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ABAZALAR Skip to content Batı Kafkasya’da Karadeniz kıyısında yaşayan yerli halklardan biri.
Kuzeyde Kuban, güneyde İngur ırmağına ve Kafkas dağlarının ana silsilesinden Karadeniz sahiline kadar uzanan coğrafyada yaşayan Abazalar’dan (Abhazlar) eski çağ kaynaklarında Abaskoi (Arrien) veya Abassgi (Plinus) diye bahsedilir. Abazalar ise kendilerini Apsua adıyla tanımlar. Abazalar’ın yaşadığı bölgelerde Antikçağ’dan itibaren Kolhid Krallığı ile Romalı ve Bizanslılar hâkim olmuştur. Procopius’a göre daha önce ağaca tapan Abazalar, Bizans idaresi altında Hıristiyanlığı kabul ettiler.
643’te müslüman Araplar’ın Gürcistan üzerinden Abazalar’ın yaşadığı kesime girmeleri sonucu bölgede ilk İslâmî hayat tarzı ortaya çıkmaya başladı. Abazalar’ın Tiflis Valisi İshak b. İbrâhim zamanında (833-852) Araplar’a haraç verdikleri belirtilirse de bu husus tam olarak açıklığa kavuşmuş değildir. Daha sonra Hazarlar’ın yardımıyla Bizans hâkimiyetinden kurtulan Abazalar bağımsızlıklarını kazandı. Hazar kağanının kızlarından biriyle evlenen Abhaz Prensi II. Levan (Leon/Leo Ançabadze) Mepe kralı unvanını aldı. Krallığın en parlak devirlerini 850-950 yılları arasında geçiren Abazalar bu dönemde İmeret ve Kartli memleketleri üzerinde de hâkimiyet tesis ettiler. Batı Gürcistan’da kurulan Abhazya Krallığı’nın ilk başşehri Anakopia, ardından Kutais oldu. VIII. yüzyılın sonu ile IX. yüzyılın başlarında Abaza kralları Kartvelya’da yaşamaya başladı. Bu sebeple Gürcü dili edebî dil olarak Abhaz ülkesinde yayıldı. Aynı yüzyılda Araplar’ın 840, 842 ve 843’teki yenilgileri Kafkasya’daki İslâm hâkimiyetini giderek azalttı.
X. yüzyıl başlarında Abaza Kralı Tevdos (Teodos) Araplar’a karşı saldırıya geçti. Ardından Abaza Kralı Konstantin ölünce (921) Abhazya’da karışıklıklar çıktı. Ançabadzeli sülâlesinden son kral II. Tevdos 985’te erkek evlât bırakmadan ölünce kız kardeşi Guran-Dukht ile evli, anne tarafından da Ançabadzeli olan Artvin-Ardahan Bagratlıları’ndan Gürcistan/Kartli Kralı III. Bagrat, Abaza tahtını istilâ etti, Tiflis’ten Soçi’ye kadar olan yerleri ele geçirdiği gibi Abhazlar kralı unvanını da aldı. Abaza Krallığı 1008 veya 1010’da oluşan yapıya göre XI. yüzyıldan XIII. yüzyıla kadar Gürcü Krallığı’na tâbi oldu, böylece Abhazya’da da Bagratid (Bagratlı) hânedanlığı dönemi başladı.
XIII. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinden itibaren Kafkasya’ya hâkim olan Moğollar, Abaza bölgesine kadar ulaşamamakla birlikte bu kesimdeki sosyal ve siyasal yapıyı hayli değiştirdiler. Böylece Abhazya üç idarî birime ayrıldı: İngur ve Kodor nehri arasındaki bölgeye Bedya Eristavlığı, Kodor ve Gumista arasındaki bölgeye Sohum Eristavlığı, Anakopya ve Taupse’ye ise Apsuva (Abhaz) Eristavlığı denildi. Bu üç eristavlığın başında da Abazalar bulunmakla beraber hükümdarlığın merkezi Kutais idi (Beygua, s. 42). 1124’te Ani’den esir götürülen Şeddâdîler (II. Şâvur) sülâlesinden Şirvaşidze hânedanı yaklaşık 1325’te Bagratlılar’dan Abaza ülkesini mâlikâne olarak aldı. Timur, 1395’te yendiği Altın Orda Hanı Toktamış’a bağlı yerleri yağmalatırken büyük ihtimalle Gürcü Kralı Georgi’nin Abaza kralının yanında saklanması üzerine Elburz dağını aşarak Abaza ülkesine de girdi.
