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A‘ZEB Skip to content Daha iyi bir dinî hayat yaşamak gayesiyle bekârlığı evliliğe tercih eden erkek.
“Bekârlık” anlamındaki uzûbe ve uzbe kökünden gelir. Uzûbe masdar olarak “gizli olmak, uzak düşmek, sahipsiz kalmak” demektir. Bu sebeple kadından uzak yaşayan kişiye a‘zeb denilmiştir. Aynı anlama gelen azeb kadın erkek her iki cins için, azbe kelimesi ise sadece kadın için kullanılır.
Kur’an’da uzûbe kökünden gelen bir fiil şekli (yaʿzübü) iki âyette geçmekteyse de bunların bekârlık anlamıyla ilgisi yoktur (bk. Yûnus 10/61; Sebe’ 34/3). Uzûbe, a‘zeb ve aynı kökten başka kelimelerin yer aldığı hadisler içinde bekâr yaşamayı teşvik edenlerin sıhhati tartışmalıdır. Bu kelimelerin geçtiği sahih hadislerde ise cennette hiçbir bekâr kimse bulunmayacağı (Dârimî, “Riḳāḳ”, 108; Müslim, “Cennet”, 14), bekârlığın ibadetlerin sevabını azaltacağı (Müsned , VI, 25, 29; Ebû Dâvûd, “İmâre”, 14), bekârlığı tercih edenlerin durumlarının dünya ve âhirette evlilerinkine göre daha kötü ve kendilerinin bedbaht olacağı (Müsned , V, 163) belirtilerek bekâr yaşamanın yanlışlığına dikkat çekilmiş, ayrıca daha başka sahih hadislerde de müslümanlar evlenmeye, aile kurmaya, çocuk yetiştirmeye teşvik edilmiştir.
İslâm öncesi Arap toplumunda bekâr yaşama âdetinin, bilhassa dinî gayelerle evlenmekten kaçınma anlayışının varlığını gösteren herhangi bir kayıt yoktur. Ancak Araplar’ın, hıristiyanlardaki ve özellikle Arabistan’ın kuzey kısmında yaşayan hıristiyanlaşmış Gassânîler’deki ruhban hayatını bildikleri muhakkaktır. Onlarla ilişkileri sonucunda az da olsa bekâr yaşamaya heves eden kişilerin bulunması muhtemel olmakla birlikte bu durum söz konusu edilmeye değer bir önem kazanmamıştır.
İslâmiyet’in evlenilecek kadın sayısını dörde indirmesi, hatta tek kadınla evliliği teşvik etmesi (bk. en-Nisâ 4/3) ve dünya nimetlerinden çok âhiret nimetlerinin önemine dikkat çekmesi, bazı zâhid ruhlu sahâbîlerin bekârlığa ilgi duymalarına sebep olmuştur. Böyle bir eğilimin meydana gelmesinde hıristiyan ruhbanlığının tesirini de hesaba katmak gerekir. Bununla birlikte Hz. Peygamber’in İslâm’da ruhban hayatının bulunmadığını (Aclûnî, II, 377; Müsned , III, 266; VI, 226), kendisine de ruhbanlığın buyurulmadığını (Dârimî, “Nikâḥ”, 3) belirtmesi, ayrıca bekâr kalmaya arzulu olan bazı müslümanlarla şahsen görüşerek onları ikaz etmesi (bk. Müsned , V, 163; Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 7; Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 1) Asr-ı saâdet’te çok az görülen bekâr yaşama temayüllerine engel olmuş ve bu sebeple I. (VII.) yüzyılda yaşamış olan zâhidler dünyadan ve her türlü dünya nimetlerinden yüz çevirdikleri halde çoğunlukla bekâr yaşamayı zühdün gereği saymamışlardır. Süfyân b. Uyeyne, sahâbenin en zâhidi olan Hz. Ali’nin dört zevcesi ve on yedi câriyesi olduğunu ileri sürerek, “Bir ve daha fazla kadınla evli olmak -dinde yerilmiş olan- dünya zevklerinden sayılmaz” diyor, İbn Abbas da evli olmayı zühdün gereği sayıyordu. Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd, “On günlük ömrüm kalsa yine de Allah’ın huzuruna bekâr olarak çıkmamak için evlenmeyi tercih ederdim” demiştir. İki karısı vebadan ölen ve kendisi de bu hastalığa yakalanan Muâz b. Cebel, Allah’ın huzuruna bekâr olarak gitmek istemediğinden, çevresindekilerden kendisini hemen evlendirmelerini istemişti. Hz. Ömer de aynı şekilde birden fazla kadınla evlenmeyi tercih ediyordu. İlk müslümanların inancına göre evli bir kimsenin kıldığı iki rekât namaz, bekârın kılacağı yetmiş rekâttan daha üstündü; bir mücahid cihada katılmayandan ne kadar üstünse bekâra nisbetle evli kişi de o kadar faziletliydi. Rivayete göre, bekâr yaşamayı tercih etmiş olan Bişr el-Hâfî vefatından sonra kendisini rüyada görenlere, “Allah bana çok yüksek makamlar verdi, ancak yine de evlilerin derecesine ulaşamadım; çünkü Allah bekâr olarak huzuruna çıkmama rızâ göstermedi” demiş ve çoluk çocuğun yüküne katlanıp nafakalarını temin etmek için didinen Ebû Nasr et-Temmâr’ın kendisinden yetmiş derece daha yüksekte olduğunu söylemiştir.
