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ABDULLAH b. SEBE Skip to content İslâm dünyasında ilk fitnenin ve Şiîliğin ortaya çıkışında önemli rol oynadığı ileri sürülen kimse.
Kaynaklarda İbnü’s-Sevdâ, İbn Sebâ, İbn Vehb b. Sebâ, İbnü’s-Sevdâ es-Sebeî, İbn Sebe el-Himyerî, İbn Sebe Vehb er-Râsibî el-Hemedânî adlarıyla da anılan Abdullah b. Sebe, Sebeiyye, Sebâiyye veya Sâibe adlı Şiî mezhebinin aşırı bir kolunun da kurucusu sayılır.
Abdullah b. Sebe hakkındaki bilgilerin tek kaynağı Seyf b. Ömer’dir. Onun Taberî tarafından nakledilen rivayetine göre (bk. Târîḫ , I, 2942-2944), Abdullah b. Sebe, annesi San‘alı siyahî bir yahudidir. Hz. Osman zamanında İslâm’ı kabul etmiş, ancak bir müddet sonra müslüman beldelerde sapık fikirler yaymaya başlamıştır. Önce Hicaz’da iken sonra Basra (Makrîzî’ye göre Basra’ya 33’te [653] gelmiştir, bk. el-Ḫıṭaṭ , IV, 175), Kûfe ve Dımaşk’a gitmiş, buralarda başarılı olamayınca Mısır’a geçmiştir. Abdullah telkinlerine şöyle başlamıştır: “İnsanların, Îsâ’nın döneceğine inandıkları halde Muhammed’in döneceğini kabul etmemeleri şaşılacak şeydir. Halbuki Allah, ‘Ey Muhammed! Kur’an’a uymayı sana farz kılan Allah, seni döneceğin yere (meâd) döndürecektir’ (el-Kasas 28/85) buyurmaktadır. Binaenaleyh dünyaya yeniden dönmeye Muhammed Îsâ’dan daha lâyıktır.” Onun, İslâm akîdesiyle bağdaşmayan bu görüşü bazı Şiîler arasından benimsenmiş ve böylece rec‘at akîdesi teşekkül etmiştir. Daha sonra Abdullah, her peygamberin bir vasîsinin olduğunu, Hz. Peygamber’in vasîsinin de Ali olduğunu telkin etmeye başlamış, ardından da şu fikirlerini yaymaya çalışmıştır: “Resûlullah’ın hilâfet hakkındaki vasiyetini çiğneyerek başa geçenler (Ebû Bekir ve Ömer) en büyük zulmü işlemişlerdir. Osman da aynı durumdadır.” Abdullah bu nevi telkinleriyle halkı harekete geçirmeye çalışmış, onları emir bi’l-ma‘rûf nehiy ani’l-münker görevi yerine getirmek üzere devlet adamlarını zorlamaya sevketmiştir. Bu çalışmalarını gizli sohbetler ve mektuplaşmalarla sürdürmüştür. Sonunda halk “iyiliği yayma, kötülüğü engelleme” prensibini açıktan uygulamaya başlamış, her şehir halkı valilerin haksızlık ve yolsuzluklarını tesbit ederek birbirlerini durumdan haberdar etmek üzere sözleşmiştir.