Kafkasya’nın doğu kıyılarının, Abhazya, Mingrelya ve Gürya’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne tâbi olması hususunda kesin bir tarih vermek zordur. Bunun 855 (1451) veya 1453’te gerçekleştiği kabul edilir (Kırzıoğlu, s. 3-4). Ardından Osmanlı Devleti bölgedeki nüfuz alanını genişletmek için Abaza ve Batı Gürcistan beylerini destekleyip Doğu Gürcistan (Tiflis) Krallığı’na karşı 1462’de Çikhori zaferini kazanmalarını sağladı (Allen, s. 133-134). Osmanlılar’ın 986’daki (1578) İran seferi esnasında Sohum eyaletini kurmaları ve başına Çerkez Haydar Paşa’yı tayin etmeleriyle (Kırzıoğlu, s. 19) Abazalar üzerinde Osmanlı hâkimiyeti tesis edilmiş oldu (a.g.e. , s. 21). Osmanlı idaresi altında nisbeten rahat yaşayan Abazalar, 1725 ve 1728 yıllarında Sohum’daki Osmanlı yöneticilerinin baskılarına karşı isyan edip Sohum Kalesi’ni ele geçirmeye çalıştılarsa da başarılı olamadılar.
Osmanlı hâkimiyeti bu bölgede İslâmiyet’in yayılmasında ve giderek Hıristiyanlığın yerini almasında etkili oldu. Şirvaşidze hânedanı İslâmiyet’i ancak XVIII. yüzyılın son yarısında kabul etti, aynı zamanda da Türk hâkimiyetini tanıdı. Abazalar’ın, 1768-1774 arasındaki Osmanlı-Rus savaşı esnasında Kafkasya’da stratejik bir yer edinmeye çalışan Ruslar tarafından silâhlandırılmasını müteakiben 1770’te Abaza Beyi Levan, Rus himayesini talep ettiyse de Ruslar’ın bütün Abhazya’yı topraklarına katmak istemeleri yüzünden bu gerçekleşmedi (Aydın, s. 48). Bununla birlikte Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı faaliyetlerini devam ettiren Abazalar 1771’de Sohum Kalesi’ni ele geçirmelerine rağmen daha sonra kaleyi geri verdiler. 1780’li yıllarda Abaza beyi olan Keleş Ahmed Bey, Abazalar’ın idare merkezini Lıhnı’dan (Soğuksu) Sohum’a taşıdı ve burayı takviye etti (Beygua, s. 54-58). Ardından bölgede varlığını açıkça hissettiren Ruslar’a yaklaştı, onlarla anlaşma çareleri aradı. Ancak 14 Mayıs 1808’de Osmanlı sarayında yetişen oğlu Arslan Bey tarafından öldürüldü. Faş Kalesi de Osmanlılar’ın eline geçti. Keleş Ahmed Bey’in ikinci oğlu Sefer Bey ise Rus tâbiiyetine girdi ve Hıristiyanlığı kabul ederek Georgi (Gerg) adını aldı. Onun 1808 yılında Abhazya’nın Rusya’ya bağlanması talebini Ruslar o sırada Osmanlılar’la mütareke yapmış olmalarından dolayı kabul etmedi. Bununla beraber savaşın ikinci safhasının başlamasından bir süre sonra Çar I. Aleksandr, 17 Şubat 1810’da yayımladığı bildiriyle Abhazya’nın Rusya’ya bağlandığını duyurdu. 11 Temmuz 1810’da Rus birlikleri Sohum Kalesi’ni işgal etti. Sefer Bey de Rusya’ya tâbi Abaza kralı tayin edildi. 12 Mayıs 1812’de imzalanan Bükreş Antlaşması’ndaki hükme rağmen Sohum’u boşaltmayan Ruslar, 7 Ekim 1826’da Yunan isyanı esnasında imzalanan Akkirman Antlaşması’nın ilgili maddesiyle buradaki idarelerini resmîleştirdiler.