Sahâbe, tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiîn dönemlerinde kadın zühd hayatına engel görülmemiş, kötülenen ve terki istenen dünya zevklerinden sayılmamış, aksine zühdün ve dindarlığın tamamlayıcı bir unsuru olarak değerlendirilmiştir. O dönemlerde nikâhın mutlaka yerine getirilmesi gereken bir sünnet olduğuna inanılmakta ve bu sünnetin terki bir kemal değil kusur sayılmaktaydı. Ancak Mısır, Suriye, Filistin, Irak ve İran gibi ülkelerin fethinden sonra buralarda yaşayan ve tam dindar olabilmek için ruhban hayatı yaşamanın faydasına inananların zamanla İslâm dinini benimsemeleri, bekâr yaşama âdetinin giderek İslâm toplumunda da yayılmasına, özellikle bazı sûfîlerin bu hayat tarzına yönelmelerine sebep olmuştur. II. (VIII.) yüzyılda görülmeye başlayan bu anlayış, bekâr yaşamaya taraftar olanlarla evliliğin önemini savunanlar arasında çeşitli tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Mevzû hadisler ihtiva eden kitaplarda yer alan rivayetler bu gelişmenin ürünü olarak ortaya çıkmış, daha sonra bu tartışmalar çocuk sahibi olup olmama, doğurgan veya kısır kadınlardan hangisinin tercih edilmesi gerektiği gibi konularda yeni tartışmaların başlamasına sebep olmuştur. Evlenmeye karşı çıkan anlayışın giderek yaygınlaşmasının en güçlü sebebinin bazı büyük sûfîlerin bekâr yaşamayı tercih etmeleri olduğunda şüphe yoktur. İbrâhim b. Edhem, Râbia el-Adeviyye ve Bişr el-Hâfî bunların başında gelmekteydi. Mâlik b. Dînâr’a niçin evlenmediği sorulduğunda dünyayı üç talâkla boşadığını ve bir daha ona dönmeyeceğini söylüyordu. Hasan-ı Basrî, “Allah bir kişinin hayır içinde bulunmasını irade ederse onu mal ve kadınla meşgul etmez” diyordu. Ancak Bişr el-Hâfî ve İbrâhim b. Edhem gibi ilk sûfîler, bekâr yaşamayı tercih etmiş olmalarına rağmen evliliğin daha faziletli olduğuna inanıyorlardı. Fakat giderek bekârlık bir fazilet, hatta zaman zaman dinî bir zaruret sayıldı. Meşhur sûfî Ebû Süleyman ed-Dârânî kadını, çocuğu ve serveti insanın Allah’la meşgul olmasına engel teşkil eden birer uğursuzluk kabul etti. Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî bile müridlere hiç değilse başlangıçta evlenmemelerini tavsiye ediyordu. Necmeddîn-i İsfahânî, evlenme arzusu bir yana kadın tarafından pişirilen yemeğe bile el sürmezdi.