Taberî, Cemel Vak‘ası’nı anlatırken, Seyf b. Ömer’den naklen Abdullah b. Sebe ile ilgili ayrıntılı bilgiler verir (bk. Târîḫ , I, 3163-3165). Buna göre, Abdullah ve daha sonra her biri Hâricîler’in ileri gelenlerini teşkil edecek olan İlbâ b. Heysem, Adî b. Hâtim, Sâlim b. Sa‘lebe el-Absî, Şüreyh b. Evfâ ve diğerleri, Cemel Vak‘ası’ndan bir gün önce tarafların anlaşma zeminine doğru esaslı bir mesafe aldıklarını farkedince, hemen gizli bir toplantı düzenlemiş ve iki taraf arasında barış yapılırsa bunun kendileri için ölüm demek olacağını ileri sürerek, her ne suretle olursa olsun, ertesi gün savaşın başlatılması hususunda karar almışlardır. Bu işte de en büyük rolü Abdullah b. Sebe oynamıştır. Taberî’de Abdullah b. Sebe için Seyf b. Ömer’den naklen verilen bilgiler bu kadardır. Bu rivayet, sonraki tarihçiler ve mezhepler tarihi yazarlarınca hemen hemen aynı ifadelerle nakledilmiştir. Mezhepler tarihçileri Abdullah’ın bu iddialarından başka ona şu görüşleri de nisbet ederler: “Hz. Ali ölmemiştir. O kıyametten önce dönüp asâsıyla Araplar’ı yola getirecek ve dünyayı adaletle dolduracaktır. İmâmette nas esası geçerlidir, takıyye câiz değildir…” Bu yazarlara göre aşırı Şiîliği (gulüv) ilk defa ortaya atan Abdullah’tır. Hatta Hz. Ali, Abdullah’ı, kendisini ilâhlaştırdığı için yakmaya teşebbüs etmişse de bundan vazgeçmiş ve onu Medâin’e (Malatî’ye göre Sâbât’a, bk. et-Tenbîh ve’r-red , s. 156) sürmüştür.
Diğer bazı yazarlar da Abdullah b. Sebe’yi sebeiyye’nin kurucusu olarak gösterirken, onun görüşlerini benimseyen Abdullah b. Sevdâ adında Hîreli bir yahudiden de söz ederler (bk. Bağdâdî, s. 212, 213; İsferâyînî, s. 72). Farklı künye ve nisbelerle anılan Abdullah b. Sebe ile İbnü’s-Sevdâ’nın aynı şahıs mı, yoksa iki ayrı şahıs mı olduğu, Ebû Halef el-Kummî tarafından iddia edildiği gibi İbn Sebe’nin, Abdullah b. Vehb er-Râsibî’nin lakabı mı olduğu, hatta onun tarihî bir şahsiyet olma ihtimali yanında, bir sembol veya bir lakap mı teşkil ettiği sorularına kesin cevap bulabilmek, mevcut rivayetler ışığında mümkün değilidr. Çünkü İbn Sebe ile ilgili bilgilerin tek kaynağı olan ve Hârûnürreşîd’in hilâfeti sırasında öldüğü bildirilen Seyf b. Ömer, hemen bütün biyografi âlimlerine göre, zayıf ve metrûktür. “Rivayetlerinin büyük çoğunluğu itibar edilmeyecek ve uyulmayacak derecede münker hadislerdir”; “uydurduğu hadisleri güvenilir kimselere (sika) atfederek rivayet eder”; “hadis uydurur”; “rivayetleri boştur” gibi ifadelerle eleştirilmiş bir kimsedir (bk. Zehebî, II, 255, 256; İbn Hacer, IV, 295, 296). Diğer yandan Seyf b. Ömer’in bu rivayeti, İbn Sa‘d ve o devrin hadiselerini ciddi bir şekilde ele alan Belâzürî gibi iki önemli Sünnî, Nasr b. Müzâhim el-Minkārî ve Ya‘kūbî gibi Şiî kaynaklarda bulunmamaktadır. Bu durum, Seyf b. Ömer’in rivayetinin doğruluğu ve dolayısıyla İbn Sebe’nin tarihî şahsiyeti hakkında birtakım şüphe ve tereddütlerin doğmasına sebep olmuştur. Nitekim Tâhâ Hüseyin, Ali Hüseyin el-Verdî, Kâmil Mustafa eş-Şeybî, Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr gibi müslüman yazarlar, Israel Friedlaender, M. Hodgson ve W. M. Watt gibi Batılı müellifler, İbn Sebe hakkındaki bilgilerin tutarsızlıklarını göstermeye çalışmışlar ve kendilerine göre probleme yeni bazı yorumlar getirmişlerdir.
