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BÂBEK Skip to content BÂBEK (ö. 223/838) Me’mûn ve Mu‘tasım zamanında Azerbaycan’da ciddi bir tehlike teşkil eden dinî-siyasî mahiyetteki Hürremiyye hareketinin lideri.
Müellif: Hakkı Dursun Yıldız
Kaynaklarda Bâbek’in menşeine dair çeşitli rivayetler mevcuttur. Ancak bu rivayetlerden hangisinin doğru olduğunu tesbit etmek zordur. İsyan etmesinden sonraki başarıları, hayatı hakkında çeşitli rivayet ve efsanelerin uydurulmasına sebep olmuştur.
Kadın ve mülkiyette ortaklığı savunan Mazdek’in İslâm’dan önce İran’da ortaya atmış olduğu sapık fikirler İslâmî dönemde değişik adlar altında yeniden zuhur etmiştir. Bunlardan biri, Bâbek’in mensup olduğu Hürremiyye hareketi idi. Bu hareketin bir kolu daha sonra ona nisbetle Bâbekiyye adıyla devam etmiştir. Faaliyetlerini gizlice sürdüren Hürremîler’in reisi Bâbek isyan etmek için uygun bir zaman bekliyordu. Emîn ile Me’mûn arasındaki hilâfet mücadelesi, Emîn’in katli, Hz. Ali evlâdından Ali er-Rızâ’nın Me’mûn tarafından veliaht gösterilmesi sebebiyle Bağdat’ta karışıklıkların çıkması, Herseme b. A‘yen’in öldürülmesinden sonra Azerbaycan valisi olan oğlu Hâtim’in isyan hazırlıklarına başlaması üzerine beklediği zamanın geldiğine inanan Bâbek 816 yılında isyan etti.
Bâbek, isyanının merkezi olan Bezz’in çevresindeki müslüman halka saldırarak kadın, çocuk demeden herkesi kılıçtan geçirdiği gibi mallarını da gasbediyordu. Kendilerini müdafaadan âciz olan müslümanlar canlarını kurtarmak için Merâga’ya kaçıyorlardı. Durumun gittikçe kötüleştiğini gören Halife Me’mûn 820 yılında Yahyâ b. Muâz’ı Azerbaycan valiliğine getirerek Bâbek ile mücadeleye memur etti. Yahyâ başarılı olamayınca azledildi ve aynı göreve birbiri arkasından Îsâ b. Muhammed, Züreyḳ b. Ali, Muhammed b. Humeyd et-Tûsî, Abdullah b. Tâhir, Uceyf b. Anbese ve Ali b. Hişâm tayin edildiler. Ancak bunların hiçbirisi Bâbek tehlikesini ortadan kaldırmaya muvaffak olamadı. Me’mûn’un bilhassa son yıllarında Bizans seferleriyle uğraşması sebebiyle bu bölgeye gereken önemi verememesi, Bâbek’e daha rahat hareket imkânı sağlamıştır. Nitekim Mu‘tasım halife olduğu zaman Cibâl, Hemedan ve İsfahan bölgelerindeki halkın büyük bir kısmı Hürremiyye’yi benimseyerek isyan etmiş, Mu‘tasım’ın bunlar üzerine bir Türk kumandanının idaresinde gönderdiği ordunun mağlûp olması üzerine tehlike daha da büyümüştü.
Halife Mu‘tasım, yirmi yıldan beri devam etmekte olan ve artık devleti tehdit etmeye başlayan Bâbek isyanını bastırmak için, kendisinin Mısır valiliği sırasında yanında bulundurduğu, askerî bilgi ve kudretine şahit olduğu Türk asıllı kumandanı Afşin ’i 2 Cemâziyelâhir 220’de (3 Haziran 835) Cibâl ve Azerbaycan bölgelerine vali olarak gönderdi ve isyanı bastırmaya memur etti. Afşin Babek ile mücadeleye girmeden önce karargâhını kurduğu Berzend ile Bağdat arasındaki kalelere asker yerleştirerek hem merkezle olan irtibatını hem de erzak ikmal yollarını emniyet altına almış oldu. Mu‘tasım yine bir Türk kumandanı olan Boğa el-Kebîr’i de Afşin’e yardıma gönderdi. Afşin hazırlıklarını tamamladıktan sonra beklemediği bir anda Bâbek’e saldırarak onu mağlûp ve Bezz’e çekilmeye mecbur etmiştir. 835 kışını Berzend’de geçiren Afşin ilkbaharda tekrar Bâbek’e karşı yeniden harekete geçti. Boğa idaresindeki birlikleri Heştâdser üzerine gönderirken kendisi de Bezz’e doğru ilerleyerek buraya 9,5 km. mesafede bulunan Dervez’de karargâh kurdu. Fakat bu sırada Afşin’in haberi olmadan Boğa Bezz’e doğru yürüyüşe geçmiş ve şehre oldukça yaklaşmıştı. Boğa’nın ilerlediğini öğrenen Bâbek ansızın saldırarak onun birliklerine ağır zayiat verdirdi. Canını güçlükle kurtarabilen Boğa Afşin’den yardım istedi. Afşin de kardeşi Fazl kumandasında takviye kuvvetleri gönderdi.