Bu sûfîler, Tegābün sûresinin 14 ve 15. âyetlerinden ilham alarak kadını mal ve evlât gibi, erkeği baştan çıkaran bir fitne saymışlardı. Nitekim onlara göre Havvâ Hz. Âdem’in cennetten çıkarılmasına sebep olmuştu. Yeryüzünde ilk cinayet de kadın yüzünden işlenmiş, Kābil Hâbil’i kadın için katletmişti. Mutasavvıflara göre evlenmeyi mubah kılan zaruret, yani zinaya düşme korkusudur. Evlendikleri zaman Allah’a ve ailesine karşı yükümlülüklerini yerine getiremeyenlerin zina endişesinden emin olurlarsa bekâr yaşamayı tercih etmeleri daha faziletlidir. Evlenmek ruhsat , bekârlık azîmet tir. Geniş ölçüde tatbik sahası bulmamakla birlikte tasavvufun genel temayüllerine uygun düşen bekâr yaşamayı mutasavvıflar umumiyetle benimsemişler, ancak bunun ruhen çok güçlü ve mânevî derecesi yüksek kişilere mahsus olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Nefsini tatmin etmedikçe sükûna kavuşmayan kişilerin evlenmesini lüzumlu görmüşlerdir.
Bu anlayış evlilikten ve kadından uzak kalıp bekâr yaşamayı esas alan bazı zümrelerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Abbâsîler zamanında bekârlara İslâm âleminin her tarafında rastlanmaktaydı. Fütüvvet mensupları içinde evlenmeyenler baştan beri mevcuttu. İbn Battûta, Anadolu’da ziyaret ettiği zâviyelerde yaşayan fütüvvet ehlinin bekâr olduklarını söyler. Fütüvvetnâmeler fütüvvet ehline evlenmemeyi tavsiye eder. Bekâr yaşama anlayışı Ahîlik’te de yaygındı. Bektaşîlik’teki mücerred lik âdeti de a‘zebliğin devamından başka bir şey değildir. Esasen mücerredlik Bektaşîlik’ten çok önce Sünnî tasavvufunda yaygın bulunuyordu. Bekâr dervişler Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşunda asker olarak önemli görevler ifa etmişlerdir.
Mutasavvıfların, kadını kınanan ve kötülenen dünya zevklerinden sayıp olabildiğince ondan uzak durmayı bir gaye haline getirmeleri evlilik, nikâh ve kadın konusunda çok değişik birtakım yorumları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu anlayışa göre mecburiyet bulunduğu için evlenilir, o halde kısır kadın doğurgan kadına tercih edilmelidir. Çünkü çocuk dünyaya daha çok bağlanmaya yol açar. İbrâhim b. Edhem’e göre, “Bir adamın evlenmesi gemiye binmesi mânasına gelir; çocuğu oldu mu battı demektir.” Cüneyd’e göre, “Helâl yoldan şehveti tatminin cezası çocuktur, haram yoldan şehveti teskin etmenin cezası buna kıyas edilmelidir.” Mutasavvıflar âhirette bile kadınların yüzünü görmek istememişlerdir. Onlara göre bir kimsenin aklını hûrilere takması cemâl-i ilâhîyi göremeyeceğine delildir. Öte yandan evlilik hürriyetlerin bir kısmını alıp götüren bir çeşit kölelik sayılmıştır. Mutlaka evlenilecekse fakir kadın zengin kadına tercih edilmelidir. Yetim kızla evlenmenin tavsiye edilmesinin sebebi de budur. Hadislerde hür, doğurgan ve bâkirelerle evlenmek teşvik edildiği halde (bk. Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 10; Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 16), mutasavvıflar dul kadınları bâkirelere ve câriyeleri hür kadınlara tercih etmişlerdir. Herhalde böyle hareket etmelerinde, kadınların hâkimiyeti altına girme ve geçim sıkıntısı çekme endişesinin yanı sıra dul, fakir, yetim, kısır, câriye vb. ilgiye muhtaç kadınları koruma gibi ahlâkî gayelerin de tesiri vardır.
Bekâr yaşamayı tercih eden mutasavvıfların herhangi bir sebeple evlendikleri zaman da bazan cinsî temastan kaçındıkları söylenir ve onların şehvete düşkün olmadıklarını anlatmak için çeşitli menkıbeler nakledilir. Öte yandan Abdülkādir-i Geylânî, Ahmed-i Câmî gibi çok evlenen ve bunu bir fazilet sayan mutasavvıflar da vardır.