7 Şubat 1821’de ölen Sefer Bey’in yerini albay rütbesiyle oğlu Dimitri (Ömer Bey) aldı. Onun 1823’te zehirlenerek öldürülmesinden sonra Abhazya, Sefer Bey’in diğer oğlu Mikail’e (Hamit Bey) verildi. 1829 Edirne Antlaşması’nın ardından Kafkasya’nın Karadeniz kıyısındaki Faş’tan Anapa’ya kadar olan bütün yerleri Ruslar’a terkedilince diğer Kafkas halkı gibi Abazalar da bu antlaşmayı tanımadı. Osmanlı Devleti’nin bölgeden çekilmesinden sonra Abhazya içinde ilk Rus garnizonu 1837’de Tsebelda’da kuruldu. Ruslar 1840’ta Samurzakan’a girdiler ve 1846’da Abhazya’nın başşehri Sohum’u ticaret merkezi ilân ettiler (a.g.e. , s. 83).
Kırım savaşı esnasında (1853-1856) Osmanlı birlikleri 1854’te Abhazya’ya asker çıkardı ve Abhaz Krallığı 1856’nın ilk yarısına kadar Osmanlı yönetiminde kaldı. 10 Temmuz 1856’da Ruslar, General Prens Hamit Bey kumandasındaki birliklerle Sohum’u tekrar işgal ettiler. Çatışmalar 1864 yılına kadar sürdü. 24 Haziran 1864’te, Ruslar Abhazya Kralı Hamit Bey’in yetkilerini kaldırdı ve Abhazya doğrudan Rus idaresine girdi. Ruslar bölgeye Sohum Askerî Birliği adını verdiler. Krallıktan indirilen Hamit Bey’in Osmanlı Devleti’ne gitme isteği kabul edilmedi, kendisi önce Rostov’a, ardından Varonej’e gönderildi ve 16 Nisan 1866’da burada öldü (a.g.e. , s. 80-81).
Bütün bu siyasî ve askerî gelişmeler sırasında özellikle müslüman Abazalar, Ruslar tarafından ülkelerini terke zorlanınca büyük bölümü Osmanlı topraklarına gitti. 1862-1865 yıllarında Anapa ile Gagra arasında yaşayan hemen bütün Abazalar sürgün edildi. Bölgede yaşayanların sayısı 130.000’den az değildi. Aynı şekilde 1866’da tekrar bağımsızlık için ayaklanan Abazalar’dan 1867’de Dal ve Tsebelda bölgesinden ayrılanların sayısının 15.000’den fazla, Dranda ve Pitsunda’dan ayrılanların sayısının 5000 civarında olduğu bilinir. Göç etmek istemeyenler Hıristiyanlığı seçerek yurtlarında kalabildiler (a.g.e. , s. 88). Ancak Abazalar’ın direnişi yine de sürdü.
1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sırasında başında Hasan Bey’in bulunduğu, Osmanlı Devleti’nce de desteklenen Abaza birliği 5 Mayıs 1877’de Sohum’a çıkartma yaptı ve burayı ele geçirdi. Ardından İstanbul’dan asker yollanarak bunlar takviye edildi. Sohum’un ele geçirilmesi diğer Çerkez ve Abaza toprakları için de ümit ışığı doğurdu. Ancak Rumeli cephesinde Rus saldırılarının artması sonucu buradaki Osmanlı tümeni geri çağrılıp Rumeli’ye sevkedilince 1877 Ağustosunda Ruslar Sohum’u tekrar aldılar. Bu savaş Abazalar için âdeta ölüm kalım savaşı oldu ve Ruslar 45-50.000 kadar Abaza’yı zorla sürgün etti.