Boğa’nın mağlûbiyetinden sonra Bâbek’e karşı 836 yazında tekrar bir umumi hücum yapıldı. Afşin kuvvetlerini iki kısma ayırıp bir kısmını Boğa’nın idaresine verdi, diğer kısmının başında ise kendisi olduğu halde iki koldan Bezz’e doğru harekete geçti. Şiddetli bir fırtınanın başlaması üzerine Boğa Afşin’den habersiz karargâha döndü. Ertesi gün Afşin Bâbek’in karargâhına hücum ederek çok miktarda esir ve ganimet ele geçirdi. Esirler arasında Bâbek’in karısı da bulunuyordu. Afşin bu başarısından sonra Dervez’deki karargâhına döndü.
Mu‘tasım, 836 kışını Berzend’de geçiren Afşin’e ilkbaharda Inâk et-Türkî ve Ca‘fer b. Dînâr idaresinde takviye kuvvetleri, erzak ve para gönderdi. Bunu haber alan ve durumunun gittikçe kötüleştiğini farkeden Bâbek’in Bizans İmparatoru Theophilos’a mektup yazdığına ve onu Abbâsî İmparatorluğu’na karşı sefer yapmaya teşvik ettiğine dair kaynaklarda bazı rivayetler vardır. Halifeden aldığı kuvvetlerle ordusunu takviye eden Afşin Berzend’den ayrılarak Bez yakınlarında bulunan Kelânrûz’da karargâh kurdu. Bâbek de mukabil harekete geçerek Âzîn adlı kumandanını Afşin’e karşı gönderdi ise de Afşin bir gece baskınında Âzîn’in kuvvetlerini bozguna uğrattı.
İki yıldan beri Bâbek ile savaşan Afşin, 837 yılı başlarında ağır kış şartlarına rağmen Bez önünde ordugâh kurdu ve şehri muhasaraya başladı; bir süre sonra da kumandanlarına şehrin etrafında muhtelif kesimler tayin ederek taarruza geçti. Beşîr et-Türkî emrindeki bir birlik de şehrin karşı tarafında mevzi almış olan Âzîn’in üzerine gönderildi. Beşîr âni bir hücumla Âzîn’i mağlûp ederek Bezz’i arkadan sıkıştırmaya başladı. Artık sonunun yaklaştığını anlayan Bâbek Afşin’den eman diledi. Bu teklifinin Afşin tarafından kabul edilmesine rağmen o, zaman kazanmak için eman fermanının bizzat halife tarafından imza edilmesi şartını ileri sürdü. Bu teklifi de kabul eden Afşin, kumandanlarına savaşı durdurmaları için emir gönderdiği sırada Beşîr et-Türkî idaresindeki Ferganalılar’ın şehre girdiğini öğrendi. Bunun üzerine bütün ordu hücuma geçerek Bezz’e girdi. Şehir içinde şiddetli sokak çarpışmaları başladı ve Bâbek’in sarayları yakıldı. Bu karışıklıklardan faydalanan Bâbek kaçmaya muvaffak oldu. Bez üç gün süreyle yağma ve tahrip edildi.
Bezz’in ele geçirilmesi tarihini kaynaklar gün farkı ile vermektedirler. Taberî 20 Ramazan 222 (26 Ağustos 837) tarihini kaydetmekte, Ya‘kūbî umumi hücumun 9 Ramazan’da (15 Ağustos) başladığını yazmakta, Mes‘ûdî ise gün belirtmeden Bezz’in Ramazan (Ağustos) ayında ele geçirildiğini bildirmektedir.
Bâbek’in kaçtığı anlaşılınca Afşin onu takibe 500 kişilik bir birlik gönderdiği gibi geçmesi muhtemel bölgelerin idarecilerine mektuplar yazarak Bâbek’i yakalayanlara büyük mükâfatlar vereceğini bildirdi. Bâbek Bizans imparatoruna sığınmak istiyordu. Kendisini takip eden birlikler onu bir yerde kıstırdılarsa da ellerinden kaçırdılar. Nihayet Sehl b. Sımbat adlı bir Ermeni’nin yanına sığınan Bâbek, Afşin’e gönderilen haber neticesinde bir av partisi sırasında yakalandı. Afşin Berzend’e döndüğü sırada Bâbek de oraya getirildi. Durum halifeye bildirilip ondan alınan emir üzerine Sâmerrâ’ya hareket edildi. Bâbek 3 Safer 223 (4 Ocak 838) tarihinde halifenin huzurunda ve halkın önünde önce kol ve bacakları kesilmek suretiyle idam edildi.