İbn Sebe için söylenenler ne olursa olsun, İslâm tarihinde Hz. Ali hakkında aşırı fikirler ileri süren ve Sebeiyye adı ile anılan bir topluluğun veya bir fırkanın müphem de olsa var olduğu bir gerçektir. Sebeiyye’nin varlığı için “müphem” tâbiri kullanılmıştır; çünkü bu mezhebe mensup olarak Abdullah b. Sebe, İbnü’s-Sevdâ -ki bu ikisi muhtemelen aynı şahıstır- ve bir de meçhul bir sahâbî olan Rüşeyd el-Hecerî dışında hiçbir ismin verilmemiş olması, doğrusu şüpheye yol açmaktadır (krş. Nâşî, s. 23; W. Montgomery Watt, s. 73). Gerçi Ziyâd b. Ebîh, meşhur sahâbî Hucr b. Adî’nin Sebeiyye’den olduğunu söylerse de bunun siyasî bir karalama olduğu açıktır. Bununla birlikte Sebeiyye’ye nisbet edilen görüşlerin, yaklaşık olarak hicrî 80 (699) yılında ilk defa ortaya konmuş olduğu söylenebilir (krş. W. Montgomery Watt, s. 73). İbn Sa‘d’ın, Kûfe’nin ileri gelen fakihi İbrâhim en-Nehaî’den (ö. 96/714) bahsederken, onun ne Sebeî ne de Mürciî olduğu yolundaki ifadesi, bu ismin hicrî 90’larda kullanılmakta olduğunu gösterir. Zührî de İbnü’l-Hanefiyye’nin oğlu Ebû Hâşim’in (ö. 98/716) Sebeiyye hadislerini toplamakta olduğunu söylerken bu hususu teyit etmiş olur (bk. İbn Hacer, VI, 16). Ancak bu durumda da Sebeiyye adının gerçek bir fırkaya mı delâlet ettiği, yoksa bunun Hz. Ali hakkında aşırı fikirler ileri süren, ölümünü inkâr ederek ona mehdî gözüyle bakanların bir sıfatı mı olduğu hususu meçhul kalmaktadır. Esasen Malatî’nin, Gāliyye’yi anlatırken Sebeiyye’yi dört ayrı kola ayırarak bazılarının Keysâniyye ve Harbiyye gibi fırkalarla aynı görüşleri savunur durumda olduğunu söylemesi de bu şüpheyi teyit eder mahiyettedir.
Bütün bu açıklamaların ışığı altında, çeşitli isimlerle anılan Abdullah b. Sebe ile Sebeiyye adının gerçek bir varlığının bulunduğu hususu oldukça şüpheli görünmektedir. Aslında söz konusu adların gerçek şahıstan gelmiş olması da zaruri değildir. Çünkü benzeri bir belirsizlik Keysâniyye adının ortaya çıkışında da göze çarpmaktadır. Sebeiyye, Sebe kabilesinden (bk. Kehhâle, Muʿcemü ḳabâʾili’l-ʿArab , II, 498) türemiş olabilir. Hatta takma bir isim olup perde arkasındaki hakiki isimleri unutturmuş olabilir; daha kötü ve sevimsiz kılınması için Abdullah b. Sebe diye bir fert uydurulmuş ve bulunmuş olabilir. Bu arada, mezhebin ve ilgili isimlerin altında birtakım hakikat unsurlarının yatması da mümkündür. İbn Sebe’nin Hz. Ali tarafından cezalandırılması hikâyesi, onun aşırı Şiî görüşlere karşı çıktığını göstermek üzere, daha sonraları uydurulmuş olabilir. Esasen Şiîler’in, Sakīfe olayında olduğu gibi, sonradan ortaya çıkan birtakım iddiaları başa götürmek gibi bazı alışkanlıkları da vardır.
Son olarak, Abdullah b. Sebe ve Sebeiyye adı, o günün siyasî ve içtimaî şartları içinde, müslüman çoğunluğunun veya siyasî ve ilmî otoritenin benimsediği görüşlerin dışında, Hz. Ali ve Ehl-i beyt hakkında İsrâiliyat ile süslenmiş aşırı fikirler taşıyan ve İslâm ümmetinin birliğini bozmak ve fitne çıkarmak maksadıyla bozguncu faaliyetlerde bulunan şahıs ve zümreler için bir takma ad veya kötüleyici yafta ve hatta muhalifler için kullanılan aşağılayıcı bir slogan olarak da ortaya konmuş olabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , VI, 275.