1883’te Ruslar, Abhazya’yı Kutais’teki Guberniya’ya bağladılar. 1903’te Sohum Askerî Dairesi, Kutais’ten ayrılarak Kafkasya temsilciliğine nakledildi, 1904’te de Karadeniz valiliği denilen kısma dahil edildi. 1917 Şubatında Rus Çarlığı’nın yıkılışı üzerine Abhaz Cumhuriyeti ile Gürcü Halk Sovyeti 9 Şubat 1918’de iki bağımsız eşit ülke konumu kazandı. Bu antlaşma neticesinde Gürcistan ile olan sınır meseleleri de çözüldü. Buna göre yeni sınır doğuda İngur nehri, kuzeybatıda Mzımta olarak kabul edildi. 26 Mayıs’ta Gürcistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti kurulduktan sonra bir tümen Gürcü ordusu Abhazya’ya girdi ve neticede Abhazya Gürcistan’ın bir vilâyeti haline getirildi. Bu durum 1921 yılına kadar sürdü. 4 Mart 1921’de Abhazya’da (Sohum) Kızılordu’nun yardımıyla Sovyet hâkimiyeti oluşturuldu. 31 Mart’ta Rusya birliğine bağlı Abhaz Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti ilân edildi. Abhazya 16 Aralık 1921’de Gürcistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti’yle Birlik Antlaşması yaptı, 1922’de Transkafkasya Demokratik Federatif Cumhuriyeti içinde yer aldı (Azerbaycan Sovet Ensiklopediyası , I, 26). 1931’de Stalin’in emriyle Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti statüsünü kaybetti ve Gürcistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti’ne bağlı Abhazya Özerk Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti statüsüne düşürüldü. Yine de Abhazya, Sovyet anayasasına göre devlet statüsündeydi. Devleti simgeleyen bir sembolü, parlamentosu ve milletvekilleri vardı.
Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılma sürecinde Abazalar, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği içinde kalmayı tercih etti. Gürcistan ise 9 Nisan 1991’de yaptığı referandumda bağımsız Gürcistan Cumhuriyeti’nin yeniden eski statüsüne döndürüldüğünü bildirdi. Abhazya’nın Sovyetler’den ayrılma hakkı vardı, ancak Sovyetler Birliği 1991’de dağılınca bu durum ortadan kalktı. 23 Temmuz 1992’de Abhazya Yüksek Sovyeti, Abhazya’nın bağımsızlığını ilân etti. Bunu takiben Gürcü birlikleri 14 Ağustos 1992’de Sohum’a girdi ve ülkenin büyük bölümünü kontrol altına alıp parlamentoyu feshetti. Bunun üzerine Rusya denetimi altında kurulan Kafkas Halkları Konfederasyonu’na bağlı Rus Oset, Kazak ve Abazalar, Gürcüler’e karşı savaşa başladılar, neticede 27 Temmuz 1993’te taraflar arasında ateşkes antlaşması imzalandı. 30 Eylül’de Gürcü kuvvetleri ve Abhazyalı Gürcü nüfusun ülkeyi terketmek zorunda kalmasıyla savaş sonuçlandı. Bu savaşta 7000’i aşkın insan öldü. 200.000’den fazla Abhazyalı Gürcü, Abhazya’yı terketmek zorunda kaldı. Gürcistan’ın 2006’da Abhazya sınırlarına dahil olan Kodor vadisini ele geçirmeye yönelik askerî harekâtı başarılı oldu. Ancak 8-13 Ağustos 2008 tarihleri arasında Gürcistan ile Güney Osetya arasında meydana gelen beş günlük savaştan yararlanan Abazalar bu vadiyi tekrar ele geçirdi. Bu arada Birleşmiş Milletler gözetiminde iki ülkeyi birleştirmeye yönelik müzakereler on yıldan fazla süren bir çaba neticesinde başarısızlığa uğradı. Ağustos 2008’de Rusya, aynı yılın eylül ayında ise Nikaragua ve Venezuela devletleri Abhazya’nın bağımsızlığını tanıdı. Abhazya bugün Rusya korumasında ve üç devletin bağımsızlığını tanıdığı bir devlet konumundadır.