Bâbek’in yakalanıp idam edilmesi İslâm âleminde umumi sevince vesile olmuştur. Halife Mu‘tasım müslüman hükümdarlara zafernâmeler göndererek (Kalkaşendî, VI, 387 vd.) bu büyük tehlikenin bertaraf edildiğini bildirmiştir. Yirmi yıldan beri devletin başına büyük gaileler açmış olan Bâbek’in yakalanmasında gösterdiği büyük askerî kabiliyet Afşin’e halife nezdinde büyük itibar sağlamış ve kumandanlar arasında birinci sırayı almasına yardım etmiştir.
Bâbek’ten önceki Hürremîler ve bunların devamı olan Bâbekîler’in inançları hakkında, bizzat kendilerince yazılmış eserler bulunmadığından, bu konudaki bilgiler İslâmî kaynaklara dayanmaktadır. Bu kaynakların hepsinde bu kişinin “Bâbek el-Hürremî” şeklinde anılması, Bâbekiyye’nin, Hürremiyye’nin devamından ibaret olduğunu gösterir. İbnü’n-Nedîm’in, Hürremiyye’yi Muhammire ve Bâbekiyye adlarıyla ikiye ayırması, itikadî farklılığa dayalı bir ayırımdan çok, lider değişikliğine göre yapılmış bir ayırım olmalıdır. Nitekim el-Fihrist’te (s. 406) Bâbek’in Hürremiyye’de ihdas ettiği şeyler diye gösterilenler, Bâbek’in ilâhlık iddiası hariç (aş.bk.) itikada taalluk etmeyip, şiddet yolunu benimseyen siyasî taktik değişikliklerinden ibarettir. Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî ise Muhammire diye de adlandırdığı Hürremiyye’yi Bâbekiyye ve Mâzyâriyye adlarıyla iki kola ayırmış, ancak bu iki kol arasında itikadî bir ayrılık olduğuna işaret etmemiş; sadece Mâzyâr’ın Muhammire’yi Cürcân’da ihdas ettiğini belirtmiştir (el-Farḳ, s. 266-269). İbnü’n-Nedîm, Muhammire’nin ilk temsilcisinin Mezdek olduğunu belirtirken (el-Fihrist, s. 406), İbn Hazm ve Kazvînî gibi başka müellifler de Bâbek’in Mezdekiyye’yi ihya etmek için çalıştığını kaydetmişlerdir.
Bâbekîler’in itikad ve yaşayışları hakkında İslâmî kaynaklarda verilen mâlûmata göre bunlar tenâsüh e inanırlardı (Makdisî, IV, 30). Selefleri olan Hürremîler’in, yeryüzünde daima bir peygamber bulunacağı, peygamberliğin irsiyet ve hulûl yoluyla intikal ettiği şeklindeki inançlarına uygun olarak Bâbek’in peygamber olduğunu da öne sürmüşlerdir. Osman Turan, Bâbekîler hakkındaki bu son bilgiyi (Makdisî, III, 8; IV, 30-31), İbnü’n-Nedîm’in, Bâbek’in ilâhlık iddiasında bulunduğu şeklindeki kaydına göre (el-Fihrist, s. 406) gerçeğe daha yakın bulmaktadır (İA , II, 173). Bağdâdî’nin verdiği bilgiye bakılırsa Bâbekîler, çocuklarına Kur’an’ı öğretmekle birlikte kendi aralarında namaz kılmaz, ramazan orucunu tutmaz, kâfirlerle cihad etmeyi gerekli görmezlerdi (el-Farḳ, s. 269). İçki içmeyi ve zora dayanmaması şartıyla gayri meşrû cinsel ilişkiyi mubah gören Hürremîler, bu ve benzeri uygulamalarıyla hedonist (kaba hazcı) bir ahlâk felsefesi benimsemişlerdi. Gerek Bâbek gerekse onun selefi olan Câvidân, birer Fars milliyetçisi olup, Arap ve İslâm kültürünün İran’da yayılmasını önlemek için çalışmışlardır. Bu sebeple müslümanlara karşı Bizans’la iş birliği yapmışlar, İslâmî fetihleri kin ve nefretle karşılamışlar, devleti içten çökertmek ve hâkimiyeti ele geçirmek için, müslümanların gayri müslimlerle savaş durumunda olduğu zamanlardan daima yararlanmışlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 376-377 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.