İslâm’da evlenmek sünnettir. Durumu evlenmeye müsait olanların hemen evlenmeleri, olmayanların ise gerekli imkân ve gücü kazanmak için gayret göstermeleri istenir. Bu yüzden sûfîlerin evlenme karşısındaki olumsuz tavırları baştan beri âlimler tarafından yadırganmış, zaman zaman bu konuda mutasavvıflar aleyhine reddiyeler yazılmıştır. İbnü’l-Cevzî, İbn Teymiyye ve İbn Kayyim bu meselede mutasavvıfları şiddetle tenkit edenlerin başında yer alırlar. Onlara göre şeytanın aldattığı ve azıttığı bazı mutasavvıflar evlenmekten yüz çevirmişlerdir. Eğer bunların evlenmeye ihtiyaç ve arzuları varsa, kendilerini hem dünya hem de din yönünden tehlikeye atmışlardır. Böyle bir ihtiyaç ve arzuları yoksa o zaman da faziletli bir işi yapmaktan mahrum olmuşlardır. Her iki halde de evlenmek iyi, bekârlık kötüdür. Evlenmeyen mutasavvıflar hayattaki mücadeleden korkup kaçmışlar, rahatı ve şahsî huzuru tercih etmişlerdir. Halbuki insanın çoluk çocuğu için sarfettiği para, cihad da dahil olmak üzere başka şeyler için harcadığı paradan daha çok sevap getirir (bk. Müsned , II, 472; Müslim, “Zekât”, 13). Hz. Peygamber, “Evleniniz, çoğalınız; zira ben öbür ümmetlere karşı sizin çokluğunuzla övünürüm” (İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 8) buyurmuşken bekârlığı tercih etmek ruhbanlıktan başka bir şey değildir.
Mutasavvıflar dışındaki İslâm âlimlerine göre sûfîlerin çocuk sahibi olmayı istememeleri de şeriata, tabiata ve akla aykırıdır. Nitekim Kur’an’a göre birçok peygamber, “Rabbim, bana evlât lutfet!” diye dua etmiştir (bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/38; Meryem 19/5; el-Furkān 25/74). Hz. Peygamber yeni evlilere, Allah’ın kendilerine hayırlı evlât ihsan etmesi için dua ederdi (bk. Buhârî, “Daʿavât”, 47; “Ṣavm”, 61). Bizzat kendisi de çocuk sahibi olmuş ve onları sevmiştir. Evlenmekten ve çocuk yetiştirmekten kaçınmak, İslâm’ın zaruri gördüğü neslin devamı ilkesine de aykırıdır.
Bekârlığın hıristiyan ruhbanlığının, Sâbiî zühdünün ve Buda çileciliğinin tesiriyle ve derece derece İslâm toplumuna yerleştiği kesin olmakla birlikte fazla yaygınlaşmadığı da bir gerçektir. Bununla beraber kutsiyetine inanılan bazı ermiş kişilerin şahsında bekârlığın yüceltilmesi de son derece dikkate değer bir durumdur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “aʿzeb” md.
Müsned , II, 472; III, 82, 266; V, 163, 164; VI, 25, 29, 226.
Dârimî, “Nikâḥ”, 3, “Riḳāḳ”, 108.
Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 7, 10, “Daʿavât”, 47, “Ṣavm”, 61.
Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 1, 16, “Zekât”, 13, “Cennet”, 14.
İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 8.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Nikâḥ”, 3, “İmâre”, 14.
Serrâc, el-Lümaʿ , s. 264-265.
Ḳūtü’l-ḳulûb , s. 429, 490, 492.
Kuşeyrî, er-Risâle , s. 389.
Hücvîrî, Keşfü’l-mahcûb (Uludağ) , s. 514.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , II, 24.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, Telbîsü İblîs , s. 283-287.
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye (nşr. Tâhir Ahmed ez-Zâvî – Mahmûd Muhammed et-Tanâhî), Kahire 1383-85/1963-65, III, 228.
Sühreverdî, ʿAvârifü’l-maʿârif , Beyrut 1966, s. 163.
Necmeddîn-i Dâye, Mirṣâdü’l-ʿibâd , Tahran 1353 hş., s. 144.
Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , VI, 107.
Aclûnî, Keşfü’l-ḫafâʾ , II, 377.
İbn Arrâk, Tenzîhü’ş-şerîʿa , II, 206.
Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı, “Burgâzî ve Fütüvvet-Nâme’si”, İFM , XV/1-4 (1953-54), s. 125.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 313-314 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.