el-Cîlî, el-İnsânü’l-kâmil , İstanbul 1300, II, 63.
Âmirî, Behcetü’l-meḥâfil ve buġyetü’l-emâs̱il (nşr. Muhammed Sultan en-Nemnekânî), Kahire 1330-31, II, 172.
Lâmiî, Nefehât Tercümesi , s. 529.
Müttakī el-Hindî, Kenzü’l-ʿummâl , VI, 693.
Kınalızâde Ali Efendi, Ahlâk-ı Alâî , Bulak 1248, II, 86.
Sarı Abdullah Efendi, Semerâtü’l-fuâd, İstanbul 1288, s. 5.
Sezâî-yi Gülşenî, Divan , Bulak 1256, s. 132, 135.
A. Schimmel, Tasavvufun Boyutları (trc. Ender Gürol), İstanbul 1981, s. 201.
el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî , s. 499.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 260-262 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
EDEBİYAT. Ayna (âyîne), bilhassa eşyayı aksettirmesi, bu aksin sadece gölgeden ibaret oluşu, parıltısı, aydınlık ve lekesizliği, saf, cilâlı ve siyah olarak iki yüzlü olması (dü-rû) gibi özellikleri dolayısıyla eski edebiyatta mazmun konusu olmuştur. Divan şiirinde genellikle yüz güzelliği aynaya benzetilir. Bundan başka âşığın hali, canı ve gönlü, su, güneş, ay, cihan, felek, zaman gibi varlık ve mefhumlar için müşebbehün bih (kendisine benzetilen unsur) olarak da kullanılır. Ayna daha çok yüz, çehre, yanak ifade eden kelimelerle birlikte zikredilmiştir. Karşısındaki eşya ve varlıkları içine alıp aksettirmesi, fakat kendisinin bundan haberdar olmaması da diğer bir özelliğini teşkil eder. Âyinedar ise süslenenlere ayna tutan kişi veya berberdir. Ayna kelimesi yanında aynı mânaya gelen Türkçe gözgü de kullanılmıştır. Divan edebiyatında gözgü ve Arapça mir’ât kelimeleri yüz, çehre, yanak ile birlikte zikredilerek tenâsüp sanatı yapılır. Halk edebiyatında ise ayna yukarıdaki özelliklerinin yanında çok defa insana yaşlandığını hatırlatan bir vasıta olarak anılır.
Gelenekte ayna ile ilgili daha başka unsurlar da vardır. Meselâ top aynaların zincirle dükkân kapılarına asılması, içeride oturan kişinin sokağı seyretmesi ve gelip geçenleri görmesi içindir. Yeni ölen kişinin ağzına ayna tutulur, eğer ayna buğulanmazsa ölüm kesinlik kazanmış olur. Papağanlara konuşma öğretilirken karşılarına büyük bir ayna konularak onun arkasından konuşulur. Böylece papağan bir başka papağan ile konuştuğunu zannederek eğitilir. Büyücüler küre aynalar kullanarak tılsım yapar ve o aynalara bakarak kehanette bulunurlar. Eski hayat sistemimizde ayna ile ilgili bu ve benzeri âdet ve inanışlar zaman zaman şiirlere konu olduğu gibi daha çok da beyitlerde mazmun olarak işlenmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mustafa Nihat Özön, Edebiyat ve Tenkid Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1954, s. 28.
Pakalın , I, 124-125.
Harun Tolosa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası , Ankara 1973, s. 524 vd.
“Âyine”, TDEA , I, 244.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 262 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.