Abhazya’nın eski dönemlerine ait kesin nüfus verileri yoktur. 1780’li yıllarda Kafkasya’yı gezen J. Reineggs, Abazalar’ın 7000 aileden oluştuğunu belirtir (Allgemeine , II, 8), bu da yaklaşık 35.000 kişi eder. 1810 tarihli bir başka kayıtta Abhazya’da 50.000 ve Çerkez, Kabarda ve Besleney arasında kalan Küçük Abhazya’da ise 2000 aile bulunduğu belirtilir (Bronevskim, I, 58). Bu ise yaklaşık 250-260.000 kişi demektir. Fakat bu rakamların doğruluğu tartışmalıdır. 1830-1840’lı yıllarda nüfusunun 90.000, bütün Abazalar’ın nüfusunun da 128.800 olduğu kaydedilir. 1866 isyanından sonra Abazalar’ın nüfusu 79.000’den 65.000’e düşmüştür. 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nın ardından Abhazya’dan göçler sebebiyle bu kesimde tahminî olarak 20.000 Abaza kalmıştır (EI2 [İng.], I, 101). Osmanlı Devleti topraklarına göç eden Abazalar’la ilgili de açık istatistikî veriler henüz mevcut değildir. 1917 nüfus sayımına göre Abhazya’da 92.448 Abaza, 20.966 Gürcü, 14.339 Ermeni ve diğer milletler dahil olmak üzere 136.021 kişi yaşamaktaydı (Terim, s. 43-44). 1939 yılındaki nüfus sayımında ise Çerkezya’dakiler dahil bütün Abaza nüfusu 59.000’dir (EI2 [İng.], I, 101). 1970 sayımına göre, Abhazya’da 77.700 Abaza, 199.500 Gürcü, 92.800 Rus, 74.800 Ermeni ve diğer milletlerden insanlar yaşamaktaydı (EIr. , I, 223). 1989’da yapılan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği’nin son nüfus sayımına göre Abhazya Özerk Cumhuriyeti’nin nüfusu 525.000’dir. Bunun 239.000’i Gürcüler’den, 110.000’i Ruslar’dan, 80.000’i Ermeniler’den ve 100.000’i Abazalar’dan oluşmaktadır. Gürcistan ile yapılan savaşın (1993) ardından burada yaşayan Gürcü halkının 200.000’den fazlası mülteci durumuna düşmüş, bunlardan ancak 70.000’i geri dönebilmiştir. Ruslar’ın büyük kısmı da savaş sırası ve sonrasında Abhazya’yı terketmiştir. 2005’teki verilere göre Abaza nüfusu 132.000, 2011 yılında ise ülkedeki toplam nüfus 240.705’tir. Günümüzde bu nüfusun 250.000’i aştığı ve Abazalar’ın nüfusunun da 150.000’e yaklaştığı kabul edilir. Burada sıralanan nüfus verilerine ülkesinden ayrılıp başka ülkelerde (Türkiye, Suriye, Ürdün, Mısır vd.) yaşayan ve artık yaşadıkları ülkeleri kendi öz yurtları kabul eden Abazalar dahil değildir.