Nâşî, Uṣûlü’n-niḥal (nşr. J. V. Ess), Beyrut 1971, s. 22-23.
Taberî, Târîḫ (de Goeje) , I, 2858-2859, 2942-2944, 3163-3165.
Nevbahtî, Fıraḳu’ş-Şîʿa , s. 19-20.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , s. 15.
Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Malatî, et-Tenbîh ve’r-red (nşr. M. Zâhid Kevserî), Bağdad-Beyrut 1388/1968, s. 18-19, 156.
Ebû Halef el-Kummî, Kitâbü’l-Maḳālât (nşr. M. Cevad Meşkûr), Tahran 1963, s. 19, 21, 55, 162, 212 vd.
Bağdâdî, Mezhepler Arasındaki Farklar (trc. E. Ruhi Fığlalı), İstanbul 1979, s. 22, 212, 213 vd.
İsferâyînî, et-Tebṣîr (Kevserî) , s. 71-72.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî) , I, 174.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-İʿtiḳādât , Kahire 1356/1938, s. 57.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil (nşr. C. J. Tornberg), Beyrut 1385/1965, III, 114-144-147, 154-155, 235-236, 333.
Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , II, 255, 256.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , VII, 167-168, 173, 239, 240.
Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ , Kahire 1326, IV, 146-147, 173, 175, 182, 191.
İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , IV, 295-296; VI, 16.
Ali Hüseyin el-Verdî, Vuʿâẓü’s-selâṭîn , Bağdad 1954, s. 151 vd.
Tâhâ Hüseyin, el-Fitnetü’l-kübrâ , Kahire 1966, II, 90.
Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, Neşʾetü’t-teşeyyuʿ , Kahire 1969, s. 23-31.
Kâmil Mustafa eş-Şeybî, eṣ-Ṣıla beyne’t-taṣavvuf ve’t-teşeyyuʿ , Kahire 1969, s. 38-45, 84 vd.
Murtazâ el-Askerî, Abdullah b. Sabâ Masalı (trc. Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı), İstanbul 1974, s. 25 vd.
Abdullah Feyyâz, Târîḫu’l-İmâmiyye , Beyrut 1395/1975, s. 92, 110.
W. Montgomery Watt, İslâm Düşüncesinin Teşekkül Devri (trc. E. Ruhi Fığlalı), Ankara 1981, s. 72-74.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü ḳabâʾili’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1402/1982, II, 498.
E. Ruhi Fığlalı, İmâmiyye Şîası , İstanbul 1984, s. 57-66.
a.mlf., “Hâricîliğin Doğuşu ve Fırkalara Ayrılışı”, AÜİFD , XXII (1978), s. 257 vd.
a.mlf., “The Problem of ʿAbd-Allah Ibn-Sabaʾ”, İslâm İlimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi , sy. 5, Ankara 1982, s. 379-390.
I. Friedlaender, “ʿAbdallāh b. Sabā, der Bergründer der Šīʿa, und sein Jüdischer Ursprung”, ZA , XXIII (1909), 296-327; XXIV (1910), 1-46.
Abdülazîz Sâlih el-Hilâbî, “ʿAbdullāh b. Sebeʾ, dirâse li’r-rivâyâti’t-târîḫiyye ʿan devrihî fi’l-fitne”, Ḥavliyyâtü Külliyyeti’l-Âdâb , sy. 8, Küveyt 1407/1987, s. 9-90.
M. Th. Houtsma, “Abdullah”, İA , I, 40.
M. G. S. Hodgson, “ʿAbd Allāh b. Sabaʾ”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 51.
M. Hüseyin Fâzıl, “ʿAbdullāh b. Sebeʾ”, UDMİ , XII, 784-785.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 133-134 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.