Abazalar’ın dili Kafkas dillerinin özel bir ailesi olarak görülebilir ve Adige (Çerkez) dilinin yakın akrabasıdır. 1862’de Rus Generali O. Ulsar, Kiril alfabesiyle bir Abaza grameri yayımlamıştır. Ardından Hıristiyanlığı burada yayabilmek amacıyla Abaza alfabesi hazırlanmış ve 1865’te bastırılmıştır. Abhazya’da 1928’de Latin esaslı Abaza alfabesi, 1938’de Kiril asıllı Rus alfabesi kabul edilmiştir. İlk Abaza edibi Dmitry I. Gulia’dır. Ticarî yönden ise Abhazya, Antik dönemden beri dikkat çeken yerlerden biri olmuştur. O dönemde Abhazya’dan İran, Şam ve Mısır’a buğday, şarap, bal mumu ve özellikle ağaç ihraç ediliyordu. Buna karşılık silâh, ev eşyası, giysiler vb. alınmaktaydı, XI-XIII. yüzyıllarda arpa, buğday, darı yanında kenevir ve şarap önemli ihraç maddelerini oluşturuyordu. XIII-XV. yüzyıllar arasında Abhazya sahilleri Ceneviz kolonileri haline gelmiş, Cenevizliler, Abhazya’ya Santa Sofya adını vermiştir. Bu dönemde sağlamlığından dolayı dokuma tezgâhlarının vazgeçilmezi olan şimşir ağacı Avrupa’ya satılmaya başlanmış ve ticarette önemli rol oynamıştır. Diğer bir ticarî metâ ise köledir. Osmanlı döneminde köle menşeli birçok Abaza asıllı devlet adamının çeşitli kademelerde görev yaptığı bilinmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme (Dağlı), II/1, s. 128, 130-131; J. Reineggs, Allgemeine historisch-topographische Beschreibung des Kaukasus (ed. F. E. Schröder), Hildesheim-St. Petersburg 1797, II, 6, 8, 10-13; S. Bronevskim, İzvestiya o Kavkaze , Moskva 1823, I, 58, 318, 321, 331-333, 336-339; K. F. Neumann, Russland und Tscherkessen , Stuttgart 1840, s. 8, 18; M. Brosset, Histoire de la Géorgie , St. Petersburg 1851, s. 173, 175; Mir’ât-ı Hakîkat (Miroğlu), s. 375-378, 381; J. Marquart, Osteuropäische und Ostasiatische Streifzüge , Leipzig 1903, s. 176-177, 184-185; W. E. D. Allen, A History of the Georgian People , London 1932, s. 79-84, 85-94, 133-134; P. Minas Bıjışkyan, Karadeniz Kıyıları Tarih ve Coğrafyası 1817-1819 (trc. H. D. Andreasyan), İstanbul 1969, s. 80-81; Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, Osmanlıların Kafkas-Elleri’ni Fethi: 1451-1590 , Ankara 1976, s. 1-4, 6, 10-11, 19, 21; Şerafettin Terim, Kafkas Tarihinde Abhazlar ve Çerkeslik Mefhumu , İstanbul 1976, s. 17, 19, 20-30, 43-44 vd.; Abdullah Saydam, Kırım ve Kafkas Göçleri , Ankara 1997, s. 81-93; Valeri Beygua, Abhazya Tarihi (trc. Papapha Mahinur Tuna), İstanbul 1999, s. 9, 15, 26-28, 33, 37-38, 42, 54-58, 80-81, 83, 88; Muharrem Yıldız, Dünden Bugüne Kafkasya , İstanbul 2006, s. 40-41; Ufuk Tavkul, Kafkasya Gerçeği , İstanbul 2007, s. 34-35, 125; Mustafa Aydın, Üç Büyük Gücün Çatışma Alanı Kafkaslar , İstanbul 2008, s. 48; Oktay F. Tanrısever, “Gürcistan’daki 2 Kasım 2003 Parlamento Seçimleri ve Gürcistan’ın İstikrarı Açısından Önemi”, 2023 , sy. 31, Ankara 2003, s. 22; Sefa Sekin – Rahşan Tekin, “Güney Kafkasya ve Gürcistan”, Kafkasya , I/2, İstanbul 2006, s. 34; Hasan Kanbolat, “Abhazya ve Güney Osetya Sorunu Çatışmaya Yönelebilir mi”, Nart , sy. 59-60, Ankara 2008, s. 7-8; W. Barthold – [V. Minorsky], “Abk̲h̲āz”, EI2 (İng.), I, 100-102; “Abhaziya Muhtar Sovet Sosialist Respublikası”, Azerbaycan Sovet Ensiklopediyası , Bakü 1976, I, 25-26; Dzh. Giunashvili, “Abk āz”, EIr. , I, 222-224.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 1-3 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.